Fourier Transforms

1. Introduction:

1.1 Integral Transforms.


The improper integral of the form I  f ( t )  =  K ( s, t ) f ( t ) dt , where ‘s’ may be real or
−

complex, is a function of ‘s’ denoted by F ( s ) . The function F ( s ) is called the Integral

Transform of f(t) and the function K(s, t) occurring in the integrand is called the Kernel of the
transform " I "

Note:
1. If K ( s, t ) = ei st , then the transform is called Fourier Transform and is denoted by F.

(ie) F  f ( t )  = e
ist
f ( t ) dt
−
s −1
t , t  0
2. If K ( s, t ) = , then the transform is called Mellin Transform and is denoted by M.
0, t  0

(ie) M  f ( t )  =  t s −1 f ( t ) dt
0
e− st , t  0
3. If K ( s, t ) = , then the transform is called Laplace Transform and is denoted by L.
0, t  0

(ie) L  f ( t )  =  e− st f ( t ) dt
0

1.2 Piecewise continuous function.

A function f(t) is called piecewise continuous or sectionally continuous in the interval   t  
if the interval can be divided into a finite number of sub-intervals such that in each of the sub-
intervals, the function f(t) is continuous and has finite left and right limits.

(OR)
f(t)
A piecewise continuous function
is one that has only a finite
number of finite discontinuities.

Note:
The figure shows a piecewise
continuous function with finite
discontinuities at t1 and t2.
O  t1 t2  t

Fig: Piecewise Continuity

Page1 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

1.3 Important Formulae.

1.  udv = uv − u1v1 + u2v2 − u3v3 + u4v4 − u5v5 + ...... , where u1, u2 , u3 ,...... are the successive
derivatives of u and v, v1, v2 , v3 , ...... are the successive integrals of dv .
eax
2. e
ax
cos ( bx + c ) dx =  a cos ( bx + c ) + b sin ( bx + c ) 
a 2 + b2
eax
3. e
ax
sin ( bx + c ) dx = a sin ( bx + c ) − b cos ( bx + c ) 
a 2 + b2

− ax a
4. e cos bx dx =
a 2 + b2
0

− ax b
5. e sin bx dx =
a + b2
2
0

Page2 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

2. Fourier Integral theorem.

2.1 Statement-Fourier Integral Theorem.

If f(x) is continuous or piece-wise continuously differentiable and absolutely integrable in
 
1
(−,), then f ( x ) =   f (t ) cos  (t − x ) dt d 
 0 −
Note:
 
1
1.
   f ( t ) cos  ( t − x ) dt d  is called the Fourier integral of the function f(x).
0 −
 
1
2. Since cos  ( t − x ) is an even function of  in ( −,  ) ,   f ( t ) cos  ( t − x ) dt d  can be
 0 −
 
11
written as   f ( t ) cos  ( t − x ) dt d 
 2 − −
Therefore the Fourier integral of f(x) can also be written as
 
1
f ( x) =   f ( t ) cos  ( t − x ) dt d 
2 − −

3. The Complex form of Fourier integral of the function f(x) is,

 
1 i ( t − x )
f ( x) =   f (t ) e dt d 
2 − −

Proof:

Since sin  ( t − x ) is an odd function in ( −,  ) ,  sin  ( t − x ) d  = 0
−
    
   f ( t )  sin  ( t − x ) d   dt = 0    f ( t ) sin  ( t − x ) d  dt = 0 − − − − − ( A )
 
−  −  − −
We know that Fourier Integral of f(x) is,
 
1
f ( x) =   f (t ) cos  (t − x ) dt d  {Refer Note 2 of 2.1}
2 − −
   
1
 f ( x) =   f ( t ) cos  ( t − x ) dt d  +   f ( t ) sin  (t − x ) d  dt
2 − − − −

   
 from equation ( )   f ( t ) sin  ( t − x ) d  dt = 0 
A ,
 − − 
   
1 i
=   f ( t ) cos  ( t − x ) dt d  +   f (t ) sin  (t − x ) d  dt
2 − −
2 − −
 
1
=
2   f ( t ) cos  ( t − x ) + i sin  ( t − x ) dt d 
− −
 
=
1
2
i ( t − x )
  f ( t ) e dt d   ei = cos  + i sin  
− −

Page3 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

2.2 Examples.

Example 2.2.1
 
 , x 1 sin  
Find the Fourier Integral of the function f ( x) =  2 . Hence show that  d =
0, x  1  2
 0

