Date : 19-04-2025 STD 12 Science Mathematics Total Marks : 86

* Choose The Right Answer From The Given Options.[1 Marks Each] [10]

1. If order of matrix A is 2 × 3 , of matrix B is 3×2 , and of matrix C is 3×3 , then

which one of the following is not defined?
(A) C (A + B ) ′
(B) C(A + B ) ′ ′
(C) BAC (D) CB + A ′

′ ′
(a) : Consider C (A + B ) i.e., C3×3 (A2×3 + B )
Ans. : ′
2×3

= C3×3 (A + B ) 2×3

Here, number of columns in the matrix C is 3 and number of rows in the matrix
(A + B )
′
is 2.so , it is not defined.
2. 3 2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
If A = [2 −3 4],B = ⎢2⎥,X = [1 2 3] and Y = ⎢3⎥ , then AB + XY equals
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2 4

(A) [28] (B) [24] (C) 28 (D) 24

3
⎡ ⎤
Ans. : Consider, AB = [ 2 −3 4 ] ⎢ 2 ⎥ = [6 − 6 + 8] = [8]
⎣ ⎦
2

2
⎡ ⎤
and XY = [ 1 2 3 ] ⎢ 3 ⎥ = [2 + 6 + 12] = [20]
⎣ ⎦
4

AB + XY = [8] + [20] = [28]

3. If A = [aij ] is a skew-symmetric matrix of order n , then

(A) a ij
=
1

aji
∀i, j (B) a ij ≠ 0∀i, j

(C) a ij = 0 , where i = j

(D) aij ≠ 0 where i = j

Ans. : In a skew-symmetric matrix, the (i, j)

th
element is negative of the (i, i)
th

element. Hence the (i, i)

th
element = 0 .
4. If A is square matrix such that A
2
= A , then (I + A)
3
− 7A is equal to
(A) A (B) 1 + A (C) 1 − A (D) 1

Ans. : We have, (I + A) 3
− 7A

3 3 2 2
= I +A + 3I A + 3I A − 7A = 1 + A ⋅ A + 3A + 3A − 7A

= 1 + A + 3A + 3A − 7A = 1

5. If A, B are non-singular square matrices of the same order, then (AB

−1
)
−1
=

(A) A −1
B (B) A −1
B
−1

(C) BA −1
(D) AB

Ans. : We know that, if A and B are non-singular matrices of same order, then
−1 −1 −1 −1
−1
−1
−1
−1 −1
Page 1
(AB) = B A ; (AB ) = (B ) A = BA

6. 1 −1 0 2 2 −4
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
If A = ⎢2 3 4⎥ and B = ⎢ −4 2 −4 ⎥ , then
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 1 2 2 −1 5

(A) A −1
= B (B) A −1
= 6B (C) B −1
= B (D) B −1
=
1

6
A
 Ans. : We have,

1 −1 0 2 2 −4
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
AB = ⎢ 2 3 4 ⎥ ⎢ −4 2 −4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
0 1 2 2 −1 5

2+4+0 2−2+0 −4 + 4 + 0
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 4 − 12 + 8 4+6−4 −8 − 12 + 20 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
0−4+4 0+2−2 0 − 4 + 10

6 0 0
⎡ ⎤
−1 1
= ⎢0 6 0 ⎥ = 61 ⇒ B = A
6
⎣ ⎦
0 0 6

7. a+b 2 6 2
If [ ] = [ ] , then find the values of a and b respectively.
5 ab 5 8

(A) 2,4 (B) 4,2

(C) Both (a) and (b) (D) None of these

a+b 2 6 2
Ans. : (c) : Since, [ ] = [ ]
5 ab 5 8

⇒ a+b = 6 and ab = 8

8
⇒ a+ = 6 (∵ ab = 8 ⇒ b = 8/a)
a

2
⇒ a − 6a + 8 = 0 ⇒ (a − 2)(a − 4) = 0 ⇒ a = 2, 4

Hence, a = 2, b = 4 or a = 4, b = 2

8. If A is a m×n matrix such that AB and BA are both defined, then B is an

(A) m × n matrix (B) n × m matrix
(C) n × n matrix (D) m × m matrix
Ans. : (b) : Since AB exists, therefore, number of columns in A = number of rows
in B. So, B has n rows. Since BA exists, number of columns in B = number of rows
in A. So, B has m columns.
∴ B is an n × m matrix.

9. The additive inverse of A+B , where A and B are given as

2 5 −1 2
A = [ ],B = [ ] is
9 3 3 −9

−1 −7 −1 7
(A) [ ] (B) [ ]
12 6 −12 −6 Page 2

1 −7 −1 −7
(C) [ ] (D) [ ]
−12 6 −12 6

1 7
Ans. : (d) : Let C = A+B = [ ]
12 −6

−1 −7
Now, (−C) = [ ] is the additive inverse of A+B .
−12 6

10. 1 0 0
⎡ ⎤
The matrix ⎢ 0 2 0⎥ is a/an
⎣ ⎦
0 0 0

(A) identity matrix (B) symmetric matrix

(C) skew-symmetric matrix (D) none of these
 1 0 0 1 0 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Ans. : (b) : Let A = ⎢0 2 0⎥ ⇒ A
T
= ⎢0 2 0⎥ = A
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 0 0 0 0 0

∴ A is a symmetric matrix.

