Module 2

A COMPUTER HARDWARE

INTRODUCTION:
Ako muna bahala sa intro at closing goizz..pacheck ko na lang sa inyo laterr!

Mharielle:
Course Intended Learning Outcomes
Students will look at several sorts of computers, learn about various types of computer
hardware, and investigate ways to connect devices in this lesson. After finishing, you should be
familiar with:
the interdependence of hardware device drivers, firmware, and platforms
✔ typical computing measurements
common internal computer components
✓ storage and memory
recognizing various computer kinds
touch displays, keyboards, and microphones
standard smartphone hardware
Windows power management plans
✓ connecting auxiliary devices
wireless networking technologies

Rozel:
Introduction
A computer, as you taught in earlier lesson, is a collection of electrical and mechanical pieces
known as hardware. Hardware are the visible and touchable components of a computer;
hardware does the computer's physical job.
Software programs (including operating systems, application programs, and device drivers)
govern and make use of hardware, and firmware provides basic functionality within the device
itself.

Sheina:
Device Drivers
To interface with installed hardware devices, operating systems employ small programs known
as device drivers. Device drivers are programs that enable your computer to communicate with
and control the devices to which it is attached. The hardware is controlled by device drivers, and
the operating system communicates with them. Devices will not function correctly unless drivers
are installed.
Hardware manufacturers create and distribute device drivers. Device drivers are created for
each piece of hardware to be used with a specific operating system (and, in most cases, a
specific version of that operating system). Many devices come with drivers for a variety of
operating systems. For example, if you buy a printer, it will almost certainly come with drivers for
both Windows and Mac OS X. Some devices include drivers that are only compatible with a
single operating system. For example, a wireless network adapter may be compatible with
Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 8.1 to 11 but not with Mac OS X or Linux. Before
purchasing hardware, always read the product labeling to ensure that it is compatible with your
operating system.
Drivers for many devices that you may want to connect are typically included with operating
systems. These generic drivers will give basic functioning, but to use all of a device's functions,
install the drivers that came with it or download and install drivers from the manufacturer's
website. You should check for driver updates on a regular basis as you upgrade your programs
and operating system.

Veerniz
Firmware
Firmware is programmable logic (software) that is incorporated into hardware and governs how
the device operates. Firmware is device-specific, meaning it is designed for a certain model and
release of a device.
For example, the firmware on a smart phone is the programming required to manage the
phone's hardware and run the base operating system. Firmware, on the other hand, is distinct
from the operating system. For example, your phone may be running the Android 5.1.1
(Lollipop) mobile operating system and firmware build number G920VVRU48OK7.
Smart phone makers choose which phones will receive updates and distribute them to the
various mobile network carriers (such as T-Mobile, Verizon, and Vodafone) that sell their
phones. The mobile carrier can then test the updates and add network-specific components
(such as branding or provider-specific functionality) to provide the optimum user experience.
The firmware update is pushed out to the devices that are part of their cellular network at the
appropriate time (specified by the mobile operator).
Firmware upgrades are distributed at different times by different mobile service providers. For
example, if you and your Aunt Mary both own a Samsung Galaxy S5, and you are on the
Verizon network while she is on T-Mobile Samsung receive a firmware update in October, while
you may not receive it until March.

Mharielle:
Platform
Software programs (including mobile apps) run on a hardware device within an operating
system-created environment. The platform is the name given to this environment. The platform
is the interface between the application (or app) and the operating system that allows apps to
run on a device.
Consider a platform to be a foundation. The operating system (together with device drivers and
firmware) collaborates to regulate the hardware's basic functions. This foundation is topped with
an application (which is already in control of the hardware). The program performs its own
unique processes before sending specific requests to the operating system to ensure that the
required hardware activities are completed. The platform includes the functionality and syntax
for these requests.

About the Numbers

Before we look at different types of hardware and how different devices compare, you first
understand how speed and storage capacity are measured.
The binary digit or bit is central to all measurements. A bit is the most basic unit of data that a
computer can comprehend. A bit can have either a 0 or a 1 value. To represent data, bits are
organized in sequences of Os and 1s.
A byte is a collection of eight bits. One alphanumeric letter ('a' to 'z', or 0 to 9) is the smallest
unit of data that humans can understand; an alphanumeric character requires a complete byte
of space in either computer memory or a storage medium.

Measuring Capacity
Bytes are used to quantify storage capacity (the amount of space available to store data on disk
or in memory). Due to the small size of a byte, these capacities are measured in thousands,
millions, billions, and trillions of bytes. A byte is represented by a capital "B" in the abbreviation.
The table on the next page displays standard capacity measurements:

TABLE 2.1

Measuring Frequency
Every computer contains at least one microprocessor. In a computer, the microprocessor is a
silicon chip that performs calculations and logical operations. The microprocessor is also known
as the Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the processor.
The CPU is in charge of everything that happens in the computer. All of the hardware, memory,
and software deliver data to and receive commands from the CPU.
CPUs process information and instructions at varying rates and processor speed is measured in
hertz. When an electrical current flows through silicon chips, they oscillate (or cycle). A hertz is
one cycle (or oscillation) every second. Because processor chips are extremely fast, this
measurement is typically used with the prefixes listed in the table below.

TABLE 2.2

Because faster computers outperform slower ones, the greater the hertz, the more powerful the
processors.
The majority of desktop PCs available today contain processors wit speeds ranging from 3 to 4
GHz. Most laptops have processors ranging from 2GHz to 3GHz. When you buy a computer,
the processor speed will be indicated in the product description.
Measuring Bandwidth
Network connections (such as those in a cellular network or an IP network like the Internet)
transport data from one site to another at a specific volume per unit of time. This volume is
measured in bits per second and is denoted as bandwidth (bps).
Capacity, bit rate, transfer speed, data transfer rate, and throughput are all synonyms for
bandwidth. Bandwidth, like storage capacity, is typically stated in thousands, millions, or even
billions of bits per second, as indicated in the table below.

TABLE 2.3

The higher the bandwidth, the bigger the capacity for data transport and the better the network
performance.

Rozel:
What's Inside the Basics?
The basic "anatomy" of your computer is the same whether it is a huge desktop tower or an
ultra-portable tablet. Every computer has at least:
a system board- a printed circuit board that houses the majority of the computer's circuitry and
offers communication paths between all of the components and associated devices. Internal
components are seated on the system board or otherwise attached to it. It also has connectors
for connecting external devices including a mouse, speakers, and a charger.
one or more processors - silicon chips that operate hardware components and manage data
and instruction flow.
input devices - they enable you to transfer data to the computer. A keyboard or a touchscreen
are two examples.
output devices - these enable the computer to send data to you. A monitor
or a display screen are two examples.
storage devices, such as memory chips and other types of storage media
a power supply - transforms alternating current (AC) from a wall outlet into low-voltage direct
current (DC) power for the components. The DC power in portable gadgets is stored in a
rechargeable battery. Some of these internal components will be examined in the following
sections.

