Utilization of Electric Power

(EE3L009)

Introduction

Indian Institute of Technology

Bhubaneswar
Variable Load on Power Stations
 Problem 1

The maximum demand on a power station is 100 MW. If the annual

load factor is 40% , calculate the total energy generated in a year.
 Problem 2

A generating station has a connected load of 43MW and a maximum

demand of 20 MW; the units generated being 61∙5 × 106 per annum.
Calculate (i) the demand factor and (ii) load factor.
 Problem 3

A 100 MW power station delivers 100 MW for 2 hours, 50 MW for 6

hours and is shut down for the rest of each day. It is also shut down
for maintenance for 45 days each year. Calculate its annual load
factor.
 Problem 4

A generating station has a maximum demand of 25MW, a load factor

of 60%, a plant capacity factor of 50% and a plant use factor of 72%.
Find (i) the reserve capacity of the plant (ii) the daily energy produced
and (iii) maximum energy that could be produced daily if the plant
while running as per schedule, were fully loaded.
 Problem 5

A power station has a maximum demand of 15000 kW. The annual

load factor is 50% and plant capacity factor is 40%. Determine the
reserve capacity of the plant.
 Problem 6

A power supply is having the following loads :

Type of load Max. demand (kW) Diversity of group Demand factor
Domestic 1500 1∙2 0∙8
Commercial 2000 1∙1 0∙9
Industrial 10,000 1∙25 1
If the overall system diversity factor is 1∙35, determine (i) the
maximum demand and (ii) connected load of each type.
 Problem 7

A generating station has the following daily load cycle :

Time (Hours) 0—6 6—10 10—12 12—16 16—20 20—24
Load (MW) 40 50 60 50 70 40
Draw the load curve and find (i) maximum demand (ii) units
generated per day (iii) average load and (iv) load factor.
 Problem 8

The daily demands of three consumers are given below :

Time Consumer 1 Consumer 2 Consumer 3
12 midnight to 8 A.M. No load 200 W No load
8 A.M. to 2 P.M. 600 W No load 200 W
2 P.M. to 4 P.M. 200 W 1000 W 1200 W
4 P.M. to 10 P.M. 800 W No load No load
10 P.M. to midnight No load 200 W 200 W
Plot the load curve and find (i) maximum demand of individual
consumer (ii) load factor of individual consumer (iii) diversity factor
and (iv) load factor of the station.
 Problem 9

A power station has the following daily load cycle :

Time in Hours 6—8 8—12 12—16 16—20 20—24 24—6
Load in MW 20 40 60 20 50 20
Plot the load curve and load duration curve. Also calculate the energy
generated per day.
Economics of Power Generation
 Problem 10

A transformer costing Rs 90,000 has a useful life of 20 years.

Determine the annual depreciation charge using straight line method.
Assume the salvage value of the equipment to be Rs 10,000.
 Problem 11

A distribution transformer costs Rs 2,00,000 and has a useful life of 20

years. If the salvage value is Rs 10,000 and rate of annual compound
interest is 8%, calculate the amount to be saved annually for
replacement of the transformer after the end of 20 years by sinking
fund method.
 Problem 12

The equipment in a power station costs Rs 15,60,000 and has a

salvage value of Rs 60,000 at the end of 25 years. Determine the
depreciated value of the equipment at the end of 20 years on the
following methods :
(i) Straight line method ;
(ii) Diminishing value method ;
(iii) Sinking fund method at 5% compound interest annually.
 Problem 13

A generating station has a maximum demand of 50,000 kW. Calculate

the cost per unit generated from the following data :
Capital cost = Rs 95 × 106 ; Annual load factor = 40%
Annual cost of fuel and oil = Rs 9 × 106 ; Taxes, wages and salaries etc.
= Rs 7∙5 × 106 Interest and depreciation = 12%
 Problem 14

A generating plant has a maximum capacity of 100 kW and costs Rs

1,60,000. The annual fixed charges are 12% consisting of 5% intererst,
5% depreciation and 2% taxes. Find the fixed charges per kWh if the
load factor is (i) 100% and (ii) 50%.
 Problem 15