* a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). [3]

Choose the correct option.

11. k; i = j
Assertion (A) : Scalar matrix A = [aij ] = { where k is a scalar, is an
0; i ≠ j

identity matrix when k = 1 .

Reason (R) : Every identity matrix is not a scalar matrix.
(A) Both (A) and (R) (B) Both (A) and (R) (C) (A) is true but (D) (A) is false but
are true and (R) is are true but (R) is (R) is false. (R) is true.
the correct not the correct
explanation of (A). explanation of (A).

k, i = j
Ans. : (c) : A scalar matrix A = [a ij ] = { is an identity matrix when k = 1 . But
0, i ≠ j

every identity matrix is clearly a scalar matrix.

12. 1 −2 2
⎡ ⎤
Assertion (A) : If A =
1

3
⎢ −2 1 2 ⎥ , then A (A
T
) = I
⎣ ⎦
−2 −2 −1

Reason (R) : For any square matrix A, (A

T
T
) = A

(A) Both (A) and (R) (B) Both (A) and (R) (C) (A) is true but (D) (A) is false but
are true and (R) is are true but (R) is (R) is false. (R) is true.
the correct not the correct
explanation of (A). explanation of (A).
Page 3

1 −2 2 1 −2 −2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
T 1 1
(b) :∵ AA = ⎢ −2 1 2 ⎥⋅ ⎢ −2 1 −2 ⎥
3 3
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
−2 −2 −1 2 2 −1
Ans. :
9 0 0 1 0 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1
= ⎢0 9 0⎥ = ⎢0 1 0⎥ = I
9
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 0 9 0 0 1

13. For any square matrix A with real number entries, consider the following
statements.
Assertion (A) : A+A
′
is a symmetric matrix.
Reason (R): A−A
′
is a skew-symmetric matrix.
(A) Both (A) and (R) (B) Both (A) and (R) (C) (A) is true but (D) (A) is false but
are true and (R) is are true but (R) is (R) is false. (R) is true.
the correct not the correct
explanation of (A). explanation of (A).

Ans. : (b) : Let B = A+A

′
, then
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
B = (A + A ) = A + (A ) = A +A = A+A = B

Therefore, B = A + A is a symmetric matrix. ′

Now, let C = A−A

′
 ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
C = (A − A ) = A − (A ) = A − A = − (A − A ) = −C

Therefore, C = A − A is a skew-symmetric matrix.

′

* Fill In The Blanks With Correct Alternative.[1 Marks Each] [5]

14. Fill in the blank.

In applying one or more row operations while finding A-1 by elementary row
operations, we obtain all zeros in one or more, then A-1 _________.

Ans. : In applying one or more row operations while finding A-1 by elementary row
operations, we obtain all zeros in one or more, then A-1 does not exist.
15. Fill in the blank.
If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then A2 is a _________.

Ans. : If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then A2 is a symmetric matrix.

Solution:
If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then A2 is a symmetric matrix.
∵ A' = -A

∴ (A2)' = A'2
= (-A)2 [∵ A' = -A]
Page 4
= A2
So, A2 is a symmetric matrix.
16. Fill in the blank.
The product of any matrix by the scalar _________ is the null matrix.
Ans. : The product of any matrix by the scalar 0 is the null matrix.
Solution:
The product of any matrix by the scalar 0 is the null matrix. i.e., 0. A = 0
[where, A is any matrix]
17. Fill in the blank.
If A and B are symmetric matrices, then:
i. AB – BA is a _________.
ii. BA – 2AB is a _________.
Ans. : If A and B are symmetric matrices, then:
i. AB – BA is a skew-symmetric matrix.
ii. BA – 2AB is a neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric matrix.
Solution:
i. AB - BA is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Since, [AB - BA]' = (AB') - (BA)'
= B'A' - A'B' [∵ (AB)' = B'A']
= BA - AB [∵ A' = A and B' = B]
= -[AB - BA]
So, [AB - BA] is a skew-symmetric matrix.
ii. [BA - 2AB] is a neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric matrix.
∴ (BA - 2AB)' = (BA)' - 2(AB)'
= A'B' - 2B'A'
= AB - 2BA
= -(2BA - AB)
 So, [BA - 2AB] is neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric matrix.
18. Fill in the blank.
If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB is symmetric if and
only if _________.
Ans. : If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB is symmetric if and
only if AB = BA.
Solution:
If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB is symmetric if and only
if AB = BA.
∴ (AB)'

= B'A' = BA [∵ AB = BA]
= AB
Page 5
* State Whether The Following Sentences Are True Or False.[1 Marks Each] [10]

19. Which of the following statements are True or False.

Transpose of a column matrix is a column matrix.
Ans. : False.
Solution:
We can obtain the transpose of a matrix by interchanging the rows and columns.
20. Which of the following statements are True or False.
Matrix multiplication is commutative.
Ans. : False.
Solution:
If AB is defined, it is not necessary that BA is defined.
Also if AB and BA are defined, it not necessary that they have same order. Further
if AB and BA are defined and have same order, it is not necessary their
corresponding elements are equal.
So, in general AB^BA
21. Which of the following statements are True or False.
A square matrix where every element is unity is called an identity matrix.
Ans. : False.
Solution:
An identity matrix is a square matrix in which all the elements of the principal
diagonal are ones and all other elements are zeros.
22. Which of the following statements are True or False.
A matrix denotes a number.
Ans. : False.
Solution:
A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers of function.
23. Which of the following statements are True or False.
AA′ is always a symmetric matrix for any matrix A.
Ans. : True.
Solution:
Let us suppose A be a matrix of any order.
∴ (AA')' = (A')'A' = AA'

24. Which of the following statements are True or False.

 Matrices of different order can not be subtracted.
Ans. : True.
Solution:
Two matrices of same order can be subtracted.
25. Which of the following statements are True or False. Page 6

If A is skew symmetric matrix, then A2 is a symmetric matrix.

