Intergrated Design II Literature Review on Bus Terminals

Introduction History
Since the 1820s, various forms of public transportation have come and gone
A bus terminus is a designated place where a bus throughout the world, making an impact not only on how we travel but also on
or coach starts or ends its scheduled route. The today’s general structuring of cities. As the earliest bus services started spring-
terminus is the designated place that a timetable ing up all over the world, getting from point A to point B became easier than
is timed from. Termini can be located at bus ever, furthering the divide between urban city centers and suburban neighbor-
stations, interchanges, bus garages or bus stops. hoods. Technological advances gave way to an evolution of public transit
Termini can both start and end at the same place, systems that started with horse-drawn cars and developed into cable cars,
or may be in different locations for starting and heavy- and light-rail systems, and eventually electric and self-driving buses.
finishing a route. Termini may or may not coincide The first-ever public bus line was launched in France by Blaise Pascal in 1662.
with the use of bus stands. Various routes of horse-drawn carriages with a capacity of 7-8 passengers
each were scheduled to run through the Parisian streets throughout the day

Types
Intercity Bus Terminal Airport Bus Terminal Urban Suburban Commuter Bus Sub Urban Interstate Bus Terminal
Its usually found in the down- This terminal provides primarily Terminal This terminal is a peripheral type
town core and is accessible for the transportation of airline This type of facility may be located designed to avoid the traffic congestion
directly by local transit, taxi, and passengers from an urban center within the downtown core, as a cen- and heavy investment associated with
auto. it differs from other termi- to the major airport it servers. tral passenger collection and distri- central city / airport terminal facilities.its
nal types in that it includes usually located in the urban bution node or on the periphery of the usually located adjacent to interstate
long-haul service in excess of center, the terminal is accessible core as a rapid transit feeder station. highway connections with major cities or
several hundred miles and by local transit systems,taxis, bus accessibility is an important con- regional airports and in many instances
provides for a much greater autos. sideration and exclusive bus lanes on serves the increasing outlying urban
number of bus movements. connecting highways are desirable to sprawl areas. it also sometimes referred
maintain schedule efficiency. to as " park and ride" terminals.

Consideration and Flow Diagram Characterstics

• Access and approach • Access and approach
• Location • Location
• Operational parameter • Operational parameter
• Existing capacity and future demand estimation • Existing capacity and future demand estimation
• Enhanced level of service • Enhanced level of service
• Integrating multi-modal accessibility and feeder infrastructure • Multi-modal accessibility and feeder infrastructure
• Crime prevention through environmental design • Crime prevention through environmental design
• Integrating universal design • Integrating universal design
• Integrating sustainable development practice • Integrating sustainable development practice
• Primary & Supporting Infrastructural Requirements • Primary & Supporting Infrastructural Requirements

Typology Operation Types

Terminal Typology: The hierarchy of routes served is one of the Terminal Operations: This characteristic determines the operations type of a bus terminal, in terms of allo- cating
primary determinants of a terminal's design and planning. In boarding bays to different routes. The categori- zation is based on the current preference and norms followed by the
India, there are mainly two different types of terminals: terminal operator (usually state or city transport undertakings).
• Local Bus Terminal - Bus services at a local bus terminal cater Fixed Route Bay Allocation- This operations type is usually observed in medium and large bus terminals, and entails
to routes whose starting and terminating points connect two fixed (specific to a route) bay allocations i.e. a particular route will be allotted its specific bay or a boarding spot, and
different places in the same city. On these routes, buses stop to every bus plying on that route will always commence from there. More than one route may be assigned to the same
board and offload passengers at short intervals, usually about bay.
0.5 km. Dynamic Bay Allocation- In this type of oper- ations, buses dock at a vacant bay or one as- signed by the terminal
Interstate Bus Terminal (ISBT) - Starting and terminating points supervisor at entry. These are not fixed to a particular route. Such terminal operations are observed mainly at small
connect two different states, regions/districts, or cities; long terminals; they can work with large bus flows only in the presence of a good passenger information system (PIS).
inter- vals between stops, usually greater than 10 kms
Functional Attributes Bus boarding bay arrangement: This relates to types of boarding bay arrangements, and isinfluenced by the bus demand, circulation
pat- tern, curb length limitations, and space availa- bility in the terminal. There are five types:
Bus bay allocation: This relates to types of bay allocation for buses, depending on terminal
• Saw tooth bays: This arrangement works well with one-way driveway (along the bays), and allows easy pulling in and pull- ing out
operational characteristics such as layover time and bus flow. Buses use terminal space for
of buses, without the need to re- verse. Additionally, it ensures reduced gap between bus and platform while docking. • Angular bays
offloading passengers, idle parking (based on the assigned layover time), and loading pas-
(60, 45, 30 degrees): These work well with one-way driveway and al- low easy pulling in, but require reversing while pulling out. A
sengers. These three activities influence how bus bay planning is undertaken:
reduced angle of bay minimizes driveway width requirement, but increases curb length requirement.
• Common bays - As per this allocation type, buses park at a common bay, and load, unload
• Perpendicular bays: This arrangement re- quires minimum combined area per bus (bay+driveway), but maximum driveway width,
and rest in idle state all at the same location. Common bays allow only for fixed route bay
and higher effort (and time) for pulling in (and out). Perpendicular bays are thus most suitable for idle parking or for boarding bays in
allocation for buses, and are planned mostly for local bus ter- minals with short layover time.
small terminals with a long layover time.
•Segregated Bays - As per this allocation type, bays are segregated by activity, i.e. as loading
• Linear/parallel bays: A long linear platform serves multiple buses. Linear bays usually include an overtaking lane which acts as a
bays, idle bays, and unloading bays. Buses move between these three lo- cations/bay types
driveway. They work with one- way driveway, occupy long curb length per bus, but require minimal driveway width.
sequentially. Such bay planning helps save space and works best with longer layover time; it
• Drive through bays: Drive through bays allow for parallel bays, each with a single drive-in lane. These bays may be arranged at 30,
is thus ob- served mainly at interstate bus terminals. Segregated bays can be planned for
45, 60 or 90 degrees to the curb. To get to drive through boarding bays, pas- sengers need to cross multiple bus drive- ways. This is
both fixed route and dynamic bay allocation.
usually solved by providing raised cross-walks.