Ans:
We know that Fourier integral of the function f(x) is,
 
1
f ( x) =   f ( t ) cos  ( t − x ) dt d  − − − − − − − − − (1)
 0 −
  
 , x 1  , t 1  , −1  t  1
Since f ( x ) =  2 , f (t ) =  2 (OR) f ( t ) =  2
0, x  1 0, t  1 0, otherwise
 
 From (1)
  
1
f ( x) = ( ) ( )
 0  −

 f t cos  t − x dt  d
 
  −1 1  
1 
=    0  cos  ( )
t − x dt +  cos  ( )  0  cos  ( t − x ) dt  d 
t − x dt +
 0  − 2 
 −1 1
 1   1
1  1  
=    cos  ( t − x ) dt  d  =    cos ( t −  x ) dt  d  − − − − − − − − − ( 2 )
 0  −1 2  2  
 0  −1

 sin ( t −  x )  sin (  −  x ) − sin ( − −  x ) sin (  −  x ) + sin (  +  x )

1 1

 cos ( t −  x ) dt =  


=

=

−1 t = −1

Substituting in (2),
 
1  sin (  −  x ) + sin (  +  x )  1 2sin (  ) cos (  x )
f ( x) =
2 
  d  = d
0
  2
0


sin (  ) cos (  x )
=  
d  , which is the Fourier Integral of f ( x)
0


sin (  ) cos (  x )
( i.e )  = f ( x ) − − − − − −(3)
0


Put x=0 in (3), we get

  

sin (  )    , x  1
 = f ( 0) =  f ( x) =  2 
 2  0, x  1 
0
  

Page4 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 Example 2.2.2

e , x  0
ax
Find the Fourier Integral of the function f ( x) =  . Hence show that
− ax

 e , x  0
  ax
  e , x0
cos  x  2a
 a 2 +  2 d  =   − ax
0  e , x0

 2a
Ans:
We know that Fourier integral of the function f(x) is,
 
1
f ( x) =   f ( t ) cos  ( t − x ) dt d  − − − − − − − − − (1)
 0 −


e , x  0
ax 
e , t  0
at
Since f ( x ) =  , f (t ) = 
− ax − at
e , x  0
 e , t  0

 From (1)
 
1  
f ( x ) =    f ( t ) cos  ( t − x ) dt  d 
 0  − 
 0 
1  
=    eat cos  ( t − x ) dt +  e − at cos  ( t − x ) dt  d  − − − − − − − ( 2)
 0  − 0 

0 0
 e at cos  ( t − x ) dt = e
at
cos ( t −  x ) dt
− −
0
 eat 
= 2 
2 
a cos (  t −  x ) +  sin (  t −  x ) 

 a +   −
 e ax 
 e
ax
cos ( bx + c ) dx = 
 a cos ( bx + c ) + b sin ( b x + c ) 

 a 2 + b2 
 1  1
= 2 2 
a cos ( 0 −  x ) +  sin ( 0 −  x )   −  0 = 2 a cos ( − x ) +  sin ( − x ) 
a +   a + 2
a cos (  x ) −  sin (  x )
= − − − − − − − − − (3)
a2 +  2
 
− at
e cos  ( t − x ) dt =  e − at cos ( t −  x ) dt
0 0

 e− at 
= 2 
2 
− a cos (  t −  x ) +  sin (  t −  x ) 

 a +   0
 1 
=  0 −  2  − a cos ( 0 −  x ) +  sin ( 0 −  x )  
2 
a +  
 1  a cos (  x ) +  sin (  x )
=− 2 
 − a cos (  x ) −  sin (  x ) 
 = − − − − − −(4)
a + 2  a2 +  2

Page5 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 Substituting (3) and (4) in (2), we get,