Ans. : True.
Solution:
∵ [A2]' = [A']2
= [-A]2 [∵ A' = -A]
= A2
Hence, A2 is symmetric matrix.
26. Which of the following statements are True or False.
Two matrices are equal if they have same number of rows and same number of
columns.
Ans. : False.
Solution:
If two matrices have same number of rows and same number of columns, we
cannot say two matrices are equal as their corresponding elements may be
different.
27. Which of the following statements are True or False.
If A and B are two square matrices of the same order, then A + B = B + A.
Ans. : True.
Solution:
Since, matrix addition is commutative ie, A + B = B + A, where A and B are two
square matrices.
28. Which of the following statements are True or False.
If A and B are two square matrices of the same order, then AB = BA.
Ans. : False.
Solution:
For two square matrices of same order it is not always true that AB = BA.

* Answer The Following Questions In One Sentence.[1 Marks Each] [5]

29. If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What if it
has 5 elements?
Ans. : Since, a matrix having mn element is of order m × n.
i. Therefore, there are 6 possible matrices having 18 elements of orders
1×18, 2×9, 3×6, 18×1, 9×2, 6×3.
ii. Prime number 5 = 1×5 and 5×1. Therefore, there are 2 possible matrices of
order 1×5 (Row matrix) and 5×1 (Column matrix).
30. Construct a 2 × 2 matrix, A = [aij], whose element aij =
i

a11 a12
Ans. : In general, a 2 × 2 matrix is given by A = [ ]
a21 a22

i
aij = ; i, j = 1, 2
j

Page 7
 Therefore, a 11
=
1

1
= 1

1
a12 =
2

2
a21 = = 2
1

2
a22 = = 1
2

1
1
Therefore, the required matrix is A = [
2
]
2 1

31. −1 4 −6 12 7 6
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Compute ⎢ 8 5 16 ⎥ + ⎢ 8 0 5⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2 8 5 3 2 4

−1 4 −6 12 7 6
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Ans. : ⎢ 8 5 16 ⎥ + ⎢ 8 0 5⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2 8 5 3 2 4

−1 + 12 4+7 −6 + 6
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 8+8 5+0 16 + 5 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
2+3 8+2 5+4

11 11 0
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 16 5 21 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
5 10 9

32. 1 −1
Find the transpose of the matrix: [ ]
2 3

Ans. : We know that transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging the

elements of the rows and columns. In other words, we can say, if
′
A = [aij ] then A = [aji ]
m×n n×m

1 −1
So, let B =[ ]
2 3

Therefore, transpose of the given matrix B denoted by B’ is given by

1 2
B
′
= [ ]
−1 3

1 2
So,Transpose of the given matrix is [ ]
−1 3

33. 1 −1 5
⎡ ⎤
Show that the matrix A = ⎢ −1 2 1⎥ is a symmetric matrix.
⎣ ⎦
5 1 3

Ans. : A matrix is said to be symmetric only if the transpose of a matrix and the
matrix itself are equal or the same. This means that A = A'. Here,
1 −1 5
⎡ ⎤
A = ⎢ −1 2 1⎥ ...(1)
⎣ ⎦
5 1 3

Therefore,
1 −1 5
⎡ ⎤ Page 8
A
′
= ⎢ −1 2 1⎥ ...(2)
⎣ ⎦
5 1 3

Therefore,from equation (1) & (2) we obtain

A = A',
Therefore, we can say that matrix A is a Symmetric matrix.
 * Given Section consists of questions of 2 marks each. [10]

34. cos θ sin θ sin θ − cos θ

Simplify cos θ [ ] + sin θ [ ] .
− sin θ cos θ cos θ sin θ

Ans. : According to the question,

cos θ sin θ sin θ − cos θ
cos θ [ ] + sin θ [ ]
− sin θ cos θ cos θ sin θ

2 2
cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ − sin θ cos θ
= [ ]+[ ]
2 2
− sin θ cos θ cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ

2 2
cos θ + sin θ sin θ cos θ − sin θ cos θ
= [ ]
2 2
− sin θ cos θ + sin θ cos θ cos θ + sin θ

