Here is the organized list of questions with the correct answers highlighted, formatted neatly for

a Word document:

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Questions and Answers

1. In general, the components of colour include

a. Hue
b. Intensity
c. Saturation
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

2. A travel website uses a progress bar to show users how far they are in the booking process.
What type of user feedback is this?

a. Error prevention
b. Navigation feedback
c. System status visibility
d. Consistency
e. Mode awareness

3. Around ______ percent of males suffer from colour blindness.

a. Eight
b. Six
c. One
d. Two
e. Three

4. The evaluation method where the evaluator asks the user for their impressions on the
interface is

a. Empirical or experimental methods

b. Physiological monitoring methods
c. Observational methods
d. Qualitative methods
e. Query techniques

5. All the following are considered physiological measurements except ______.

a. Heart activity
b. Activity of the sweat glands
c. Electrical activity in muscle
d. Electrical activity in the brain
e. Live interview

6. Daniel is using a smart home app to control his lights. He notices that the app sometimes
requires him to swipe up, while other times, he must press a button to turn the lights on. What
issue does this create?

a. Poor mapping
b. Lack of consistency
c. Low flexibility
d. High cognitive load
e. Lack of visibility

7. In HCI, how can designers use the concept of visual angle to improve readability?

a. Increase text size for distant displays

b. Reduce contrast for better focus
c. Avoid using large fonts on all interfaces
d. Position elements randomly on the screen
e. Do not prioritize mobile apps

8. ______ is based on ethnography and the sociological research tradition where the researcher
visits the users’ own environment.

a. Mind storm
b. Seismic ethnography
c. Contextual Inquiry
d. Social mining
e. Observation in the lab

9. Which of the following are characteristics of low-fidelity prototypes?

Statement 1: They are quick and inexpensive to produce.

Statement 2: They allow early user feedback before significant development efforts.
Statement 3: They fully simulate system interactions with real data.

a. Statement 1 and Statement 2

b. Statement 1 and Statement 3
c. Statement 2 and Statement 3
d. Statement 1, Statement 2, and Statement 3
e. Only Statement 3

10. Which is NOT a key question asked during a Cognitive Walkthrough?

a. Will the user know what to do at each step?

b. Is the interface aesthetically pleasing?
c. Will the user notice feedback from the system?
d. Will the user understand if they made a mistake?
e. Will the user associate the correct action with their goal?

11. In Abowd and Beale’s interaction framework, which component is responsible for
interpreting user input?

a. Articulation
b. Observation
c. Translation
d. Performance
e. Feedback

12. An example of an independent variable is

a. User status
b. Efficiency
c. Cognitive demand
d. Subjective satisfaction
e. Accuracy

13. An example of a dependent variable is

a. Number of menu items

b. Design choice
c. Primary input
d. Demographics
e. Ease of learning

14. ______ is always affected by both the size of the object and its distance from the eye.

a. Visual arc
b. Visual depth
c. Visual relation
d. Visual angle
e. Visual function
15. Which of the experimental methods subjects users to test all the conditions?

a. Amidst-Subjects
b. Within-Subjects
c. Between-Subjects
d. Amongst-Subjects
e. Against-Subjects

16. With ‘……, the menu options are presented as numbered choices.

a. Number-based menus
b. Numeral-based menus
c. Text-based menus
d. Graphics-based menus
e. Point-based menus

17. Abowd and Beale’s extension of Norman’s model addresses which particular shortfall?

a. Norman’s model addresses only the hardware of systems.

b. Norman’s model does not consider the system in terms of the interface.
c. Norman’s model excludes knowledge of the target user.
d. Norman’s model does not attempt to deal with system’s communication through the
interface.

18. A touchscreen kiosk in an airport has buttons that are too small for users to tap accurately.
What usability issue does this represent?

a. Poor affordance
b. Low discoverability
c. Ineffective mapping
d. Lack of feedback
e. Bad visual hierarchy

19. A food delivery app allows users to order meals with one click. However, some users
accidentally place orders while browsing. What feature should be added to improve the
experience?

a. Automatic order confirmation

b. Redesign the checkout button
c. Increase system speed
d. Add a ‘Cancel Order’ button
e. Introduce a voice-activated feature
20. The model of interaction that is considered as the most influential in Human-Computer
Interaction because of its closeness to our intuitive understanding of the interaction between
human user and computer is the

a. Fitt’s model of interaction

b. Jost’s model of interaction
c. Ivan’s model of interaction
d. Smith’s model of interaction
e. Norman’s model of interaction