1  a cos (  x ) −  sin (  x ) a cos (  x ) +  sin (  x )  1 2a cos (  x )

 
f ( x) =
 0  
 +  d  = d
a2 +  2 a2 +  2   0 a 2
+  2

2a

cos (  x )
=
  a2 +  2
d  , which is the Fourier Integral of f ( x)
0

2a

cos (  x ) e ax , x  0
  d = f ( x) = 
 0 a2 +  2 − ax
e , x  0
  ax
e , x0

cos (  x )  e , x  0  2a
ax
 =  =
a2 +  2 2a e− ax , x  0   − ax
0 e , x0
 2a

2.3 Fourier Sine and Cosine Integral.

2.3.1 Fourier Cosine Integral

If f(x) is an even function of x, then Fourier integral of f(x) is,

2
f ( x) =   f ( t ) cos ( t ) cos (  x ) dt d  , which is called Fourier Cosine Integral of f(x).
 0 0

The Fourier integral of the function f(x) is,

 
1
f ( x) =   f ( t ) cos  ( t − x ) dt d 
 0 −
   
1 1
=  f ( t ) cos (  t −  x ) dt d  =   f ( t ) cos ( t ) cos (  x ) + sin ( t ) sin (  x ) dt d 
 0 −
 0 −
   
1 1
=
   f ( t ) cos ( t ) cos (  x ) dt d  +    f ( t ) sin ( t ) sin (  x ) dt d 
0 − 0 −

2
=
   f ( t ) cos ( t ) cos (  x ) dt d 
0 0

   
 1.  f ( t ) cos ( t ) cos (  x ) dt = 2  f ( t ) cos ( t ) cos (  x ) dt

 − 0 
 
 cos ( t ) and f ( t ) are even, f ( t ) cos ( t ) is even 
 

 
 2.  f ( t ) sin ( t ) sin (  x ) dt = 0 
 − 
 sin ( t ) is odd and f ( t ) is even, f ( t ) sin ( t ) is odd 
 

Page6 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

2.3.2 Fourier Sine Integral
If f(x) is an odd function of x, then Fourier integral of f(x) is,

2
f ( x) =   f ( t ) sin ( t ) sin (  x ) dt d  , which is called Fourier Sine Integral of f(x).
 0 0

The Fourier integral of the function f(x) is,

 
1
f ( x) =   f ( t ) cos  ( t − x ) dt d 
 0 −
   
1 1
=
   f ( t ) cos ( t −  x ) dt d  =    f ( t ) cos ( t ) cos (  x ) + sin ( t ) sin (  x ) dt d 
0 − 0 −
   
1 1
=
   f ( t ) cos ( t ) cos (  x ) dt d  +    f ( t ) sin ( t ) sin (  x ) dt d 
0 − 0 −

2
=
   f ( t ) sin ( t ) sin (  x ) dt d 
0 0

  
 1.  f ( t ) cos ( t ) cos (  x ) dt = 0 
 − 
 
 cos ( t ) is even and f ( t ) is odd , f ( t ) cos ( t ) is odd 
  

 
 2.  f ( t ) sin ( t ) sin (  x ) dt = 2  f ( t ) sin ( t ) sin (  x ) dt 
 − 0 
 sin ( t ) and f ( t ) are odd , f ( t ) sin ( t ) is even 


2.4 Examples

Example 2.4.1

2 2 + 2
Using Fourier Cosine Integral formula, show that e− x cos x = cos (  x ) d  .
 0  4 + 4
Ans:
Let f ( x ) = e − x cos x
We know that Fourier Cosine integral of the function f(x) is,

2
f ( x) =   f (t ) cos ( t ) cos (  x ) dt d  − − − − − − − − − (1)
 0 0
Since f ( x ) = e− x cos x, f ( t ) = e −t cos t

 From (1)

2
f ( x) =  e
−t
cos ( t ) cos (  t ) cos (  x ) dt d 
 0 0
   −t 
2
=  cos (  x )   e cos ( t ) cos (  t ) dt  d  − − − − − − ( 2 )
 0  
0 