1 0 2 2
= [ ] [∵ sin θ + cos θ = 1]
0 1

= I = unit matrix.
35. cos x − sin x 0
⎡ ⎤
If F (x) = ⎢ sin x cos x 0⎥ , show that F(x)F(y) = F(x + y)
⎣ ⎦
0 0 1

cos x − sin x 0 cos y − sin y 0

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Ans. : F (x) = ⎢ sin x cos x 0⎥ , F (y) = ⎢ sin y cos y 0⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 0 1 0 0 1

cos(x + y) − sin(x + y) 0
⎡ ⎤

F (x + y) = ⎢ sin(x + y) cos(x + y) 0⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 0 1

cos x − sin x 0 cos y − sin y 0

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
F(x)F(y)= ⎢ sin x cos x 0 ⎥ ⎢ sin y cos y 0⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
0 0 1 0 0 1

cos x cos y − sin x sin y + 0 − cos x sin y − sin x cos y + 0 0

⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ sin x cos y + cos x sin y + 0 − sin x sin y + cos x cos y + 0 0⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 0 0

cos(x + y) − sin(x + y) 0
⎡ ⎤

= ⎢ sin(x + y) cos(x + y) 0⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 0 1

= F(x + y)
∴ F(x)F(y) = F(x + y)
Page 9
36. 1 2 3 −1 1 0 −1 1 0 1 2 3
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
Show that ⎢0 1 0⎥⎢ 0 −1 1⎥ ≠ ⎢ 0 −1 1⎥⎢0 1 0⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
1 1 0 2 3 4 2 3 4 1 1 0

Ans. : Here we have,

1 2 3 −1 1 0
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤

⎢0 1 0⎥⎢ 0 −1 1⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
1 1 0 2 3 4

1(−1) + 2(0) + 3(2) 1(1) + 2(−1) + 3(3) 1(0) + 2(1) + 3(4)

⎡ ⎤

= ⎢ 0(−1) + 1(0) + 0(2) 0(1) + 1(−1) + 0(3) 0(0) + 1(1) + 0(4) ⎥

⎣ ⎦
1(−1) + 1(0) + 0(2) 1(1) + 1(−1) + 0(3) 1(0) + 1(1) + 0(4)
 5 8 14
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 0 −1 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
−1 0 1

−1 1 0 1 2 3
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
Now, ⎢ 0 −1 1⎥⎢0 1 0⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
2 3 4 1 1 0

−1(1) + 1(0) + 0(1) −1(2) + 1(1) + 0(1) −1(3) + 1(0) + 0(0)

⎡ ⎤

= ⎢ 0(1) + (−1)(0) + 1(1) 0(2) + (−1)(1) + 1(1) 0(3)+)(−1)(0) + 1(0) ⎥

⎣ ⎦
2(1) + 3(0) + 4(1) 2(2) + 3(1) + 4(1) 2(3) + 3(0) + 4(0)

−1 −1 −3
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 1 0 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
6 11 6

1 2 3 −1 1 0 −1 1 0 1 2 3
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
Therefore, ⎢ 0 1 0⎥⎢ 0 −1 1⎥ ≠ ⎢ 0 −1 1⎥⎢0 1 0⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
1 1 0 2 3 4 2 3 4 1 1 0

37. 3 4
⎡ ⎤
−1 2 1
If A
′
= ⎢ −1 2 ⎥ and B = [ ] then verify (A + B)′ = A′ + B′
⎣ ⎦ 1 2 3
0 1

3 4
⎡ ⎤
−1 2 1
Ans. : Given, A
′
= ⎢ −1 2 ⎥ and B = [ ]
⎣ ⎦ 1 2 3
0 1

3 −1 0
⇒ A = [ ]
4 2 1

3 −1 0 −1 2 1
Now, A + B = [ ]+[ ]
4 2 1 1 2 3

3 + (−1) −1 + 2 0+1
⇒ A+B = [ ]
4+1 2+2 1+3 Page 10

2 1 1
⇒ A+B = [ ]
5 4 4

2 5
⎡ ⎤
′
⇒ (A + B) = ⎢1 4⎥
⎣ ⎦
1 4

2 5
⎡ ⎤
Therefore, (A + B) = ′
⎢1 4⎥ ...(1)
⎣ ⎦
1 4

3 4 −1 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Now, A' + B' = ⎢ −1 2⎥ +⎢ 2 2⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 1 1 3

2 5
⎡ ⎤
⇒ A +B
′ ′
= ⎢1 4⎥ ...(2)
⎣ ⎦
1 4

From equation (1) & (2) we verify that

(A+B)’ = A’+B’. Hence verified.
38. Express matrix as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix:
3 3 −1
⎡ ⎤

⎢ −2 −2 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
−4 −5 2

Ans. : As per Theorem “Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a
symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.” So in order to prove this, we will be using
Theorem which states that “For any square matrix A with real number entries, A +
A’ is a symmetric matrix and A – A’ is a skew-symmetric matrix.”
3 3 −1
⎡ ⎤
Now, Let A = ⎢ −2 −2 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
−4 −5 2

3 −2 −4
⎡ ⎤
Therefore, A' = ⎢ 3 −2 −5 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
−1 1 2

Now, on adding A and A’ we will get,

3 3 −1 3 −2 −4
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
′
A+A = ⎢ −2 −2 1 ⎥+⎢ 3 −2 −5 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
−4 −5 2 −1 1 2

3+3 3 + (−2) −1 + (−4)

⎡ ⎤
′
⇒ A+A = ⎢ −2 + 3 −2 + (−2) 1 + (−5) ⎥
Page 11
⎣ ⎦
−4 + (−1) −5 + 1 2+2

6 1 −5
⎡ ⎤
′
⇒ A+A = ⎢ 1 −4 −4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
−5 −4 4