21. What is the visual angle in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)?

a. The angle at which a user tilts their head while using a computer
b. The angle formed by an object on the retina, determining its perceived size
c. The maximum angle a monitor can be viewed from
d. The angle between the user’s eyes and the center of the screen

22. In experimental design, the independent variable is:

a. The variable that is measured

b. The variable that is manipulated
c. The control variable
d. The error variable
e. The user’s reaction time

23. The stages in Norman’s model of interaction are listed below. Rearrange them in the correct
order.

I. Forming the intention

II. Evaluating the system state with respect to the goals and intentions.
III. Specifying the action sequence
IV. Perceiving the system state
V. Executing the action
VI. Establishing the goal
VII. Interpreting the system state

a. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII

b. I, II, IV, V, VI, VII, III
c. VI, I, III, V, IV, VII, II
d. I, II, IV, III, V, VI, VII
e. IV, VII, III, V, VI, I, II

24. Which of the following helps users bridge the Gulf of Evaluation?
a. Increasing cognitive load
b. Clear system feedback
c. Hiding system status
d. Removing undo options
e. Delayed response times

25. ______ is the difference between the user’s formulation of the actions to reach the goal and
the actions allowed by the system.

a. Gulf of exit
b. Gulf of execution
c. Gulf of evaluation
d. Gulf of existence
e. Gulf of interface

26. Which of the following factors affects the visual angle of an object?

a. Distance between the user and the object

b. The weight of the object
c. The brightness of the object
d. The user’s screen refresh rate

27. Which of the following is NOT a component of Abowd and Beale’s interaction framework?

a. User
b. Input
c. Output
d. System
e. Cognition

28. ______ is the degree of ease with which a user can perceive and interpret whether the
action they performed was successful.

a. Gulf of exit
b. Gulf of execution
c. Gulf of evaluation
d. Gulf of existence
e. Gulf of interface

29. If a user understands a system well and knows exactly what to do to satisfy his goals but
accidentally presses the wrong mouse button, this is considered to be a ______.
a. Mistake
b. Slip
c. Sleepy
d. Turnaround
e. None of the above

30. The third stage in Norman’s model of interaction is

a. Establishing the goal

b. Executing the action
c. Forming the intention
d. Specifying the action sequence
e. Perceiving the system state

31. Ama is using a mobile banking app and receives a generic error message saying,
“Transaction failed.” She has no idea whether the issue is with her internet, account balance, or
the bank’s server. What is wrong with this message?

a. It lacks specificity
b. It is poorly mapped
c. It increases cognitive load
d. It reduces efficiency
e. It disrupts navigation

32. Norman’s model only considers the system as far as the interface is concerned and
concentrates wholly on the user’s view of the interaction. True or False?

a. True
b. False

33. A ride-hailing app lets users cancel a trip but requires them to confirm before proceeding.
What is the purpose of this design choice?

a. Increase efficiency
b. Prevent accidental errors
c. Improve accessibility
d. Enhance navigation
e. Reduce cognitive load

34. According to Abowd and Beale’s framework, how many major components are in an
interactive framework?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
e. 7

35. ______ is traditionally the study of the physical characteristics of the interaction.

a. Physics
b. Economics
c. Ergonomics
d. Eigenomics
e. Physicians

36. In screen design, it is not important to group controls together logically and keeping
opposing controls separate. True or False?

a. True
b. False

37. In Abowd and Beale’s interaction framework, which processes occur between the user and
the system?

I. Articulation
II. Observation
III. Translation

a. I and II
b. I and III
c. II and III
d. I, II, and III
e. None of the above

38. WIMP stands for wranglers, icons, menus and pointers, and is the default interface style for
most interactive computer systems in use today, especially in the PC and desktop workstation
arena. True or False?

a. True
b. False

39. I am an interface style. The philosophy of my use is more straightforward and more closely
tied to ideas of hypertext. In addition, my use is not tied to mouse-based interfaces and is also
extensively used in touchscreen information systems. World wide web pages have popularized
me. Who am I?

a. Point and click interfaces

b. Natural language
c. Question/answer and query dialog
d. Form-filling interfaces
e. Spreadsheet

40. In a within-subjects design, each participant:

a. Is assigned to a single condition

b. Is randomly assigned to a condition
c. Experiences all conditions of the experiment
d. Provides self-reported feedback only
e. Does not interact with the system

41. Which activities should be performed at the requirement analysis stage?

a. Define the range of relevant users

b. Set user-centered design goals
c. Define priorities of the different requirements
d. Provide measurable usability criteria
e. All of the above

42. A social media app automatically saves a draft of a post if the user exits unexpectedly. What
interaction design principle is demonstrated?