Veerniz
Memory and Storage
A computer needs both memory and storage capacity to run programs and produce and use
files. Every computer file has a certain byte size, and there must be enough memory to "keep"
the file when it is in use, as well as enough storage capacity to save the file when it is not in use.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

A computer needs to have a particular quantity of installed system memory in order to process
information. This memory is also known as Random Access Memory (RAM).
RAM is used to temporarily store information. Data and programs are read into memory from a
storage location and then transferred to the CPU from memory. A computer could not run
applications or generate or modify files if it did not have RAM.
It should be noted that RAM can only hold data while the machine is turned on. Any data saved
in RAM "disappear" when the machine is turned off. When you exit a program or save and close
a file, the information in memory is erased, and the memory becomes available to hold
additional data.
Memory is made up of chips that are housed inside the system unit. The amount of usable
memory is determined by the number of memory chips in the computer and the capacity of each
chip.

How Much RAM Do You Need?

All software (including operating systems) requires RAM and lists the minimum amount required
to run the program successfully. Some programs use very little memory (for example, Notepad
can run with less than 1MB of memory), while some programs require significant amounts. For
example, Adobe Photoshop requires a minimum of 2GB (although 8GB is recommended);
AutoCAD 2016 requires a minimum of 4GB (8GB is recommended).
Determining how much RAM you will need depends on which programs you want to run. The
general rule of thumb is the more RAM, the better
Every time you launch a program or open a file, you use RAM. The more files or programs you
have running, the more RAM you are using. Having sufficient (or better still, more than
sufficient) memory keeps the system performing at top speed and gives you the ability to run
several application programs simultaneously and/ or to have multiple browser windows open
without experiencing a slowdown in performance.

Sheina
Storage
While you are working, a computer loads software programs into RAM; however, the software
applications must be saved on the computer when not in use. Furthermore, any files created
with a software program must be saved if you want to recover them in the future.

Locations of Local and Remote Storage

Storage devices are where programs and user files are saved. These devices may be internal
(located within the computer) or external (storage devices attached to your computer). Local
storage locations include all internal storage devices and external devices connected directly to
your computer.
You can also save your data to distant servers. Remote destinations include folders on other
machines in your network and folders on a cloud storage server.

How Much Space Do You Require? X

All software (including operating systems) necessitates storage space, and the minimum
quantity needed to install the program is listed. Some programs are fairly extensive. For
example, Windows 10 can demand up to 20GB of storage space. The amount of space you
require is determined by the programs you intend to install as well as (probably more crucially)
the size and quantity of user files you intend to store.
Different sorts of files necessitate varying amounts of storage space. Word processing
documents, for example (even extensive ones), are relatively modest files. They do, however,
grow in size when you include media such as photographs or audio/video. Depending on the file
type, image files might be quite huge. Audio files can be relatively huge, and video files can be
enormous for example, a 60-second Blu-ray video can be 420MB, while a 60-minute video can
be 25GB.
If you intend to keep and edit videos or high-resolution images on your system, make sure you
buy a system with enough storage space, otherwise, you will quickly exhaust your internal
storage space. The more storage space you have, the less picky you need to be about choosing
files to save.

Veerniz:
Commonly Used Storage Devices
Hard disks, external drives, flash drives, and memory cards are all common storage devices.

Hard Drives
The terms "hard disk" and "hard drive" refer to a core storage area within a computer. Hard
drives are the principal data and software storage devices. Before you can utilize software
programs, they must be installed on a hard disk. The operating system must be installed on a
hard disk as well.
Magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs) with moving parts are used in some systems. A magnetic
hard drive stores data on platters, which are magnetically coated metal or plastic disks. The
platters are spun around a spindle by a motor while read/write heads (tiny recording/playback
devices) hover near the surface of the platters and read or write data to the magnetic coating.
Solid state disks (SSDs), which have no moving parts, are used in some computers. A solid-
state drive stores data on a network of interconnected flash memory chips, which retain the data
even when the power is turned off.
Flash memory chips can be put directly on the system board, on a card that connects to the
system board, or inside a 2.5-inch box that fits into the slot where a magnetic hard disk drive
would normally be inserted.

Mharielle
External Disk Drives
External drives are hard disks housed in a case that is connected to a computer through a cable
as a peripheral device. External drives give additional storage capacity for user documents,
photos, videos, and so on. However, you do not install software on external drives.
Storage of Flash Memory in Tablets and Phones This sort of storage is used in tablets and
smartphones because flash memory chips (the technology used in solid state drives) may be
put directly on the system board. The majority of port- able gadgets have inbuilt storage
memory.

Rozel:
USB Flash Drives
Flash drives are portable mass storage devices that utilize flash memory chips. They are
sometimes known as jump drives or thumb drives. Flash drives are compact (averaging
between 212" (60mm) and 234" (70mm) in length and 12" (16mm) to 34" (20mm) in width), and
weigh less than 1 oz. (28g), and can store gigabytes of data. They are long-lasting and
dependable because they have no moving components and can survive for several years.

While the technology is similar, the flash memory chips in a USB thumb drive are slower and
less dependable than those in solid state drives. That is why solid state drives are more
expensive than thumb drives of the same capacity.
Sheina
Digital Secure Cards (SD cards)
SD cards are compact flash memory storage devices with large capacities. Insert an SD card
into the designated slot on your device, just like you would a flash drive. The gadget that uses
the SD card has a card reader/writer. Data can be written (stored) on the card and subsequently
read (retrieved). You can also remove the card from one device and insert it into a reader on
another to transfer files from one device to another. SD cards are widely used as storage media
in digital cameras, camcorders, cell phones, tablets, MP3 players, and GPS systems.

Veerniz:
Optical Drives and Discs
Compact Discs (CDs) and Digital Versatile/Video Discs (DVDs) are read by optical disc drives
(DVDs). The disc is spun by the drive, and the data stored on the disc is read by a laser.
A CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory) or DVD-ROM drive functions similarly to a
player in a home theater system. The data is only read because it is written (or burned) onto the
surface and retrieved using a laser beam.
An optical writer drive, often known as a burner drive, employs specialized software to "burn" or
write data to a disc.
New desktop computers often include at least one optical drive, either a DVD optical drive or a
CD/DVD optical writer drive. Laptops used to feature an optical drive, however, modern versions
increasingly do without. However, you can utilize an external optical drive connected to the
laptop via a USB cable.