Now, Let M = 1

2
(A + A )
′

6 1 −5
⎡ ⎤
Therefore, M = 1

2
⎢ 1 −4 −4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
−5 −4 4

1 −5
⎡ 3 ⎤
2 2

1
⇒ M = ⎢ −2 −2 ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥
−5
⎣ ⎦
−2 2
2

1 −5
⎡ 3 ⎤
2 2

Now, M ′
= ⎢
⎢
1

2
−2 −2 ⎥
⎥
−5
⎣ −2 2 ⎦
2

⇒ M' = M
Thus M = (A + A ) is a symmetric matrix as M' = M
1

2
′

Now, on subtracting A’ from A we will get,

3 3 −1 3 −2 −4
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
′
A−A = ⎢ −2 −2 1 ⎥−⎢ 3 −2 −5 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
−4 −5 2 −1 1 2

3−3 3 − (−2) −1 − (−4)

⎡ ⎤
′
⇒ A−A = ⎢ −2 − 3 −2 − (−2) 1 − (−5) ⎥

⎣ ⎦
−4 − (−1) −5 − 1 2−2
 0 5 3
⎡ ⎤
′
⇒ A−A = ⎢ −5 0 6⎥
⎣ ⎦
−3 −6 0

Now, Let N = 1

2
(A − A )
′

0 5 3
⎡ ⎤
Therefore, N = 1

2
⎢ −5 0 6⎥
⎣ ⎦
−3 −6 0

5 3
0
⎡ 2 2 ⎤
−5
⇒ N = ⎢ 0 3 ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥
−3
⎣ −3 0 ⎦
2

−5 −3
⎡ 0 2 2
⎤

Now, N ′
= ⎢
⎢
5

2
0
⎥
−3 ⎥ Page 12
3
⎣ 3 0 ⎦
2

′
⇒ N = −N

Thus M = (A + A ) is a symmetric matrix as N' = - N

1 ′

w, Add M and N, we get,

1 −5 5 3
⎡ 3 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
2 2 2 2

1 −5
M +N = ⎢ −2 −2 ⎥ + ⎢ 0 3 ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
−5 −3
⎣ −2 2 ⎦ ⎣ −3 0 ⎦
2 2

1 5 −5 3
⎡ 3+0 + + ⎤
2 2 2 2

⎢ 1 −5 ⎥
⇒ M +N = ⎢ + −2 + 0 −2 + 3 ⎥
⎢ 2 2 ⎥
−5 −3
⎣ + −2 + (−3) 0+2 ⎦
2 2

6 −2
⎡ 3 ⎤
2 2

⎢ −4 ⎥
⇒ M +N = ⎢ −2 1 ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥
−8
⎣ −5 2 ⎦
2

3 3 −1
⎡ ⎤
So we see here, M + N = ⎢ −2 −2 1 ⎥ = A
⎣ ⎦
−4 −5 2

Thus, A is represented as the sum of a symmetric matrix M and a skew-symmetric

matrix N.

* Given Section consists of questions of 3 marks each. [15]

39. 1 2 −3 3 −1 2 4 1 2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
If A = ⎢5 0 2 ⎥,B = ⎢4 2 5⎥ and C = ⎢0 3 2⎥ ,
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 −1 1 2 0 3 1 −2 3

then compute (A + B) and (B− C). Also, verify that A + (B − C) = (A + B) − C .

1 2 −3 3 −1 2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Ans. : A +B = ⎢5 0 2 ⎥ +⎢4 2 5⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 −1 1 2 0 3

1+3 2−1 −3 + 2 4 1 −1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢5 +4 0+2 2+5 ⎥ = ⎢9 2 7 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1+2 −1 + 0 1+3 3 −1 4
 3 −1 2 4 1 2 3−4 −1 − 1 2−2 −1 −2 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
B −C = ⎢4 2 5⎥ −⎢0 3 2⎥ = ⎢4 −0 2−3 5−2 ⎥ = ⎢ 4 −1 3⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2 0 3 1 −2 3 2−1 0+2 3−3 1 2 0

Now, we show; A + (B – C) = (A + B) – C
1 2 −3 −1 −2 0 4 1 −1 4 1 2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⇒ ⎢5 0 2 ⎥+⎢ 4 −1 3⎥ = ⎢9 2 7 ⎥ −⎢0 3 2⎥
Page 13
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 −1 1 1 2 0 3 −1 4 1 −2 3

1−1 2−2 −3 + 0 4−4 1−1 −1 − 2

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⇒ ⎢5 +4 0−1 2+3 ⎥= ⎢9 −0 2−3 7−2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1+1 −1 + 2 1+0 3−1 −1 + 2 4−3

0 0 −3 0 0 −3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⇒ ⎢9 −1 5 ⎥ = ⎢9 −1 5 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2 1 1 2 1 1

⇒ L.H.S. = R.H.S. Hence Proved.