Page7 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

  
1 −t
 e cos ( t ) cos ( t ) dt = e cos (  + 1) t + cos (  − 1) t  dt
−t

0
2 0
 
1  −t 
=   e cos (  + 1) t dt +  e −t cos (  − 1) t dt 
2  0 0 

1   
1 1 a 
 e cos ( bx ) dx =
− ax
=  +   
2 1 + (  + 1)2 1 + (  − 1)2   a + b2
2

  0

 2 
1  1   − 2 + 2 +  + 2 + 2
2
1 1 
=  2 + 2 =
2   + 2 + 2  − 2 + 2  2   2 + 2 + 2  2 − 2 + 2
 ( )( ) 


=

1 2  + 2
2
( )  =  +22

2  4 + 4   +44
 


2 + 2
2
 From ( 2 ) , f ( x ) =  cos (  x ) 4 d  − − − − − − ( 3)
 0  +4

2 2 + 2
 e − x cos x = cos (  x ) d 
 0  4 + 4

Example 2.4.2

 sin  x (
 e− ax − e−bx )
Using the Fourier integral, show that,  d =
0 (  2 + a2 )(  2 + b2 ) (
2 b2 − a 2 )
Let f ( x ) = e−ax − e−b x
We know that Fourier Sine integral of the function f(x) is,

2
f ( x) =   f (t ) sin ( t ) sin (  x ) dt d  − − − − − − − − − (1)
 00
Since f ( x ) = e−ax − e−b x , f ( t ) = e−at − e−bt

 From (1)

f ( x) =
2
 
(e − at
)
− e −bt sin ( t ) sin (  x ) dt d 
00
  
 0
2
 (
=  sin (  x )   e− at − e −bt sin ( t ) dt )  d  − − − − − − ( 2)

0 
  
 (e ) sin ( t ) dt =  e
− at −bt − at
−e sin ( t ) dt −  e −bt sin ( t ) dt
0 0 0
  
  1  1  − ax b
= 2
a + 2
− 2
b + 2
=  2
 a + 2
− 2 2 
b + 
  e sin ( bx ) dx = 
a 2 + b 2 
 0

Page8 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 (
 b2 +  2 − a 2 +  2
=
)  = (b2 − a2 ) 
( )(
 a 2 +  2 b2 +  2
 )  ( a2 +  2 )(b2 +  2 )
2

 From ( 2 ) , f ( x ) =  sin (  x )
( b2 − a 2 ) 
d
 0 ( a 2
+  2
)( b 2
+  2
)
2 ( b2 − a 2 )   sin (  x )
=  d  − − − − − − ( 3)
0( )( )
 a 2
+  2
b 2
+  2

2 ( b2 − a 2 )   sin (  x )
− ax −b x
e −e =  d
0( )( )
 a 2
+  2
b 2
+  2


 sin  x  ( e− ax − e−bx )
 d =
0(  + )(  + ) 2 ( b2 − a 2 )
2 2 2 2
a b

Example 2.4.3

−s
Solve for f(x) from the integral equation,  f ( x ) cos sx dx = e
0
Ans:

−s
 f ( x ) cos sx dx = e − − − − − (1)
0
Let g ( s ) = e − s
We know that Fourier Cosine integral of the function g(s) is,

2
g (s) =   g ( t ) cos ( t ) cos (  s ) dt d 
 0 0
 
  −t 
2 2
=   e cos (  t ) cos (  s ) dt d  =  cos (  s )   e cos (  t ) dt  d 
−t
 00  0  
0 
  
2  1  a 
=  cos (  s )   d   e cos ( bt ) dt =
− at

 0  1+ 2   0 a 2 + b 2 

2 1
= cos (  s ) d 
0
 1+ 2

2 1
= cos ( xs ) dx By replacing  with x
0
 1 + x 2


2 1
 cos ( xs ) dx = g ( s ) = e − s − − − − − − − − − ( 2 )
0
 1+ x 2

2 1 
Comparing (1) and 2, f ( x ) =
  1 + x 2 

Page9 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

3. Fourier Transforms

3.1 Definition of Fourier Transform.

Let f(x) be a continuous or piece wise continuous function defined in (-, ) and ‘s’ be a

1
 f ( x ) e dx , if exists, is a function of ‘s’ called the infinite
isx
parameter. Then the integral
2 −
Fourier Transform of f(x) and is denoted by F  f ( x ) or F ( s )