a. User control and freedom

b. Consistency
c. Flexibility
d. Error recovery
e. Learnability

43. A within-subjects design in experimental HCI studies is beneficial because:

I. It reduces variability caused by individual differences.

II. It eliminates carryover effects.
III. It requires fewer participants compared to between-subjects design.

a. I and II
b. I and III
c. II and III
d. I, II, and III
e. Only III

44. ______ is still the most widely used method of learning about the users and what they
want.

a. Questionnaires
b. Interviews
c. Contextual inquiry
d. Observation
e. Brainstorming

45. ______ is based on ethnography and the sociological research tradition where the
researcher/observer visits the users’ own environment.

a. Mind storm
b. Seismic ethnography
c. Contextual Inquiry
d. Social mining
e. Observation

46. A cognitive walkthrough helps identify usability problems because:

I. It focuses on first-time user interactions.

II. It evaluates whether users can complete tasks based on system feedback.
III. It requires direct user involvement in the study.

a. I and II
b. I and III
c. II and III
d. I, II, and III
e. Only III

47. A persona is a rich picture of an imaginary person who represents your core user group.
True or False?

a. True
b. False

48. A new video streaming service arranges its navigation menus differently from other popular
platforms, confusing users. Which principle has been ignored?

a. Affordance
b. Feedback
c. Usability
d. Consistency
e. Efficiency

49. ______ and ______ can be used at the analysis stage of user-centered design.

a. Scenarios and ethnography

b. Scenarios and personas
c. Personas and observation
d. Brainstorming and observation
e. Mindstorming and questionnaires

50. A voice assistant allows users to interact using voice commands or on-screen buttons. What
interaction design principle does this demonstrate?

a. Accessibility
b. Flexibility
c. Efficiency
d. Visibility
e. Usability

51. Aisha is using an online tax-filing system. She accidentally enters an incorrect tax ID but
realizes her mistake after submitting the form. However, there is no option to edit her entry.
What design flaw is present?

a. Poor feedback
b. Lack of affordance
c. No user control and freedom
d. Low discoverability
e. Inconsistent interface

52. A usability test is considered successful when:

I. Users complete tasks efficiently.

II. Users experience minimal cognitive load.
III. Users have prior training before testing.

a. I and II
b. I and III
c. II and III
d. I, II, and III
e. Only III
53. Which of the following can be used to emphasize groupings?

a. Separating lines
b. Background colours
c. Font style
d. Design boxes
e. All of the above

54. Why is visual angle important in interface design?

a. It determines the optimal font size and spacing for readability

b. It helps measure the angle of a mouse movement
c. It affects the contrast ratio of screen colors
d. It defines the distance between a user and the keyboard

55. A user is struggling to find the "Save" button on a new software application. What
interaction design principle has likely been violated?

a. Affordance
b. Visibility
c. Consistency
d. Feedback
e. Efficiency

56. Which of the following best describes the primary goal of Human-Computer Interaction
(HCI)?

a. Enhancing system security

b. Designing aesthetically pleasing interfaces
c. Improving user experience and usability
d. Increasing hardware performance
e. Reducing software development costs

57. According to Norman’s execution-evaluation cycle, the "Gulf of Execution" refers to:

a. The effort required to interpret system feedback

b. The gap between what users want to do and how to do it
c. The system's failure to respond to user actions
d. The time it takes for a task to be completed
e. The difficulty in understanding error messages

58. In usability testing, which of the following are TRUE?

Statement 1: Think-aloud protocols can provide insights into users' cognitive processes.
Statement 2: Expert evaluations eliminate the need for usability testing with real users.
Statement 3: Task scenarios should reflect real-world use cases for meaningful results.

a. Statement 1 and Statement 2

b. Statement 1 and Statement 3
c. Statement 2 and Statement 3
d. Statement 1, Statement 2, and Statement 3
e. Only Statement 3

59. The Cognitive Walkthrough method focuses on evaluating:

a. How expert users complete tasks efficiently

b. The overall aesthetics of an interface
c. How well new users can learn to complete tasks
d. Performance metrics of a system
e. The psychological effects of an interface

60. A major advantage of a within-subjects design is:

a. Fewer participants are needed

b. It avoids order effects
c. It requires simpler statistical analysis
d. Participants do not experience bias
e. Each participant only performs one condition

61. A researcher ensures that half of the participants use Version A of an interface first, while
the other half start with Version B to control for order effects. What is this technique called?

a. Randomization
b. Counterbalancing
c. Normalization
d. Interaction design
e. Within-subjects testing

62. Which of the following are TRUE about prototyping in the HCI design process?

Statement 1: Prototypes help communicate design ideas to stakeholders more effectively.