40. 2 0 1
⎡ ⎤
Find A
2
− 5A + 61 if A = ⎢2 1 3⎥ .
⎣ ⎦
1 −1 0

2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 0
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Ans. : A2 - 5A + 6I = ⎢ 2 1 3⎥⎢2 1 3 ⎥ −5 ⎢ 2 1 3⎥ +6⎢0 1 0⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 0 0 1

4+0+1 0+0−1 2+0+0 10 0 5 6 0 0

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢4 +2 +3 0+1−3 2 + 3 + 0 ⎥ − ⎢ 10 5 15 ⎥ + ⎢ 0 6 0⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2−2+0 0−1−0 1−3+0 5 −5 0 0 0 6

5 −1 2 10 0 5 6 0 0 5 − 10 + 6 −1 − 0 + 0 2−5+0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢9 −2 5 ⎥ − ⎢ 10 5 15 ⎥ + ⎢ 0 6 0 ⎥ = ⎢ 9 − 10 + 0 −2 − 5 + 6 5 − 15 + 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 −1 −2 5 −5 0 0 0 6 0−5+0 −1 + 5 + 0 −2 + 0 + 6

1 −1 −3
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ −1 −1 −10 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
−5 4 4

41. 3 −2 1 0
If A = [ ] &I = [ ]; Find k, So that A
2
= kA - 2l.
4 −2 0 1

Ans. : A2 = A.A
3 −2 3 −2
= [ ][ ]
4 −2 4 −2

9−8 −6 + 4
= [ ]
12 − 8 −8 + 4

1 −2
= [ ]
4 −4

A2 = kA - 2I.
1 −2 3 −2 1 0
⇒[ ] = k[ ]−2[ ]
4 −4 4 −2 0 1

1 −2 3k −2k 2 0
⇒[ ] = [ ]−[ ]
4 −4 4k −2k 0 2

3 −2 3k −2k
⇒[ ] = [ ]
4 −2 4k −2k
 ⇒ 3k = 3
⇒ k=1
42. A manufacturer produces three products, x, y, z which he sells in two markets.
Annual sales are indicated below:
Market Products

I 10000 2,000 18,000

II 6000 20,000 8,000

a. If unit sale prices of x, y and z are Rs 2.50, Rs 1.50 and Rs 1.00
respectively, find the total revenue in each market with the help of
matrix algebra.
b. If the unit costs of the above three commodities are Rs 2.00, Rs 1.00 and
50 paise respectively. Find the gross profit.
x y z

Ans. : According to question, the matrix A = [ 10, 000 2, 000 18, 000
]
6, 000 20, 000 8, 000

1. Let B be the column matrix representing sale price of each unit of products
x, y, z.
2.5
⎡ ⎤
Then, B = ⎢ 1.5 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1 3×1

Now Revenue = Sale price * Number of items sold

2.5
⎡ ⎤
10, 000 2, 000 18, 000 25, 000 + 3, 000 + 18, 000 46, 000
⇒ [ ] ⎢ 1.5 ⎥ = [ ] = [ ]
6, 000 20, 000 8, 000 ⎣ ⎦ 15, 000 + 30, 000 + 8, 000 53, 000
1

Therefore, the revenue collected by sale of all items in Market I = Rsb

46,000 and the revenue collected by sale of all items in Market II = Rs
53,000.
2. Let C be the column matrix representing cost price of each unit of products
x, y, z.
2
⎡ ⎤
Then C = ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
0.5 3×1

2
⎡ ⎤
Total cost = AC =
10, 000 2, 000 18, 000
∴ [ ]⎢ 1 ⎥
6, 000 20, 000 8, 000 ⎣ ⎦
0.5

20, 000 + 2, 000 + 9, 000 31, 000

= [ ] = [ ]
12, 000 + 20, 000 + 4, 000 36, 000

∴ The profit collected in two markets is given in matrix form as

Profit matrix = Revenue matrix – Cost matrix
46, 000 31, 000 15, 000
⇒ [ ]−[ ] = [ ]
53, 000 36, 000 17, 000

Therefore, the gross profit in both the markets = Rs 15000 + Rs 17000 = Rs

32,000
43. 0 6 7 0 1 1 2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
If A = ⎢ −6 0 8⎥,B = ⎢1 0 2 ⎥ , C = ⎢ −2 ⎥ Calculate AC, BC and (A + B)C.
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
7 −8 0 1 2 0 3

Also, verify that (A + B)C = AC + BC

0 6 7 0 1 1 0 7 8
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Ans. : We have, A + B = ⎢ −6 0 8⎥ +⎢1 0 2⎥ = ⎢ −5 0 10 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
7 −8 0 1 2 0 8 −6 0

0 7 8 2 0 − 14 + 24 10
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
So (A + B) C = ⎢ −5 0 10 ⎥ ⎢ −2 ⎥ = ⎢ −10 + 0 + 30 ⎥ = ⎢ 20 ⎥ . . . (i)
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
8 −6 0 3 16 + 12 + 0 28

0 6 7 2 0 − 12 + 21 9
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Further AC = ⎢ −6 0 8 ⎥ ⎢ −2 ⎥ = ⎢ −12 + 0 + 24 ⎥ = ⎢ 12 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
7 −8 0 3 14 + 16 + 0 30

0 1 1 2 0−2+3 1
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
and BC = ⎢1 0 2 ⎥ ⎢ −2 ⎥ = ⎢ 2 + 0 + 6 ⎥ = ⎢ 8 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 2 0 3 2−4+0 −2

9 1 10
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
So AC + BC = ⎢ 12 ⎥ + ⎢ 8 ⎥ = ⎢ 20 ⎥ . . . (ii)
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
30 −2 28

Clearly, from (i) and (ii), it follows that

(A + B) C = AC + BC

* Given Section consists of questions of 5 marks each. [20]

