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Control I; Lecture 1

The lecture introduces control systems, defining key concepts such as controlled and manipulated variables, systems, and disturbances. It distinguishes between open-loop and closed-loop control systems, highlighting their applications in various industries, including aerospace and automotive. The importance of feedback control in maintaining desired outputs despite disturbances is emphasized through practical examples like speed governors and autopilot mechanisms.

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4 views

Control I; Lecture 1

The lecture introduces control systems, defining key concepts such as controlled and manipulated variables, systems, and disturbances. It distinguishes between open-loop and closed-loop control systems, highlighting their applications in various industries, including aerospace and automotive. The importance of feedback control in maintaining desired outputs despite disturbances is emphasized through practical examples like speed governors and autopilot mechanisms.

Uploaded by

alialshkri41
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control 1

Lecture 1:- Introduction and


definitions
Instructor : Dr. Eltaib Said Elmubarak
Objectives
After completing this lecture, the student will be
able to:
▪ Define a control system and describe some
applications
▪ Describe the basic features and configurations
of control systems
▪ To give some definition used in control
systems
• Automatic control has played a vital role in
advance of engineering and science.
• In addition to its extreme importance in
space-vehicle systems, missile-guidance
systems, robotic systems and the like.
• automatic control has become an important
and integral part of modern manufacturing
and industrial processes.
• For example automatic control is essential
• in the aerospace industries and in the design
of cars and trunks in the automobile
industries.
Definitions
• Controlled Variable and Manipulate Variable:-
• The controlled variable is the quantity or
condition that is measured and controlled.
• The manipulated variable is the quantity or
condition that is varied by controller so as
• to affect the value of the controlled variable.
• Normally the controlled variable is the output
of the system.
• Control:-
• It means measuring the value of the
controlled variable of the system and applying
the manipulated variable to the system to
correct or limit deviation of the measured
value from a desired value.
• Plants:-
• A plant may be a piece of equipment, the
purpose of which is to perform a particular
operation. During this course we shall call any
physical object to be controlled ( such as a
mechanical device, a heating furnace, a
chemical reactor,...) a plant
• Systems:-
• A system is a combination of component that
• act together and perform a certain objective.
• A system is not limited to physical ones. The
concept of system can be applied to abstract,
dynamic phenomena such as those
encountered in economics.
• The word system should be interpreted to
imply physical, biological, economic ext..
• Disturbances:-
• A disturbance is a signal that tends to
• adversely affect the value of the output of a
system.
• if a disturbance is generated within the
system, it is called internal, while an external
disturbance is generated outside the system
and is an input.
• Feedback control:-
• Feedback control refers to an operation that in
the presence of the disturbances, tends to
• reduce the difference between the output of a
system and some reference input.
• Input
• The input is the stimulus, excitation or
command applied to a control system,
typically from an external energy source,
usually in order to produce a specified
response from the control system.
• Output
• The output is the actual response obtained
from a control system. It may or may not be
equal to the specified response implied by the
input.

Fig 1.1
• The purpose of the control system usually
identifies or defines the output and input.
• If the output and input are given, it is possible
to identify or define the nature of the system
components.
• Everything alters its environment in some
manner, if not actively then passively-like a
mirror directing a beam of light shining on it at
some acute angle
Fig 1.2
• The mirror (Fig. 1-2) may be considered an
• elementary control system, controlling the
beam of light according to the simple
equation “the angle of reflection a equals the
angle of incidence α.”
• In engineering and science we usually restrict
the meaning of control systems to apply to
those systems whose major function is to
• dynamically or actively command, direct, or
regulate.
• The system shown in Fig. 1-2, consisting of a
mirror pivoted at one end and adjusted up
and down with a screw at the other end, is
properly termed a control system.
• The angle of reflected light is regulated by
means of the screw.
Fig1.3
• Another example of control system is a Watt’s
speed governor for an engine.
Fig. 1.4
• The amount of the fuel admitted to the engine
is adjusted according to the difference
between the desired and the actual engine
speeds.
• The speed governor is adjusted such that at
desired speed drops below the desired value
due to disturbance, then the decrease in the
centrifugal force of the speed governor causes
the control valve to move downward,
• supplying more fuel and the speed of the
engine increases until the desired value is
reached.
• On the other hand if the speed of the engine
increases until the desired value, then the
increase in centrifugal force of the governor
cause the control valve to move upward.
• This decreases the supply of fuel and the
speed of the engine decrease until the desired
• value is reached.
• In this speed control system, the plant
(controlled system) is the engine and the
controlled variable is the speed of the engine.
• The difference between the desired speed and
the actual speed is the error signal.
• The control signal(the amount of fuel) to be
applied to the plant(engine) is the actuating
signal.
• The external input to disturb the controlled
variable is the disturbance.
• An unexpected change in the load is a
disturbance.
Open Loop and Closed Loop Control Systems
• Control systems are classified into two general
categories: open-loop and closed-loop
systems. The distinction is determined by the
control action, that quantity responsible for
• activating the system to produce the output.
• Open-loop
• An open-loop control system is one in which
the control action is independent of the
output
• Closed loop
• A closed-loop control system is one in which
the control action is somehow dependent on
the output.
• Features of open-loop control systems are:
▪ Their ability to perform accurately is
determined by their calibration.
▪ To calibrate means to establish or reestablish
the input-output relation to obtain a desired
system accuracy.
▪ They are not usually troubled with problems
of instability.
• Closed-loop control systems are more
commonly called feedback control systems,
and are considered
• Most automatic toasters are open-loop
systems because they are controlled by a
timer.
• The time required to make ‘‘good toast” must
be estimated by the user, who is not part of
the system.
• Control over the quality of toast (the output)
is removed once the time, which is both the
input and the control action, has been set.
• The time is typically set by means of a
calibrated dial or switch.
• An autopilot mechanism and the airplane it
controls is a closed-loop (feedback) control
system.
• Its purpose is to maintain a specified airplane
• heading, despite atmospheric changes.
• It performs this task by continuously
measuring the actual airplane heading, and
automatically adjusting the airplane control
surfaces (rudder, ailerons, etc.) so as to bring
the actual airplane heading into
correspondence with the specified heading.
• The human pilot or operator who presets
• the autopilot is not part of the control system.
• The following figure represents a schematic
diagram of a liquid control system.
• Here the automatic controller maintain the
liquid level by comparing the actual level with
a desired level and correcting any error by
adjusting the opening of the pneumatic valve.
Fig.1.5 Liquid-level control system
• And the block diagram of this system
Fig.1.6 block diagram

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