1
Thus F ( s ) =  f ( x ) e dx
isx
− − − − − − (1)
2 −

The function f(x) is called the Inverse Fourier Transform of F(s) and is given by,

1
f ( x) =  F (s) e
−i s x
ds − − − − − ( 2)
2 −

Proof:
By the complex form of Fourier Integral theorem {refer Note 3. of 2.1 and replace  with s},
 
1 is( t − x )
f ( x) =   f ( t ) e dt ds
2 − −
    
1 1
  f (t ) e   f ( t ) e dt  ds
ist − isx − isx
= dt ds = e
ist
e
2 2  
− − −  − 
  1  
1
= e − isx
  2  f ( t ) eist dt  ds
2 
−  − 
   
1 1 ist 
=  e−isx F ( s ) ds  F (s) =  f ( t ) e dt 
2 −  2 − 

Note:
The equations (1) and (2) together is called Fourier Transform pair and the different pairs are:

(1) F (s) =  f ( x ) e dx
isx

−

1
f ( x) =  F (s)e
−i s x
ds
2 −


1
( 2) F (s) =  f ( x ) e dx
isx
2 −

1
f ( x) =  F (s)e
−i s x
ds
2 −


1
( 3) F (s) =  f ( x ) e dx
isx
2 −

f ( x) =  F (s)e
−i s x
ds
−

Page10 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

3.2 Examples.

Example 3.2.1

1, x a
Find the Fourier transform of f ( x ) =  .

0, x a
Ans:
1, x a 1, − a  x  a
f ( x) =  =
0, x  a 0, otherwise
 −a 
1  
a
1
F (s) =  f ( x ) ei s x dx =  0  e isx
dx +  1  e isx
dx +  0  e isx
dx 
2 − 2  − −a a 
a a
=
1
2
e
isx
dx =
1
2
 ( cos sx + i sin sx ) dx  ei = cos  + i sin  
−a −a
a a
1 i
=
2
 cos sx dx +
2
 sin sx dx
−a −a
a
=
1
2 cos sx dx + i  0  in ( −a, a ) , cos sx is even and sin sx is odd
2 0
a
2  sin sx  2 sin as
=   =
  s 0  s

Example 3.2.2
− x2
− a2 x2
Find the Fourier transform of e , a  0 .Hence show that e 2 is self-reciprocal under
Fourier Transform.

Ans:
f ( x ) = e− a
2 2
x

 
1 1
F (s) = f ( x) e e−a
2 2
 dx = 
isx x
ei s x dx
2 −
2 −

1

(
− a 2 x 2 −i s x ) dx − − − − − − (1)
=
2
 e
−
2 2
 is   is 
a2 x2 − i s x = ( a x ) − i s x = ( a x ) − i s x +   −    making perfect square
2 2
 2a   2a 
2 2 2
 is   is   is  s2
=  ax −  −   =  ax −  + 2
 2a   2a   2a  4a

 From (1) ,
 is 
2
s2  2
 −  ax −  + 2    is  s2
− ax −  −
1  2 a  4 a  1
F (s) =  e  dx =  e  2a  e 4a2 dx
2 −
2 −

Page11 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 s2
−  is 
2

e 4a2  − ax − 
=
2
 e  2a  dx
−
is du
Put u = ax −  du = a dx  dx =
2a a
when x = , u =  and when x = −, u = −

s2 s2
− −
e 4a2  du e 4a2 
 F (s) = e −u e −u du
2 2

2
 =
a a 2 
− −
s2
−

 
4a 2 
e
2  e −u du e −u is even in ( −,  )
2 2
=
a 2 0
s2 s2
−  −  1
e 4a 2 e 2 2 −1 4a 2
2  e −u u 0 du = 2  e −u u 2 du
2
=
a 2 0 a 2 0
s2
− 
e 1 4a2  
2  e− x x 2 n−1dx = n 
2
= 
a 2 2  0 
s2 s2
− −
e 4a2 e 4a2  1 
=  =  =  
a 2 a 2  2 

s2
−
4a2
(ie) F e − a =e − − − − − − ( 2)
2 2
x
  a 2
1
Substitute a = in ( 2 ) , we get,
2
s2
− 2
 1 
  1  2
2
4 
 −  x  e  2
F e  2
= 1
  2
  2
 − x2  −
s2
 F e 2 =e 2
 
 
x2
−
Hence e 2 is self-reciprocal under Fourier Transform

Page12 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 Example 3.2.3

a − x , x a
Find the Fourier transform of f ( x ) =  .