44. 1 0 2
⎡ ⎤
If A = ⎢0 2 1⎥ , prove that A
3
−6 A
2
+ 7 A + 2I = 0 .
⎣ ⎦
2 0 3

Ans. : L.H.S. = A3 - 6A2 + 7A + 2I

1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢0 2 1⎥⎢0 2 1⎥⎢0 2 1 ⎥ −6 ⎢ 0 2 1⎥⎢0 2 1⎥ +7⎢0 2 1 ⎥ +2 ⎢ 0 2 1⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2 0 3 2 0 3 2 0 3 2 0 3 2 0 3 2 0 3 2 0 3

1+0+4 0+0+0 2+0+6 1 0 2 1+0+4 0+0+0 2+0+6 7 0 14 2 0 0

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢0 +0 +2 0+4+0 0 + 2 + 3 ⎥⎢0 2 1 ⎥ −6 ⎢ 0 + 0 + 2 0+4+0 0 + 2 + 3 ⎥ +⎢ 0 14 7 ⎥ +⎢0 2 0⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2+0+6 0+0+0 4+0+9 2 0 3 2+0+6 0+0+0 4+0+9 14 0 21 0 0 2

5 + 0 + 16 0+0+0 10 + 0 + 24 30 0 48 7+2 0+0 14 + 0

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 2 + 0 + 10 0+8+0 4 + 4 + 15 ⎥ − ⎢ 12 24 30 ⎥ + ⎢ 0 + 0 14 + 2 7+0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
8 + 0 + 26 0+0+0 16 + 0 + 39 48 0 78 14 + 0 0+0 21 + 2

21 0 34 30 0 48 9 0 14 21 − 30 0−0 34 − 48 9 0 14
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 12 8 23 ⎥ − ⎢ 12 24 30 ⎥ + ⎢ 0 16 7 ⎥ = ⎢ 12 − 12 8 − 24 23 − 30 ⎥ + ⎢ 0 16 7 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
34 0 55 48 0 78 14 0 23 34 − 48 0−0 55 − 78 14 0 23

−9 0 −14 9 0 14 −9 + 9 0+0 −14 + 14

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 0 −16 −7 ⎥ + ⎢ 0 16 7 ⎥ = ⎢ 0+0 −16 + 16 −7 + 7 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
−14 0 −23 14 0 23 −14 + 14 0+0 −23 + 23
 0 0 0
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢0 0 0⎥ = 0 (Zero matrix)
⎣ ⎦
0 0 0

= R.H.S. Proved.
45. α
0 − tan
If A = [
α
2
] and I is the identity matrix of order 2 , show that
tan 0
2

cos α − sin α
I + A = (I − A) [ ]
sin α cos α

α α
1 0 0 − tan 1 − tan
Ans. : L.H.S. I + A = [ ]+[
α
2
] = [
α
2
]
0 1 tan 0 tan 1
2 2

α α
1 0 0 − tan 1 tan
Now, I − A = [ ]−[
α
2
] = [
α
2
]
0 1 tan 0 − tan 1
2 2

α
cos α − sin α 1 tan cos α − sin α
R.H.S. = (I − A) [ ] = [
α
2
][ ]
sin α cos α − tan 1 sin α cos α
2

α α
cos α + sin α tan − sin α + cos α tan
2 2
= [ ]
α α
− cos α tan + sin α sin α tan + cos α
2 2

α α
sin sin
2 2
⎡ cos α + sin α α − sin α + cos α α
⎤
cos cos
2 2
= ⎢ ⎥
⎢ sin
α
sin
α ⎥
2 2

⎣ − cos α α + sin α sin α α + cos α ⎦

cos cos
2 2

α α α α
cos α cos +sin α sin − sin α cos +cos α sin
2 2 2 2
⎡ α α
⎤
cos cos
2 2
= ⎢ ⎥
⎢ − cos α sin
α
+sin α cos
α
sin α sin
α
+cos α cos
α ⎥
2 2 2 2

⎣ α α ⎦
cos cos
2 2

α α
α α
cos(α− ) − sin(α− ) cos − sin
⎡ 2 2 ⎤ 2 2

α α
⎡ α α
⎤ α
⎢ cos cos ⎥ cos cos 1 − tan
2 2 2 2 2
= ⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥= [ ]
⎢ α α ⎥ ⎢ sin
α
cos
α ⎥ α
⎢ sin(α− ) cos(α− ) ⎥ 2 2 tan 1
2 2 2
⎣ α α ⎦
⎣ α α ⎦ cos
2
cos
2
cos cos
2 2

∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S. Proved.

46. 1 1 −1 1 3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 2 3 −4
If A = ⎢2 0 3 ⎥,B = ⎢ 0 2⎥ and C = [ ] find A(BC), (AB)C
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 2 0 −2 1
3 −1 2 −1 4

and show that (AB)C = A(BC).