Statement 2: Prototypes provide a way to test usability and iterate on design before full
implementation.
Statement 3: Prototypes should always be highly detailed and include every possible
interaction.
a. Statement 1 and Statement 3
b. Statement 2 and Statement 3
c. Statement 1, Statement 2, and Statement 3
d. Only Statement 3
e. Statement 1 and Statement 2

63. The size of the image formed on the retina is specified as a ______.

a. Visual depth
b. Visual relation
c. Visual angle
d. Visual arc
e. Visual function

64. Objects of different sizes and different distances

a. Have the same visual angles

b. May have the same visual angles
c. May have different visual angles
d. Have different visual angles in degrees
e. Have different visual angles in radicals

65. Our perception of an object’s size …… especially if its visual angle changes.

a. Increases randomly
b. Decreases randomly
c. Proportionally Decreases
d. Proportionally Increases
e. Remains constant

66. Which law indicates that our perception of size relies on factors other than the visual angle.

a. Law of size dependency

b. Law of size relativity
c. Law of size constancy
d. Law of size redundancy
e. Law of size conservancy

67. During the analysis stage of the interaction design process, ______ can be used to visualize
and capture key issues.

I. Environments
II. Scenarios
III. Task models
IV. Simulations
V. Projections

a. I AND III
b. IV AND V
c. II AND III
d. III AND V
e. II AND IV

68. Which of the following is/are part of the cues which we can use to determine the relative
positions and distances of the objects which we see?

a. Size and height of the object

b. Familiarity
c. Overlapping objects
d. a, b and c
e. None of the above

69. “If we expect an object to be of a certain size then we can judge its distance accordingly”.
This statement defines which cue, with respect to determining the relative position of an
object?

a. Size and height of the object

b. Familiarity
c. Overlapping objects
d. Eclipse
e. Shadow

70. The amount of light emitted by an object is termed as

a. Luminance
b. Light intensity
c. Brightness
d. Rate of reflection
e. Saturation

71. The interaction style which is not tied to mouse-based interfaces, and is also extensively
used in touchscreen information systems is the

a. Three-Dimensional Interfaces
b. Question and answer dialog
c. Natural language
d. Point and click
e. Spreadsheets

72. When dealing with multiple columns in interaction design, lines of dots called ______ may
be used.

a. Trail
b. Breadcrumbs
c. Tracings
d. Leaders
e. Linkers

73. There are how many main approaches to prototyping?

a. Six
b. Five
c. Four
d. Three
e. Two

74. The evaluation method where the evaluator measures how the users’ feel based on
electrical activity in the body for instance is an example of ______.

a. Empirical or experimental methods

b. Physiological monitoring methods
c. Observational methods
d. Qualitative methods
e. Query techniques

75. Adults read approximately ______ words a minute.

a. 150
b. 300
c. 250
d. 310
e. 350

76. Computers could be used to create visual models of abstractions in the real world through

a. Time sharing
b. Video Display
c. Batch Process
d. All of a, b, c
e. Options a and b only

77. Which of the following statements are true?

I. Adults read approximately 250 words a minute.

II. The speed at which text can be read is not a measure of its legibility
III. A negative contrast provides higher luminance
IV. The sense of hearing is often considered primary to sight

a. II, III and IV only

b. I and III only
c. I and IV only
d. I, II and III only
e. I, II, III and IV only

78. ...... design can suffer from transfer of learning effects.

a. Within subjects
b. Between subjects
c. Between groups
d. Cascaded
e. None of the above

79. In interactive application design, one of the following practices is not encouraged.

a. Grouping controls together logically

b. Keeping opposing controls separate
c. Functionally related controls are separated
d. Sequential controls are organized to reflect the order of their use
e. Most commonly used controls are made easily accessible

80. An auxiliary function may be indicated by which color?

a. Red
b. Yellow
c. Green
d. Blue
e. White

81. The first interactive dialog style to be commonly used is the

a. Menus
b. Point and click
c. Query dialog
d. Command line interface

82. Since 1954, light-pens were expensively used until the development of the …… at the
Stanford Research Laboratory as a cheap replacement.

a. Mouse
b. Touchpad
c. Joystick
d. Trackball
e. Pointing stick

83. Which part of Norman’s Interaction Cycle is MOST affected by the AI misclassifying objects?

a. Forming the goal

b. Executing the action
c. Perceiving the system state
d. Interpreting the outcome
e. Mapping user input to system responds