Sheina:
(Kahit short lang ito)
Identifying Computer Types
Computers are ubiquitous in our daily lives and come in a wide range of shapes and sizes.
When you hear the word computer, do you envision a room- sized supercomputer conducting
millions of complex computations for space exploration and satellite launches? A mainframe
bank capable of handling hundreds of thousands of simultaneous monetary transactions? Or do
you consider the CPU tower on your desk or perhaps a laptop? What about a smartphone or a
tablet? What about embedded system chips, which control tasks in robotized production lines,
airplane fuel systems, and diagnostic imaging equipment? These are all examples of
computers.
This course will concentrate on computers that are often found in workplaces, schools, and
homes. They are the everyday electronics that you see and touch.
Some computers are more suited to specific jobs than others, but as technology progresses and
the market adjusts to how people use gadgets, the lines that separate one device from another
grow blurred.
To establish a foundation for comparison, assume you are writing a best-selling novel. Consider
how convenient and/or pleasant it would be to work on your tale using each item as you learn
about it.
Rozel:
Servers
In contrast to the various types of computers used for personal computing (desktops, laptops,
tablets, and smart phones), servers are used to support other computers for corporate
purposes.
A server is a computer that makes files or services available to other computers on a network. A
server may, for example, provide email services, host a website, store databases or documents
for all students or employees in a school or corporation, or provide telephony or transaction
services. A server runs an operating system that is specifically developed for use on a server.
Windows Server 2012, Mac OS X Server, and Linux Server are examples of common server
operating systems.
Servers also run specialized software that allows them to provide services. For hosting and
displaying web pages, a web server may use Apache Web Server or IIS (Internet Information
Server); a database server may use Microsoft SQL Server; an email server may use Microsoft
Exchange Server, and so on. Because servers are not utilized for personal computing, these
tools are considerably different from the end-user productivity software you may be used to
utilizing.
Server systems are created differently from conventional PCs; they are intended to be highly
reliable and have a low failure rate. The key selling features are processor power, RAM, and
hard disk size. Servers must be able to run continuously and should only be shut down or
restarted when software or hardware upgrades are deployed. As a result, they frequently
contain redundant power supplies.
Server computers are significantly more expensive than desktop systems due to their increased
power.

Mharielle:
Typical Configurations
Servers are classified into three fundamental designs, or "form factors":
Tower servers resemble desktop PCs. These were the first models, and they required their
own monitors, keyboards, network cards, and wiring. Typically seen in small businesses where
only one or two servers are needed.

Rack servers- These servers are designed to be installed in a structure known as a rack, which
contains many slots into which servers can be inserted. Mounting screws secure the server to
the rack system. You can stack many servers vertically using the rack system. These are
frequently accessed over a network connection from a central control station equipped with a
monitor and keyboard. However, if necessary, a monitor and keyboard can be connected to a
server in a rack. Rack servers are common in data centers that house three to twenty-four
servers. (The image above depicts rack servers in a data center.)
Blade servers are stripped-down servers that are meant to consume as little electricity as
possible while taking up as little physical space as possible. This server must be installed in a
blade enclosure, which houses numerous blade servers and provides power, cooling, and
networking connectivity. Blade servers are typically found in data centers with more than twenty-
four servers and are accessed via a network link from a central control station.

Generally Used By X
IT personnel, web designers who upload finished web pages, scripts, and other parts to a web
server, or database administrators who maintain enormous databases of customer and product
information on dedicated database servers are the people who operate on server systems.
You would not use a server to work on your bestseller because servers are not used for
personal computers.

Sheina:
Desktop computer systems
Desktop computers are intended to be placed on or beneath a desk. They are fairly huge,
though many are available in small forms to save space. Desktop computers are classified into
two types:
Apple's Mac computers. These devices have a streamlined design, with the monitor and
processor contained in the same case. The Mac is manufactured solely by Apple. The Mac OS
X operating system is designed to run on Macs.
Personal computers (PCs) - originally manufactured by IBM and afterward manufactured by
several manufacturers. Traditionally, the processor unit in a desktop PC is placed within a
casing, and an external display, keyboard, and mouse are connected through cables. The
completely completed combo is often known as a workstation. (Today, certain all-in-one units
are available.) On a PC, you can use a variety of operating systems, but the Windows operating
system is by far the most often installed.

Macs and PCs come in a wide range of styles and configurations (including desktop models,
laptops, servers, and touch screen devices).
Desktop computers are reliable and powerful, with enough storage space (500GB - 1TB on
average), a reasonable amount of installed memory (4GB-8GB on average), the capacity to
read data stored on a variety of storage media, and the ability to play music and video. They
have numerous USB ports for connecting and writing. external devices and may have one or
more SD card slots for reading and Many come with strong video and sound cards. They often
have a network port for a wired network connection, as well as built-in wireless networking
capability.
They are also easily upgradeable - you can open the case to access the internal components,
and there is usually enough "working area" to replace or upgrade components like a video,
audio, or network card. You can easily add more storage capacity as well.

Typical Configuration x
A common desktop configuration includes a PC on or beneath the desk, as well as a keyboard
and mouse on the desk or in a pull-out tray 4-5 inches below the surface. Wireless or wired
keyboards and mice are available. The majority of people utilize large flat-screen computer
monitors or TVs that can accept PC input; these enormous screens allow you to work with
massive spreadsheets, drafting programs, or graphics editing tools with ease.
Users frequently connect speakers to play sound, and some even choose a "surround-sound"
system with high-quality speakers and a separate sub-woofer for added bass. You have a lot of
leeway in configuring your system, depending on your sound card and available space.
A desktop system can be a comfortable place to work for lengthy amounts of time and is usually
the most suitable for working with documents extensively. When you're writing your manuscript,
a desktop computer could be ideal.

DisadvantagesX
A desktop system's main disadvantage is that it is not portable because it must always be
plugged into an electrical outlet while in use. Of course, you can transfer them from one location
to another, but, this takes time to "tear down" the workstation at one site and re-set it (plug in
the monitor, mouse, and keyboard) at the new location.

Typically Used By X
People who work at a single dedicated desk for the entirety of the workday (for example, office
workers, secretaries, and accountants) traditionally used desktop systems. However, as
portable computers have gotten more powerful and affordable, many workers are increasingly
using laptop computers as their primary computing device.

Only those that require significant memory, processing power, video resolution, or storage
space in the effutilize increasingly using desktop sysideo resolution majority of the employees
utilize laptops for their day-to-day work. People who me design software (for example, AutoCAD
or Autodesk Revit) or picture and Video editing software (for example, Adobe Photoshop or
Adobe Premier) are more likely to use desktop computers.