Platform Types
• Parallel Loading: Requires excessive amount of space. Buses must usually wait until first
bus Large terminal requires pedestrian under/ overpass facilities to protect passengers
while crossing lanes.
• Right-Angle Loading: Disadvantages include outswinging bus door which forms a barrier
around which passenger must pass as well as bus maneuvering difficulty.
• Straight Sawtooth Loading: Efficient-employed where lot is compara- tively narrow and
deep.Passenger has direct approach to loading door. Baggage truck can operate between
buses for side loading.
• Radial Sawtooth Loading: Most efficient-buses swing into position along natural driving
arc. Space required at front is minimum-wide space at rear making maneuvering easy.

Average Layover Time Private Vehicle Parking

This is the most im- portant determinant of capacity requirement for a terminal's bus specific infra- This relates to the type of parking arrangement for private vehi- cles at the bus terminal. It is influenced by the parking demand
structure (boarding, offloading and idle parking bays). Layover time is the time a bus spends inside and space availability in the terminal, and is classified into four categories: • Structured parking: Parking on multiple floors (multi-
the terminal, from entry to exit. Higher the layover time, higher the accumulation of buses inside the level parking), usually above ground
terminal, and higher the ca- pacity requirement to accommodate them. Layover time is usually • At grade parking: Parking arranged only at ground level
pre-defined by bus op- erators based on their operational and service requirements. However, • Shared parking: Parking not exclusive to bus terminal private vehicles, such as public park- ing in a district catering to visitors
planned and actual layover time have been observed to vary sig- nificantly. Therefore, it is important to the area, including those accessing the bus terminal • On street parking: Parking arranged along the street, not planned on a
to capture both planned and observed layover time, be- fore initiating the planning process. The land parcel set off the street, usually outside the terminal com- plex.
latter is usually estimated at off peak time when the layover time is expected to be longer.

Feeder service Integration Bus maintenance Facilities

This relates to the type of infrastructure provided for feeder ser-vice integration at the terminal, and This relates to the bus maintenance infrastructure at the termi- nal, and can be classified into two
is classi- fied into three types: broad cate- gories:
• Intermodal: Includes infrastructure integration with transit systems such as metro or public bus On site - Maintenance/breakdown fa- cilities are provided inside the termi- nal boundary. Provi-
systems sions include re- served parking bays for breakdown vehicles, space for a mini workshop, room for
• Feeder lanes: These provide feeder services without parking provisions. They are used for pick and tools etc.
drop only, Off Site -facilities are not provided inside the terminal boundary but sourced off site, usually to local,
• Feeder bays: These provide feeder services with parking provisions. They serve both as boarding privately oper- ated repair workshops in the termi- nal's vicinity.
bays for passen- gers as well as short term parking for feeder modes. Maintenance/breakdown
Program Requirements Standards

Circulation Design & Functional Arrangement

Interstate Bus Terminal

Local Bus Terminal