 1 1 −1 1 3 1+0+1 3+2−4
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Ans. : We have AB = ⎢ 2 0 3⎥⎢ 0 2⎥ = ⎢2 +0 −3 6 + 0 + 12 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
3 −1 2 −1 4 3+0−2 9−2+8

2 1
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ −1 18 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1 15

2 1
⎡ ⎤
1 2 3 −4
(AB) (C) = ⎢ −1 18 ⎥ [ ]
⎣ ⎦ 2 0 −2 1
1 15

2+2 4+0 6−2 −8 + 1

⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ −1 + 36 −2 + 0 −3 − 36 4 + 18 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1 + 30 2+0 3 − 30 −4 + 15

4 4 4 −7
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 35 −2 −39 22 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
31 2 −27 11

1 3 1+6 2+0 3−6 −4 + 3

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 2 3 −4
Now, BC = ⎢ 0 2⎥[ ] = ⎢ 0+4 0+0 0−4 0+2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ 2 0 −2 1 ⎣ ⎦
−1 4 −1 + 8 −2 + 0 −3 − 8 4+4

7 2 −3 −1
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢4 0 −4 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
7 −2 −11 8

1 1 −1 7 2 −3 −1
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
Therefore, A(BC) = ⎢2 0 3⎥⎢4 0 −4 2⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
3 −1 2 7 −2 −11 8

7+4−7 2+0+2 −3 − 4 + 11 −1 + 2 − 8
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 14 + 0 + 21 4+0−6 −6 + 0 − 33 −2 + 0 + 24 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
21 − 4 + 14 6+0−4 −9 + 4 − 22 −3 − 2 + 16

4 4 4 −7
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 35 −2 −39 22 ⎥ ,
⎣ ⎦
31 2 −27 11

Clearly, (AB) C = A (BC)

47. 3
–
√3 2 2 −1 2
If A = [ ] and B = [ ] verify that
4 2 0 1 2 4

i. (A′)′ = A
ii. (A + B)′ = A′ + B′
iii. (kB)′ = kB′, where k is any constant.
Ans. :
i. We have
–
3 √3 2
A= [ ]
4 2 0

3 4
⎡ ⎤
′ –
⇒ A = ⎢ √3 2⎥
⎣ ⎦
2 0
 –
3 √3 2
⇒ (A')' = [ ] =A
4 2 0

Thus (A′)′ = A
ii. We have
– –
3 √3 2 2 −1 2 5 √3 − 1 4
A= [ ],B = [ ] ⇒ A+B = [ ]
4 2 0 1 2 4 5 4 4

5 5
⎡ ⎤
Therefore (A + B)' =
–
⎢ √3−1 4⎥
⎣ ⎦
4 4

3 4 2 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Now A' = –
⎢ √3 2⎥,B
′
= ⎢ −1 2⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2 0 2 4

5 5
⎡ ⎤

So A' + B' =
–
⎢ √3−1 4⎥
⎣ ⎦
4 4

Thus (A + B)′ = A′ + B′
iii. We have,
2 −1 2 2k −k 2k
kB = k[ ] = [ ]
1 2 4 k 2k 4k

2k k 2 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
∴ (kB)
′
= ⎢ −k 2k ⎥ = k ⎢ −1 2 ⎥ = kB
′

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2k 4k 2 4

Thus (kB)
′
= kB
′

* Case study based questions [8]

48. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.

In an elliptical sport field the authority wants to design a rectangular soccer field
with the maximum possible area. The sport field is given by the graph of
2 2
y
x
2
+ 2
= 1
a b

(i) If the length and the breadth of the rectangular field be 2x and 2y

respectively, then find the area function in terms of x.

(ii) Find the critical point of the function.
 (iii) Use First derivative Test to find the length 2x and width 2y of the soccer field
(in terms of a and b) that maximize its area.
OR
(iii) Use Second Derivative Test to find the length 2x and width 2y of the soccer
field (in terms of a and b ) that maximize its area.
Ans. :

49. On her birthday, Seema decided to donate some money to the children of an
orphanage home. If there were 8 children less, everyone would have got ₹10
more. However, if there were 16 children more, everyone would have got ₹10
 less. Let the number of children be x and the amount distributed by Seema for
one child be y (in ₹).

(i) Represent given information in matrix algebra.

(ii) Find the adjoint of Matrix containing information about of number of
children and amount she paid?
(iii) Find the number of children who were given some money by Seema?
OR
How much amount does Seema spend in distributing the money to all the
students of the Orphanage?

5x − 4y = 40

5x − 8y = −80
Ans. : (i)
5 −4 x 40
[ ][ ] = [ ]
5 −8 y −80

5 −4 x 40
A = [ ],X = [ ] and B = [ ]
5 −8 y −80

(ii) |A| = −40 + 20 = −20 ≠ 0

−8 −5 −8 4
Cofactor matrix A = [ ] adj A = [ ]
4 5 −5 5

5 −4 x 40
A = [ ],X = [ ] and B = [ ]
5 −8 y −80

A ∣= −40 + 20 = −20 ≠ 0

−8 −5 −8 4
Cofactor matrix A = [ ] , adj A = [ ]
4 5 −5 5
−1
X = A B … (i)

−1
1
A = ⋅ adjA
|A|
(iii)
−1
1 −8 4
A = ⋅[ ]
−20 −5 5

From (i)

x 1 −8 4 40
[ ] = ⋅[ ][ ]
y −20 −5 5 −80

x 1 −320 − 320 32
⇒ [ ] = [ ] = [ ]
y −20 −200 − 400 30

X = 32 and y = 30

Or
There are 32 Children, and each child is given ₹30.
Total money spent by Seema = 32 × 30 = ₹960
Hence Seema spends ₹960 in distributing the money to all the students of the
Orphanage.
----- -----