Notebook (or laptop) computers Laptop (or notebook) computers are portable computers. They
are small enough to fit on your lap and are light enough to be carried. They are also self-
contained, with everything you need (display, keyboard, camera, speakers, and pointing device)
all in one unit. Laptop computers use the same operating systems as desktop computers and
have the same internal components, such as a hard drive and installed RAM. Laptops also
come with a rechargeable battery that is powered by an AC adaptor.
Because of their portability, laptops are immensely popular among students and business
people alike. Students, for example, can bring a laptop to class and take notes, then take it
home to do homework and other assignments.

X Aside from their portability, laptops are popular for the following reasons:
They are available in both PC and Mac versions.
They have enough processing power to run most productivity and entertainment software. That
is, they can operate Office, watch movies, and listen to music just like a desktop machine. As a
result, they are well- suited to the needs of the majority of consumers.
They typically have built-in wireless networking capabilities.
In some circumstances, power usage is thought to be a "greener" option for desktop computers.
A variety of accessories are available to enhance your laptop computing experience and make it
more like a desktop computing experience. For example, if you don't enjoy using the built-in
touchpad, you can connect to a larger monitor, add an external full-size keyboard with a number
pad, or connect a mouse.

Disadvantages X
They are not as robust as desktop PCs in general; they have less storage capacity, less
memory, and lower-power graphics cards. As a result, they may be unsuitable for running
specialist software such as graphics manipulation and video-editing tools that demand
additional CPU or graphics capability. High-end models, on the other hand, may be well suited
to running larger programs.

Laptops often have a shorter lifespan than desktop computers.

Laptops contain many of the same internal components as desktop computers, but they are
usually incorporated onto the system board. It is not possible to replace an integrated
component such as a video or audio card. You'd have to replace the complete system board,
and buying a new laptop is generally easier and less expensive.
Because of the highly restricted working space, replacing a failed non-
integrated component is likewise a difficult operation. Professionals are frequently required to
undertake repairs or component upgrades.
• Why For many people, laptop computers are not as pleasant to use as desktop computers.
Keyboards are smaller and more compact, and many lack a number keypad.
The touchpad on some versions is particularly sensitive, and users may notice that the cursor
"jumps about" on the screen when typing because their wrists make contact with the touchpad.
Many people choose to use a mouse instead of a laptop touchpad.

Typical ConfigurationsX
While some individuals use a laptop on their laps, occasionally while sitting by the pool, many
people work at a desk and utilize a laptop in place of a desktop system.
Users frequently attach a second full-sized keyboard and mouse to make the laptop more
comfortable to use and appear more like a desktop workstation.
Laptops differ in size from 17 to 11 inches, and some users find the screen too small for
comfortable viewing. As a result, many users connect an external monitor to their laptop
computers. They can either copy the display from the laptop screen onto the external monitor or
extend the display, so utilizing the external monitor for "additional screen space." For example,
you can view a Word document on the laptop screen while also viewing an Excel worksheet on
the external monitor.
Docking stations are frequently purchased by users who connect to external monitors,
keyboards, and mouse devices during work and then detach and take their laptops home at
night. A docking station is a gadget that simplifies the process of "plugging in" to peripheral
devices. You connect the monitor, mouse, keyboard, speakers, and so on to the docking
station's ports, which allow the wires to remain plugged in. The laptop can then be "docked" or
connected to the docking station. Because the station is already linked to the peripheral
devices, the laptop gets "immediate" access to all of the related devices without having to fiddle
with Cords. At the end of the day, simply "undock" or remove the laptop from the docking
station, and you're ready to go.

It is also extremely usual to connect a laptop to an external monitor or projector in order to offer
a presentation to an audience. The user can run and control the slide show from the laptop
(while also viewing speaking notes and other information on the laptop screen) while projecting
simply the presentation to the huge screen facing the audience.

A laptop, regardless of configuration, could be a terrific choice for working on that novel. They
normally run the same software as their desktop versions, have enough storage capacity, and
have decent integrated tools for working with large documents and entering text. Because they
are portable, you can choose an inspiring area to work in.
Mharielle:
Chromebooks
A Chromebook is a customized laptop that is meant to run cloud-based apps rather than
programs loaded on the hard drive. Instead of Windows or Mac OS X, these portables use the
Chrome OS operating system, which is light on system resources and optimized for Internet
access. They are simple to set up and will boot up in two to three seconds (much faster than
Windows or Mac operating systems).
The devices themselves are lighter, more robust, and consume less power than ordinary
versions. A Chromebook battery will typically last 7 to 9 hours before needing to be recharged.
A Chromebook also has a full-size screen (11.6 to 15 inches), a built-in keyboard, and
reasonably strong processors. Although they are intended to run cloud-based applications, they
also feature facilities for working offline.
Chromebooks are far less expensive than normal laptop computers and are increasingly being
used in high school, middle school, and even elementary school classes. However, their use is
not restricted to classrooms; anyone who can complete their tasks utilizing web-based/cloud-
based applications can profit from using a Chromebook.

Rozel:
Tablets
A tablet is a handheld computer that fits in the palm of your hand. A single handheld gadget
contains computer equipment, a battery, and a flat touch screen display. Tablets include a
microphone, speakers, and sensors that allow the tablet to "know" which way is up. All tablets
include "touch screen" capabilities, which allow you to select an object on the screen by
touching it with your finger or a specialized pen known as a stylus. You move your finger or
stylus over the screen like a mouse, and you may "type" input instead of using a physical
keyboard using an onscreen virtual keyboard.

Tablets frequently have physical buttons for turning on and changing the volume, as well as sa
USB connector for charging and data transfer. All I have at least one camera (many have a
front-facing and a rear-facing camera) and the ability to attach items like headphones or
external speakers.

Tablets, rather than hard drives, employ inbuilt flash memory for data storage and typically
contain a slot for detachable storage devices such as SD cards.

Tablets employ two types of operating systems: desktop-based and mobile- based.
Desktop-based operating system tablets are thicker and heavier than the other type. They
necessitate additional cooling and have lower battery life. They do, however, have more
connection ports and can run applications such as the Microsoft Office suite as well as mobile
apps. They also have a well-known desktop operating system interface.
Tablets with mobile-based operating systems are lighter, operate cooler, and have significantly
longer battery life. These tablets, however, only run mobile apps. (Smart phones also employ
mobile-based operating systems.) Instead of a desktop interface, mobile-based operating
systems provide a "Home" screen from which users can launch an app by tapping an icon.
Tablets are small, portable devices that are ideal for entertainment and online activity. Most
have high-resolution, high-definition screens and fast wireless networking. Many are Bluetooth-
enabled, allowing you to use external speakers without having to connect them via a regular
audio connector. The Apple iPad, Samsung Galaxy, and Windows Surface are all popular
versions.
Working on your novel on a tablet may be more difficult than on a desktop or laptop. Because
the screens are smaller and employ different illumination methods, reading papers on them for
an extended period of time may cause eye fatigue. Even though an external keyboard can be
attached, most people do not use their tablets in this manner. You may not even be able to
open a large Word document on your tablet, depending on the operating system and available
storage space.