The capital cost of a hydro‐power station of 50 MW capacity is Rs

1,000 per kW. The annual depreciation charges are 10% of the capital
cost. A royalty of Re 1 per kW per year and Re 0∙01 per kWh
generated is to be paid for using the river water for generation of
power. The maximum demand on the power station is 40 MW and
annual load factor is 60%. Annual cost of salaries, maintenance
charges etc. is Rs 7,00,000. If 20% of this expense is also chargeable
as fixed charges, calculate the generation cost in two part form.
 Problem 16
The annual working cost of a power station is represented by the
formula Rs (a+ b kW + c kWh) where the various terms have their
usual meaning. Determine the values of a, b and c for a 60 MW
station operating at annual load factor of 50% from the following data
(i) capital cost of building and equipment is Rs 5 × 106
(ii) the annual cost of fuel, oil, taxation and wages of operating staff is
Rs 9,00,000
(iii) the interest and depreciation on building and equipment are 10%
per annum
(iv) annual cost of organisation and interest on cost of site etc. is Rs
5,00,000.
 Problem 17
A hydro‐electric plant costs Rs 3000 per kW of installed capacity. The
total annual charges consist of 5% as interest ; depreciation at 2%,
operation and maintenance at 2% and insurance, rent etc. 1∙5%.
Determine a suitable two‐part tariff if the losses in transmission and
distribution are 12∙5% and diversity of load is 1∙25. Assume that
maximum demand on the station is 80% of the capacity and annual
load factor is 40%. What is the overall cost of generation per kWh?
Tariff
 Problem 18
A consumer has a maximum demand of 200 kW at 40% load factor. If
the tariff is Rs. 100 per kW of maximum demand plus 10 paise per
kWh, find the overall cost per kWh.
 Problem 19
The maximum demand of a consumer is 20 A at 220 V and his total
energy consumption is 8760 kWh. If the energy is charged at the rate
of 20 paise per unit for 500 hours use of the maximum demand per
annum plus 10 paise per unit for additional units, calculate : (i) annual
bill (ii) equivalent flat rate.
 Problem 20
An electric supply company having a maximum load of 50 MW
generates 18 × 107 units per annum and the supply consumers have
an aggregate demand of 75 MW. The annual expenses including
capital charges are :
For fuel = Rs 90 lakhs
Fixed charges concerning generation = Rs 28 lakhs
Fixed charges concerning transmission and distribution
= Rs 32 lakhs
Assuming 90% of the fuel cost is essential to running charges and the
loss in transmission and distribution as 15% of kWh generated,
deduce a two part tariff to find the actual cost of supply to the
consumers.
 Problem 21
A generating station has a maximum demand of 75 MW and a yearly
load factor of 40%. Generating costs inclusive of station capital costs
are Rs. 60 per annum per kW demand plus 4 paise per kWh
transmitted. The annual capital charges for transmission system are
Rs 20,00,000 and for distribution system Rs 15,00,000 ; the respective
diversity factors being 1∙2 and 1∙25. The efficiency of transmission
system is 90% and that of the distribution system inclusive of
substation losses is 85%. Find the yearly cost per kW demand and
cost per kWh supplied :
(i) at the substation (ii) at the consumers premises.
 Problem 22
Calculate annual bill of a consumer whose maximum demand is 100
kW, p. f. = 0∙8 lagging and load factor = 60%. The tariff used is Rs 75
per kVA of maximum demand plus 15 paise per kWh consumed.
 Problem 23
A factory has a maximum load of 240 kW at 0∙8 p.f. lagging with an
annual consumption of 50,000 units. The tariff is Rs 50 per kVA of
maximum demand plus 10 paise per unit. Calculate the flat rate of
energy consumption. What will be annual saving if p. f. is raised to
unity?
 Problem 24
The monthly readings of a consumer’s meter are as follows :
Maximum demand = 50 kW
Energy consumed = 36,000 kWh
Reactive energy = 23,400 kVAR
If the tariff is Rs 80 per kW of maximum demand plus 8 paise per unit
plus 0∙5 paise per unit for each 1% of power factor below 86%,
calculate the monthly bill of the consumer.
Power Factor Improvement
 Problem 25
A single phase motor connected to 400 V, 50 Hz supply takes 31∙7A at
a power factor of 0∙7 lagging. Calculate the capacitance required in
parallel with the motor to raise the power factor to 0∙9 lagging.
 Problem 26
The load on an installation is 800 kW, 0∙8 lagging p.f. which works for
3000 hours per annum. The tariff is Rs 100 per kVA plus 20 paise per
kWh. If the power factor is improved to 0∙9 lagging by means of loss‐
free capacitors costing Rs 60 per kVAR, calculate the annual saving
effected. Allow 10% per annum for interest and depreciation on
capacitors.
 Problem 27
A factory takes a load of 200 kW at 0∙85 p.f. lagging for 2500 hours
per annum. The traiff is Rs 150 per kVA plus 5 paise per kWh
consumed. If the p.f. is improved to 0∙9 lagging by means of
capacitors costing Rs 420 per kVAR and having a power loss of 100 W
per kVA, calculate the annual saving effected by their use. Allow 10%
per annum for interest and depreciation.
 Problem 28
A factory operates at 0∙8 p.f. lagging and has a monthly demand of
750 kVA. The monthly power rate is Rs 8∙50 per kVA. To improve the
power factor, 250 kVA capacitors are installed in which there is
negligible power loss. The installed cost of equipment is Rs 20,000
and fixed charges are estimated at 10% per year. Calculate the annual
saving effected by the use of capacitors.