84. The cognitive overload caused by excessive audio instructions is an example of failure in
which principle of interaction design?

a. Affordance
b. Direct Manipulation
c. Feedback
d. Learnability
e. Minimal Memory Load

85. Applying Abowd & Beale’s interaction framework, which component is primarily responsible
for processing user gestures to adjust settings?

a. The input component

b. The interpretation component
c. The output component
d. The communication component
e. The task component

86. During usability testing, researchers discover that users with total blindness rely more on
auditory feedback, while users with partial sight prefer a mix of haptic and audio cues. This
supports which UX design principle?
a. Context-aware adaptation
b. Multi-touch interaction
c. Error prevention
d. Efficiency vs. Effectiveness tradeoff
e. Simplicity over functionality

87. The research team struggles with ensuring that haptic feedback is interpretable. What
usability principle is being violated?

a. Recognition rather than recall

b. Consistency and standards
c. Visibility of system status
d. Match between system and real world
e. Affordance

88. The between-subjects experiment comparing haptic vs. mixed feedback is designed to
measure:

a. How users adjust to a new system through repeated exposure

b. Whether users can switch between interaction modes seamlessly
c. Performance differences across different feedback modalities
d. The long-term usability of the smart cane
e. The reliability of AI-based scene detection

89. If researchers decide to use a within-subjects design instead of between-subjects, what is a

major risk?

a. Learning effects could bias the results

b. More participants would be required
c. The study would lose external validity
d. Participants would have less motivation
e. The cost of data collection would increase significantly

90. Which system was built at Lincoln Labs with support from the NSF and Air Force?

a. Macintosh
b. SketchPad
c. Xerox Star
d. Apple Lisa
e. VisiCalc

91. Which type of memory is most relevant when designing interfaces that rely on users
recalling information from previous interactions?
a. Sensory memory
b. Short-term memory
c. Long-term memory
d. Procedural memory
e. Working memory

92. In designing a mobile app, which principle is MOST important for ensuring a smooth user
experience?

a. Requiring users to remember complex navigation paths

b. Minimizing the number of taps needed to complete common tasks
c. Using only text-based menus without icons
d. Making interface elements as small as possible to fit more content
e. Hiding all settings to reduce clutter

93. Which statement best describes a mental model in Human-Computer Interaction?

a. A theoretical framework used by developers to write code efficiently

b. The user’s internal understanding of how a system works based on past experiences
c. A mathematical model used to predict system performance
d. A data structure used for storing user preferences
e. A visual representation of a user interface before development

94. Which method is most effective in preventing user errors in an interactive system?

a. Using confirmation dialogs before irreversible actions

b. Removing all error messages from the interface
c. Increasing the number of steps required to complete a task
d. Hiding system status updates from users
e. Disabling the undo function to reduce clutter

95. Which of the following is a key principle of User-Centered Design (UCD)?

a. The design process should be iterative and involve user feedback

b. Interfaces should be designed without considering user preferences
c. The system’s complexity should be hidden from developers
d. Usability testing should only be conducted after product launch
e. The system should prioritize aesthetics over functionality

96. Which of the following is an example of haptic feedback in an interface?

a. A screen changing colors when a button is pressed

b. A voice assistant responding to a spoken command
c. A mouse pointer changing shape when hovering over a link
d. A webpage loading after clicking a button
e. A smartphone vibrating when receiving a notification

97. What is a common challenge in designing speech-based user interfaces?

a. The need for high-resolution displays

b. The requirement for extensive text-based input
c. The inability to integrate with mobile applications
d. Variability in user accents and speech patterns
e. The slow adoption of voice interfaces among users

98. According to Fitts’ Law, which of the following is the most effective way to improve target
selection in a user interface?

a. Reducing the system’s response time

b. Using complex color schemes for differentiation
c. Increasing the size of clickable buttons
d. Making all interactive elements the same size
e. Requiring users to memorize keyboard shortcuts

99. What is the main difference between usability testing and user testing in HCI?

a. Usability testing is conducted by real users, while user testing is done by developers
b. Usability testing only assesses hardware, while user testing focuses on software
c. User testing is more expensive than usability testing
d. Usability testing evaluates interface effectiveness, while user testing focuses on user needs
e. Usability testing is only necessary for mobile applications

100. Which of the following is NOT an example of an interaction style in HCI?

a. Command-line interface (CLI)

b. Graphical user interface (GUI)
c. Form-based interaction
d. Machine learning algorithm
e. Direct manipulation

This document is now ready for use in Word. Each question is clearly numbered, and the correct
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