Veerniz:
2-in-1s
Tablets have grown in popularity to the point where many laptops now include tablet-like
functions. These "convertible" laptops have special touch-screen displays that can be folded all
the way back (360 degrees) to utilize the laptop as a tablet.
Such gadgets combine the power, convenience, and document editing skills of a laptop with the
high-definition, high-speed streaming ment editing skills capabilities of a tablet.

Veerniz:
Cell/Smart phones
Smart phones are handheld devices that combine the capabilities of a traditional cell phone with
those of a personal computer. They are frequently utilized for a wide range of applications by
individuals of all ages. You can use them to make phone calls, send text messages, download
music or electronic books from the web, take pictures or videos, check your email, browse the
Internet, access cloud storage, open and edit documents, use GPS navigation, make mobile
payments, and watch movies - all from the palm of your hand.
While a smart phone can open email attachments and view documents, you probably don't want
to spend much time doing so. Even if you can install the Microsoft Word app on your
smartphone and use it to modify your document, it will most likely get tiresome within a short
period of time. Furthermore, the internal storage space on a smartphone is limited.
Smart phones, unlike regular mobile phones, allow users to install, modify,
and operate a vast array of application programs known as apps. They are highly
configurable and run mobile operating systems. Smart phones have built-in
cameras, video cameras, system memory, and memory card support for storing
data, as well as apps for managing appointments and contact lists and taking notes.
Most models include touch screen technology as well as the ability to connect to
and synchronize files with a desktop or laptop computer (such as photos, music
files, or contact lists).

Mharielle:
Touchscreens, Mice, and Keyboards
Input and output devices allow users to interact with computers. An input device allows you to
send data to the computer, whereas an output device displays (or otherwise sends) data from
the computer to you.
Basic input devices include keyboards and pointing devices. Basic output devices include
monitors, printers, and speakers. Because you may touch the screen to input information and
the screen shows the output, touch screens act as both input and output devices.

Keyboards
The keyboard is the primary means of communicating with the computer. It is used to enter data
or execute commands in an application. Physical or virtual keyboards are available. A virtual
device in computing is one that does not physically exist but is made to seem and operate as if
it does by software. In touch screen devices, virtual keyboards (and dial pads) are displayed on
the screen; the user "types" or dials by tapping the virtual keys that appear on the screen.
Physical keyboards can be either external devices that connect to a computer or are built inside
the system.
They are available in a variety of sizes and configurations. Some are ergonomically intended to
prevent repetitive strain ailments like carpal tunnel syndrome. Many have buttons to improve
your multimedia experience.
The previous image depicts a typical Windows keyboard, which comprises the following key
types:

TABLE 2.4

Sheina:
Connections
A USB connection is used to connect keyboards to desktop computers. This link can be wired or
wireless. Although laptops include a keyboard, you can also connect an external keyboard
through USB.
Bluetooth keyboards, which use Bluetooth technology to connect to a system, are also
available. Bluetooth is supported by the majority of laptops, tablets, and smartphones.
Some tablets have special connections that allow you to utilize detachable physical keyboards
made exclusively for the tablet. In some variants, the keyboard is integrated into the tablet case,
which also serves as a stand, allowing you to use the tablet as a viewing screen to work on a
document or watch streaming media.
Rozel:
Pointing Devices
You can choose or activate items on the screen using a pointing device by placing the pointer
arrow on the item and completing the relevant action; for example, you can click to select a file
or click and drag to select text. Pointing devices come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but the
most common test

Veerniz:
Mouse
A mouse moves the cursor on the screen. When you slide or drag the mouse across a flat
surface, such as a desk or a mouse pad, the mouse pointer on the screen moves to reflect the
action. The traditional mouse employed a rotating ball to trigger movement when you moved the
mouse device across the surface. To move the pointer on the screen, newer mouse devices
employ optical light or diode technology. A trackball features a ball on the side where your
thumb sits, and you move the pointer by rotating the ball.
A mouse typically has two buttons for selecting and activating elements on the screen. Items
can be activated with a double-click or selected with a single mouse click. A shortcut menu can
be displayed by right-clicking.
There are also the following activities available:

TABLE 2.5

To select objects using the mouse pointer, hold the mouse with your palm down and your index
finger lightly resting on the first button. The mouse pointer on the screen will travel in the same
direction as you slide the mouse flat along the desk. If you run out of desk space, lift the mouse
and move it to a new location on the desk, then continue moving.
To cancel any option, click anywhere on the screen other than the item being selected.
Mouse devices are available in both traditional (wired) and wireless configurations. A cord
extends from the mouse's base to a USB port on the computer in the traditional mouse. A
wireless mouse has a separate connector that plugs into the computer and recognizes mouse
commands. A Bluetooth mouse does not require any additional connectors. All wireless mice
require batteries, but a standard mouse merely requires being plugged into a computer.

Rozel:
Touchpad
A touchpad gadget allows you to move the mouse pointer around the screen with your finger.
This is prevalent on laptop computers, but these devices can also be purchased separately for
use with desktop computers.
A touchpad features two buttons that function similarly to the left and right mouse buttons.
To move the mouse cursor around the screen, place your finger anywhere on the touchpad and
then glide it around the touchpad in the desired direction.
To pick an object, move the mouse pointer over it, then tap the touchpad once or click the left
button beneath the touchpad.
To activate an item, move the mouse pointer over it, then tap the touchpad twice quickly or
double-click the left button beneath the touchpad.
To drag an item, set the mouse pointer over it, press CTRL, and then drag your finger to the
desired location on the touchpad.
To bring up a shortcut menu, move the mouse pointer over the item and then click the right
button beneath the touchpad.

Sheina
Stylus
A stylus is a pen-like input device that can be used instead of your finger to select or activate an
item on a touch screen. Press the stylus lightly on the option you want to choose or activate on
the screen. On a smartphone or tablet, for example, you can use the stylus to "dial" the digits of
a phone number, launch an application, or type text. You can also use the stylus to create
shapes or diagrams, depending on the system and the programs available for that device.
This type of pointer is often fashioned in the form of a pen, although it is also available in a
variety of styles and can also be referred to as a digital writer.