0, x a and a  0


2
 sin t 
Hence show that    dt = .
0
t  2
Ans:

a − x , if x  a a − x ,
 −a  x  a
f ( x) =  =

0, if x  a 
0, otherwise
 −a 
1  
a
F (s) =
1
 f ( x ) e isx
dx =   0  e isx
dx +  ( a − x ) e isx
dx  0  e isx
dx 
2 − 2  − −a a 
a a a
=
1
 ( a − x ) ( cos sx + i sin sx ) dx = 1  ( a − x ) cos sx dx + i  ( a − x ) sin sx dx
2 − a 2 − a 2 − a
a
=
1
2  ( a − x ) cos sx dx + 0
2 0
 ( a − x ) cos ( sx ) is even and ( a − x ) sin ( sx ) is odd 
a
=

2
 ( a − x ) cos sx dx  in ( 0, a ) , x = x 
0
a
2 sin sx cos sx  2  cos as   1  2  1 − cos as 
= (a − x) − 2  =  0 − 2  −  0 − 2   =

  s s 0   s   s    s2


  as  
 2sin 2   
2  2  − − − − − − 1
=  ()
  s 2

 

1 −i s x
By Inverse Fourier transform, f ( x ) =  F ( s ) e ds
2 −
  as  
  2sin 2   
 f ( x) =
1 2  2   e −i s x ds

2 −  

s 2

 

2  as 
 sin  
= 
2  2  −i s x
e ds − − − − − ( 2 )
 − s2
Put x = 0 in ( 2 )
 as  2  as 
sin 2  
  sin    sin 2 ( s ) 
2
f ( 0) =   2  ds = 4  2  ds − − − − − 3
( )
 0
 i s even 
 − s2 s2  s2 
 a − x , x a 
But f ( 0 ) = a − 0 = a  f ( x) =  
 0, x  a and a  0 

Page13 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 2  as 
 sin  
 From ( 3) ,
4  2  ds = a − − − − − 4
 ( )
 0 s2

4 sin ( s ) sin 2 ( s )
 

2
Put a=2 in ( 4 ) , we get
 0 s 2
ds = 2  ds =
0 s2 2

sin 2 ( t ) 
Replacing s with t,  t 2
dt =
2
0

Example 3.2.4
Find the Fourier transform of Dirac delta function  ( t − a )
Ans:
 , t = a
We know that the Delta function  ( t − a ) =  is the limiting case ( when  → 0 ) of the
0, t  a
1
 , a  t  a +
function   ( t − a ) =  

0, t  a and t  a + 
1
 , a  t  a +
Hence  ( t − a ) = lim  
 →0

0, t  a and t  a + 
  1 a + 
1 1
 F  ( t − a )  =   (t − a ) e isx
dx = lim   ei s x dx 
2  →0  2  
−  a 
 a + 
1  1 a +  1  1  ei s x   1  1  ei s ( a + ) − ei s a  
= lim   e dx  =
isx
 lim    = lim   
2  →0   a    →   is 
 a    →   is  
 
 2 0  2 0

=
1
lim 
(
 e i s a ei s  − 1 
= e )
isa
lim 
 ei s  − 1 

2  →0  is  2  →0  is 
 
Put is =   as  → 0,  → 0

ei s a  e − 1  ei s a ei s a   e − 1  
 F  ( t − a )  = lim  = 1 =  lim   = 1
2  →0    2 2   →0    

Page14 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

3.3 Properties of Fourier Transforms.

3.3.1 Linear Property:

If a and b are constants and f(x) and g(x) are two functions of x and if F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) and
F  g ( x ) = G ( s ) , then
F  a f ( x )  b g ( x )  = a F  f ( x )   b F  g ( x )  = a F ( s )  b G ( s )