Mharielle
Touch screen Displays
A touch screen is a type of display that allows you to interact with a computer by touching
different regions of the screen. Touch screens are used to receive user input on tablets and
smartphones. These gadgets show the user virtual keyboards and dial pads, and the user
"types" by tapping on-screen keys.
Touch screen displays are available on several laptops, and you may also buy standalone
monitors with touch screen functionality.

A touch screen typically interacted with either your finger or stylus. You can move your finger or
the stylus over the screen like a mouse, and you can touch or tap an item to select it. Touch
screens detect the location of your finger or stylus on the screen and transform your on-screen
activities into key presses or mouse movements. They operate well enough to be popular, but
they do not provide the same fine control and precision that a mouse and keyboard do.

Limitations
X Entering text by "typing" on a touch screen takes time and can get uncomfortable after a
while. It might be tough to select text on a touch screen, and it can be unpleasant to seek
commands when you are used to utilizing keyboard shortcuts to complete particular activities.
Because touch displays are often found on smaller devices, selecting certain items or keys may
be challenging. For example, because the keyboard keys are close together, it might be difficult
to input text effectively, and it can be difficult to choose a certain tab in a browser session when
you have numerous tabs open.

Mharielle:
Standard Smartphone Hardware
While there are many different models, smart phones all have a similar structure and function in
the same way, independent of brand or model. The following diagram (from the Samsung
Galaxy S6 User Manual) depicts common smartphone hardware.

FIGURE 2.1

This smartphone has only four physical buttons: the Volume Up and Volume Down buttons, the
Home button, and the Power/Lock button. The touch screen displays all of the other "buttons,"
icons, shortcuts, and settings.
The Recent applications and Back buttons are also virtual (touch screen) buttons that display
near the bottom of the phone and are not part of the Home screen.

Rozel:
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Mobile phones link to cellular networks using one of two technologies: GSM (Global System for
Mobile communication) or CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) (Code Division for Multiple
Access). GSM phones all include a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card that allows the phone
to be identified to the carrier (cellular provider). The carrier recognizes CDMA phones based on
information "hard-wired" into the device.
The SIM card is a small circuit board that contains a chip that has been encoded with the
necessary information, such as the phone number, voice plan, data plan, security data, billing,
and account information. The SIM card connects your phone to the network of the carrier. To
connect to the network, a GSM phone must have a SIM card installed.
SIM cards are easily accessible, and you may remove them from one phone and insert them
into another (provided the SIM is compatible), then use the other phone as if it were your own.
Your phone number, voice plan, data plan, and other information are immediately available on
the "new" phone.

Smart Phone Keyboard / Dial Pad X

Virtual onscreen keyboards and dial pads are widely used on smart phones. The image below
depicts a standard onscreen dial pad.
A series of panels display smart phone touch screen keyboards (usually used for entering
information and producing text and email messages). The graphic to the right, for example,
depicts the touch screen keyboard on an Android phone.
Tap the SHIFT key to alternate between upper- and lower-case keyboards. Tap the
BACKSPACE key to delete characters to the left of the cursor. Tap the LINEFEED key to move
to the next line.
Tap the SYMBOL key to view symbols. Tap the 1/2 key to view the second set of symbols or the
2/2 key to go back to the first set. Tap the ATTACH key to open a menu that will allow you to
add an attachment. Tap the SMILEY key to display a palette of emoticons. Tap the SEND key to
send a completed message.

Veerniz:
Power Plans
Every computer has a power supply that transforms alternating current (AC) electricity from an
outlet into direct current (DC) power that the computer can use.

The computer is powered by a power cord inserted into a regular electric outlet. All portable
computing devices have an internal or external battery that allows you to use the computer
without having to plug it into an electrical outlet.
You learned how to manually put your computer to sleep or hibernation mode in Lesson 1. This
section will teach you how to utilize Windows power plans to control how electricity is used.
Power plans have the most impact on laptop battery life: nevertheless, utilizing them on your
desktop system can help you save energy and take a "greener" approach to compute.

Working with Power Plan Settings

You may quickly modify the settings of a power plan. You may configure how much power is
used for particular processes in the operating system. That is, you can create and use power
plans to automatically turn off a computer's display and put it to sleep after a set length of time.
A Windows power plan is a collection of hardware and system parameters that control how
much power your computer consumes. After a certain length of time, power plans will
automatically alter the screen brightness, turn off the display, or put the machine to sleep.
Advanced power plan settings may also turn off the wireless networking card or hard drive after
a specific amount of idleness.
Open the Control Panel, then select Hardware and Sound to view power plans.
Click Power Settings to see all adjustable options. Be aware that if you are connected to a
domain or do not have full administrative permissions, you may be limited in your options. You
will then need to consult with your network administrator about power options.

Sheina:
Windows has three power plans that can be customized:
Balanced - delivers full performance when needed while conserving power during moments of
inactivity.
Electricity saving - reduces screen brightness and system performance to save power. You
may utilize this strategy to get the most out of a single battery charge.
High performance - this plan optimizes screen brightness and may improve overall system
performance. This strategy consumes far more energy than the others, putting a burden on a
laptop battery.
Many laptops also come with a power plan pre-installed by the device maker. The previous
graphic, for example, indicates that the computer also has a built-in power plan from the
manufacturer, Dell.

To see or alter the settings for a power plan, enter the Edit Settings window by clicking Change
plan settings.
When working on a laptop, you can select when actions should be taken when the computer is
on battery power and when it is plugged in. You can also change
the display's brightness.
On a desktop machine, you may only see options for shutting off the display
and putting the computer to sleep.
To access the Power Options dialog box, click Change advanced power settings.
To choose what the power buttons do or what happens when you close the lid of the laptop,
click the Choose what the power buttons do or Choose what closing the lid does option from the
panel at the left of the main Power Options window. Options set here determine what happens
with the power for Standby/ Sleep, Hibernation, or Shut Down mode.

Mharielle:
Connecting Peripherals
A cable or wireless technology connects peripheral devices to a computer system.
At one end, cables are connected to the devices, while the "free" end is ended in a specific
connection designed to connect to the system unit via a unique socket known as a port. The
following ports are found on the majority of computer systems (at least some of them):
Video ports they allow you to connect monitors, projectors, and even televisions to your
computer for output.
Network ports - allow your computer to connect to different networks.
Audio ports allow sound from the sound card to be delivered to external speakers or
headphones. These ports are also known as jacks.
USB ports these allow you to connect a wide range of devices to the computer (printers,
scanners, cameras, flash drives, keyboards, mouse gadgets, and so on). Because USB ports
supply electrical power, they can be used to power peripheral devices or recharge the batteries
of linked gadgets.

Veerniz:
Video Ports and Connectors
A video port connects a monitor, projector, or television to a computer to show visual output.
Most desktop computers have at least two video connectors. High- performance and gaming
systems frequently include more. The following are examples of standard computer video ports:
When you click Identify, Windows will show the number "1" on the first display and the number
"2" on the second, so you know which display each number corresponds to. Scroll down to see
the drop-down option for Multiple displays.

Among the options are:X

Duplicate these displays - this option duplicates the output to monitors 1 and 2.
Extend these displays - using this option, you can display distinct output on each monitor. For
example, on monitor 1, you can check your email while working on a spreadsheet on monitor 2.
Alternatively, you huge spreadsheet on two monitors. can display a
Show just on 1 - this option displays output only on the monitor labeled 1. Monitor 2 goes
completely black.
Show just on 2 - this option displays output only on the second monitor. Monitor 1 goes
completely black.
When you've finished configuring your settings, click Apply and then close the Settings app.
These same options are available in the Control Panel's Screen Resolution page.

Sheina:
Connectors and Network Ports
A network port on a computer allows you to use a network cable to connect to a local area
network (LAN). The port (officially an RJ-45 jack) is also known as an Ethernet port, network
port, and LAN port. An Ethernet port (which resembles a large telephone jack) with an Ethernet
cable.
A network port connects to a wired network through a network connection (also known as an
Ethernet cable). Connect one end of the cable to your computer and the other to a LAN port in a
wall jack or a LAN port on a networking device such as a network switch or network router.

Rozel:
Audio Connectors and Ports
Dedicated audio ports on a computer sound card allow you to attach audio devices to your
computer, such as speakers, headphones, or microphones.
A standard desktop sound card provides 3.5mm audio ports known as "jacks" for various sorts
of audio devices and game adapters (joysticks). Audio jacks can be identified by an icon or by
color coding:
Microphone - Pink
Video Graphics Adapter (VGA)
Digital Video Interface (DVI)
High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) An HDMI port and cable are shown here.
Check the ports on the computer and the ports on the monitor for an appropriate cable before
connecting a monitor. For instance, if you intend to use VGA ports, use a VGA cable; otherwise,
use an HDMI cable. Insert each connection firmly into the proper computer and display port.
If your monitor's input ports do not correspond to any of your computer's video output ports, you
can use an adapter to transform signals from one format to another.
Laptops, tablets, and phones all include a display (monitor) as part of the device. Most laptops
and certain tablets, on the other hand, have video-out connections that allow you to send output
to a second display device. Tablets frequently contain tiny display ports, which require a mini
version of one of the conventional video connectors, and customized video cables with a mini
connector on one end and a standard size connector on the other can be purchased. A regular
video cable with a standard-to-mini connector adaptor can also be used.
Nota bene: Many high-end smartphones and tablets contain screen casting software, which
allows you to wirelessly project your device's screen to a suitable display device.

Sheina:
Monitors
The monitor is an output device that allows you to view the information displayed by the
computer. All monitors come with a power switch and a power connection, as well as brightness
and contrast adjustments for customizing the screen image. Most have two kinds of video input
connectors.
Monitors exist in a range of sizes, resolutions, and types; the larger the screen, the larger the
image on the screen, and the higher the price of the monitor. Resolution, or the ability of the
monitor to display images, is a measurement based on specific mathematical degrees of
sharpness and clarity, and it is also a price issue. Touch screen technology is available on
several displays.

Adding a Second Display Device X

Connecting a second display device to a laptop or desktop machine is as simple as connecting
the appropriate video connection. The operating system identifies the second display after the
physical connection is made. You can then modify the parameters for how you wish to use the
extra display. You can utilize the Settings app or the Control Panel in Windows 11.
Line In - light blue (for example, a tape player or CD player)
Line Out - Lime Green (speakers or headphones)
One 3.5mm audio jack is included in laptops, tablets, and smart phones. You can use a wire
connected to the device or a normal auxiliary "aux" cord to connect headphones, earbuds, or
external speakers.
Many audio devices, including headsets, speakers, and microphones, can also be connected to
a computer via USB or wireless Bluetooth.

Mharielle:
Microphones
Microphones enable you to record sounds and convert them to digital files for usage on a
computer. Even better, specialized software can recognize your voice as you talk into a
microphone and turn what you say into written characters that display on the screen. This type
of specialized software is extremely advantageous to individuals with particular needs.
Microphones are not typically included with desktop computers, but you may buy microphones
that link to an audio connection on the computer's sound card or a USB port. You can also buy
headsets with built-in microphones. Most computers include a built-in microphone, and tablets
and phones do as well.

Veerniz:
Speakers
Speakers play sounds saved on a computer as digital files. External speakers are required for
desktop systems in order to hear the sounds played back by the sound card. Standard desktop
speakers have a 3.5mm audio connector that connects to the sound card (or to a headphone
jack). External speakers require power and come with a power chord that must be inserted into
an electrical socket.
A variety of USB speakers are also available. The USB port provides both signals and power to
these devices.
It is also possible to acquire a monitor with built-in speakers. The monitor must be connected to
the desktop through HDMI in order to hear sound through the monitor speakers.
Internal speakers are built into laptops, tablets, and phones. Newer smart phones and tablets
include high-quality speakers that are great for listening to music and watching films. However,
older laptops are not recognized for having high-quality sound systems, and many users
connect external speakers or headphones to their laptops. These can be connected by a
headphone connector, a USB port, Bluetooth, or infrared connections.

Mharielle:
USB Connectors and Ports
USB connections enable the connection of a diverse range of external devices to a computer.
USB is used to link human interface devices as well as for mass storage (as in flash drives)
(such as mice, keyboards, joysticks, tablets, etc.). It is utilized as a charging standard for
devices with rechargeable batteries because it also provides power. The image below depicts
two USB 3.0 ports.
The USB standard has been in use for a number of years, with versions 2.0 and 3.0 still in
common usage and version 3.1 (Generation 1 and 2) just making its debut.
Version 2.0 has a maximum data transfer rate of 480Mbps. Color coding for USB 2.0 ports and
connections is often black or white.
Version 3.0 (dubbed SuperSpeed USB) offers a potential p top speed of 5Gbps (but this speed
is rarely rely achieved in practice). Except for new connectors, Version 3.1 Generation 1 is
nearly identical to USB 3.0. Blue is the standard color code for USB 3.0 ports and connections.
Version 3.1 Generation 2 claims up to 10Gbps of speed. Teal blue is the standard color
designation for USB 3.1 ports and connections.
The majority of desktop PCs supplied now contain several USB 2.0 and 3.0 connections.
Laptops often have only two or three USB ports. If you want to connect many USB devices to a
laptop, you can attach a USB hub to enhance the number of accessible ports. The hub connects
to the computer through one USB port and provides four, six, or eight available ports for
connecting devices.

Types of Connectors
As portable devices became smaller, the USB standard introduced various connector sizes.
Type-A connectors are the flat rectangular connectors with which you are most likely familiar.
Mini and Micro connectors are typically seen on slim-profile electronics. If your gadget comes
with a USB cable, it will have the appropriate connector type.

Veerniz
USB Memory Sticks
A USB flash drive is a data storage device having flash memory and a USB port. A small circuit
board and a standard type-A USB connector are housed inside a plastic or rubberized housing.
The connector may be protected by a cap or retracted into the case.
Modern operating systems such as Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux support the USB mass
storage protocol used by flash drives. Flash drives with USB 2.0 capability can store more insert
the drive data faster, and are easier to use than capical drives. When you inserle the drive into a
USB port, the operating system detects it and assigns it a drive letter.

Before deleting a flash drive, it is recommended that you right-click the drive icon and select
Eject. When you remove the drive, be sure that the activity light on the flash drive is not blinking.
Removing the flash drive while the activity indicator is blinking may result in data loss or
corruption.

Sheina:
Printers
Printers turn what is displayed on the screen into printed pages. You can select numerous print
choices in all applications, such as landscape or portrait orientation, paper size, and manual or
automatic feed. Printers were once connected to PCs by specific printer ports and print cables.
Today, printers are connected via USB or network connections.
A USB cable is used to connect a printer to your computer. Windows comes pre-loaded with
hundreds of printer drivers and will automatically load drivers when a printer is attached. The
images below demonstrate Windows detecting a USB device and installing drivers.
When attaching a printer, always read the manufacturer's documentation before connecting
anything. Printers frequently come with a "quick start" pamphlet and a software installation DVD.
Before connecting the printer to the system, you may be instructed to execute the installation
program from the DVD. Installing the manufacturer's drivers first ensures that Windows does not
install and use a generic device driver for the printer instead of the manufacturer's feature-rich
drivers. When you connect a printer, you should always print a test page to ensure it is working
properly.
Installed printers (those to which your computer can send print output) are listed in the Printers
& scanners window of the Settings app, the Printers section of the Devices and Printers page in
the Control Panel, and the Print menu of installed application programs. The image below, for
example, depicts accessible printers in the Notepad application's Print dialog box.
To connect to a printer, simply pick it in the Print dialog box. In many circumstances, you will
see entries in the printer list, such as Microsoft Print to PDF, Microsoft XPS Document Writer, or
Send to OneNote. You can send print output to these even if they are not physical print devices.
You can transmit output to a printer that is directly connected to your computer, a shared printer
that is attached to another computer, or a printer that is directly connected to a network. In the
next lesson, you will investigate these types of relationships.

Rozel:
Cameras Digital
Digital cameras encode photos and video into digital data that may be altered and played back
later. The files are saved on an SD card. Many digital cameras may be immediately connected
to a computer to transfer captured photos and video.
The most popular connection for this form of file transfer is USB. When you connect a camera to
a PC through USB, the camera's internal storage system is considered a storage place that may
be accessed. The PC will assign it a drive letter, and you can access it just like any other
storage device. Newer cameras frequently contain wireless capabilities and may transport
images and video to a PC or smart phone via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or infrared connections. Cellular
networks can be used by smart phones to transfer and exchange images, and many mobile
operating systems support automated uploading to cloud storage.
Another method for transferring images and videos from a camera to a computer is to take the
SD card from the camera and insert it into a computer card reader port. In this method, the SD
card functions as a flash drive.

Sheina:
Wireless Connection Technologies
Instead of actual wires or cables, wireless connections rely on radio waves and free space. The
short-range wireless connections (Bluetooth and infrared) covered in this section are used to
link devices (such as computers and phones) to accessories (such as headsets, mice,
keyboards, and so on.) These technologies have nothing to do with Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi connections will
be covered in a future course.

Veerniz:
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless technology that enables devices (like computers and phones) to
communicate with Bluetooth-enabled peripherals (such as headsets, mice, keyboards, and so
on).
Bluetooth devices and accessories must be "paired" before they may communicate with one
another.
You can couple devices by doing the following:
1. Turn your device's Bluetooth on. (Because Bluetooth consumes a lot of energy, most people
leave it switched off on their battery-powered gadgets until they need it.)
2. Enable discovery mode on your item; this allows it to broadcast its availability so that other
Bluetooth devices within range can discover it. The procedures necessary to switch to discovery
mode vary depending on the accessory. Many accessories need you to hold down a button for
several seconds until a light begins to flash. To save power, a gadget will only be discoverable
for a few minutes.
3. Navigate to the Bluetooth settings screen on the device to which you wish to connect the
accessory to see a list of nearby devices that are in discovery mode. (This screen also displays
the accessories that have already been associated with the device.)
4. Pair the devices by selecting the accessory in the list. You may be prompted to enter a PIN
code to pair the devices. The required code will be displayed on the device's screen. For
example, if you are pairing your phone with your computer, you will see a PIN on the phone's
screen, and you will type it into your computer. After Bluetooth devices are paired, they should
automatically see each other and communicate when they are both powered on and have
Bluetooth enabled.
Nota bene: Bluetooth is also commonly used to enable hands-free phone calling by using a
car's stereo system to make or receive calls without touching the phone, and to transfer files
between devices that are in close proximity to each other.

Mharielle
Compatibility
Considerations it is critical to recognize that devices and accessories must be compatible. To
put it another way, just because a device and an accessory are Bluetooth-enabled does not
guarantee that they will operate together.
For example, iPads and iPhones support a variety of Bluetooth devices, such as headsets,
remote controllers, and keyboards; however, Bluetooth mice are not supported.

Rozel:
Infrared

Alam mo ba about infrared wireless (or IR wireless) technology? It transmits data via an
invisible light beam. Ang interesting, di ba? For a connection to work, both the sending and
receiving devices must have infrared ports and be in close proximity, like in the same room.

Sabi nga nila, TV remotes, cordless microphones, wireless mice, cameras, and audio equipment
all use infrared technology. Ngayon, some smartphones even come with infrared transmitters,
letting you use your phone as a TV or remote control. Parang magic, right? Imagine using your
phone to control your set-top box. Ang convenient talaga!

CLOSING