Proof:
 
1 1
F  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) eisx dx = F ( s ) and F  g ( x )  =  g (x)e
isx
dx = G ( s )
2 − 2 −

1
F  a f ( x )  b g ( x )  =  a f ( x )  b g ( x ) e
isx
dx
2 −
 
1 1
=a  f ( x ) e dx  b
isx
 g ( x)e
isx
dx By Properties of Definite Integrals
2 − 2 −

= a F  f ( x )   b F  g ( x )  = a F ( s )  b G ( s )

3.3.2 Shifting Property:

(a) If F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) , then F  f ( x − a ) = ei a s F ( s ) = ei a s F  f ( x )

Proof:
   
1  1 isx 
F  f ( x − a )  =  f ( x − a ) eisx dx  F  ( )
 f x  =  ( )
f x e dx 
2 − 
 2 − 

Put u = x − a  du = dx and x = u + a
when x = , u =  and when x = −, u = −
 
1 is( u + a ) 1
 F  f ( x − a )  =  f (u ) e du =  f ( u ) e e du
isu isa
2 −
2 −

1
= eisa  f ( u ) e du = e F  f ( x ) = e F  s 
isu isa ias
2 −

(b) If F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) , then F eia x f ( x )  = F ( s + a ) = F  f ( x )   s → s + a

Proof:
   
1 1
F eia x f ( x )  =  eia x f ( x ) eisx dx  F  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) eisx dx 
  2 2
−  − 

1 i( s + a ) x
=
2
 f ( x) e dx
−


= F  s + a  = F  f ( x )  s → s + a

Page15 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

3.3.3 Change Scale Property:
1 s 1
If F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) and a  0 , then F  f ( ax )  = F   =
a a a
F  f ( x )    s→
s
a

Proof:
Case-1 : a > 0
   
1  1 isx 
F  f ( ax )  =  f ( ax ) eisx dx  F  f ( x )  =  ( )
f x e d x 
2 − 
 2 − 

du u
Put u = ax  du = adx  dx = and x =
a a
since a  0, when x = , u =  and when x = −, u = −
 u  s
1 i s du 1 1 i  u
 F  f ( ax )  =  f ( )
u e a =  f ( )  a  du
u e
2 − a a 2
−
1 s 1 s
= F   = F   − − − − − (1)
a a a a
 If a  0, a = a
Case-2 : a < 0

1
F  f ( ax )  =  f ( ax ) e dx
isx
2 −
du u
Put u = ax  du = adx  dx =
and x =
a a
since a  0, when x = , u = − and when x = −, u = 
− u  s
1 is du 1 1 i u
 F  f ( ax )  =  f (u ) e a =−  f (u ) e  a  du
2 
a a 2 −
−1  s  1  s   −1 1 
= F = F − − − − − ( 2)  If a  0, is positive and equal to 
a  a  a  a   a a 
1 s
Therefore from (1) and (2), F  f ( ax )  = F  
a a
3.3.4 Modulation Property (Modulation Theorem):
1
If F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) , then F  f ( x ) cos ax  =  F ( s + a ) + F ( s − a ) 
2
Proof:
   
1  1 
F  f ( x ) cos ax  =  f ( x ) cos ax e isx
dx  F  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) eisx dx 
2 − 
 2 − 


1  eiax + e −iax  isx 
 ei + e−i 
=  f ( x)   e dx  cos  = 
2 −  2  
 2 

i ( s+a )x
 f ( x ) e + e ( )  dx
1 1 i s −a x
=
2 2 
−
 
1 1 i ( s+a )x
 1
f ( x ) e ( ) dx  =  F ( s + a ) + F ( s − a ) 
1 i s −a x
=   f ( x) e dx + 
2  2 2  2
 − − 

Page16 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 n
n d
3.3.5 If F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) , then F  x n f ( x )  = ( −i ) F s
d sn
Proof:

1
F  s =  f ( x ) e dx
isx
− − − − − − − (1)
2 −
Differentiating both sides of (1) with respect to s ‘n’ times,
 
dn dn  1  1 n 
F  s  =   f ( x ) e isx
dx  =  
f ( x ) eisx  dx

ds n
d s  2 −
n
 2 −  s n

  d n ax n ax 
=
1
2
 f ( x )( ix ) eisx dx
n

 d x
n
e( )
= a e



−

1
= (i )  x n f ( x ) eisx dx = ( i ) F  xn f ( x )
n n
2  
−

1 dn n d
n  1 
n
 F  xn f ( x ) = n
  i d sn
F  s  = ( −i ) F s  = ( −i ) 
() d s n
 ( i )n 

3.3.6 Fourier Transform of Derivatives:

If F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) , then

(i ) F  f  ( x )  = ( −i s ) F  s  , if f ( x ) → 0 as x → 

( ii ) F  f n ( x )  = ( −i s ) F  s  , if f ( x ) , f  ( x ) , f  ( x ) , ....... f n −1 ( x ) → 0 as x → 
n

Proof:
  
1 1 1
F  f  ( x )  =  f  ( x ) eisx dx =  eisx f  ( x ) dx = e
isx
d  f ( x ) 
2 − 2 − 2 −

 isx  
1 
=  e f ( x )  − −  e ( is ) f ( x ) dx  integration by parts
isx
2  − 
  
=
1
 0 − 0 − ( is )  f ( x ) e dx 
isx
 f ( x ) → 0 as x → 
2  − 

1
= − ( is )  f ( x ) e dx = − ( is ) F ( s )
isx
2 −

Similarly, F  f ( x )  = ( −i s ) F  s  , if f ( x ) , f  ( x ) , f  ( x ) , ....... f n−1 ( x ) → 0 as x → 

n n

x  F  s
3.3.7 If F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) , then F   f ( x ) dx =
0  ( −i s )
Proof:
x
Let  ( x ) =  f ( x ) dx − − − − (1)
0
Then   ( x ) = f ( x ) − − − − − − ( 2 )
F   ( x )  = ( −i s ) F  ( x )   By Property 3.3.6

Page17 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 x 
 F  f ( x )  = ( −i s ) F   f ( x ) dx   (1) and ( 2 )
 0 
x  F  f ( x )  F ( s )
 F   f ( x ) dx  =  =
 0  ( −i s ) ( −i s )

3.3.8 If F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) , then F  f ( − x )  = F  − s 

Proof:

1
F  f ( − x )  =  f ( − x ) e dx
isx
2 −
Put u = − x  du = − dx  dx = − du and x = −u
When x = , u = − and when x = −, u = 
− 
f ( u ) e ( ) ( −du ) =
1 i s −u 1 i ( − s )u
 F  f ( − x )  =   f ( u ) e du
2 
2 −
= F −s

3.4 Convolution Theorem and Parseval’s Identity

3.4.1 Definition- Convolution of functions

The Convolution of the functions f(x) and g(x) denoted by f (x) g(x) or (f  g)(x) is defined as,

1
( f  g ) ( x) =  f ( u ) g ( x − u ) du
2 −

3.4.2 Convolution Theorem

Statement:
If F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) and F  g ( x ) = G ( s ) , then
F  f ( x )  g ( x ) = F ( s )  G ( s ) = F  f ( x )  F  g ( x )

Proof:
   
1 1
F  f ( x )  g ( x )  =   f ( x )  g ( x )  eisx dx  F  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) eisx dx 
2 −  2 − 
      
1 1 1
=    f ( ) (
u g x − u )  eisx dx
du  f ( x)  g ( x) =  ( ) ( ) 
f u g x − u du
2 −  2 −   2 − 
     
1 1 1 1
=   f ( u ) g ( x − u ) eisx du dx =   f ( u )  g ( x − u ) e isx
dx  du
2 2 − − 2 2 −  − 
   1  
1
 ( )  2  ( )
  isx  
= f u g x − u e dx du
2 −  
  − 

Page18 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

    
1 1
=   f ( u ) F  g ( x − u )   du  F  g ( x − u )  =  g ( x − u ) eisx dx 
2 −  2 − 

=
1
2
  f ( u ) ei su G  s  du
   By shifting property F  f ( x − a )  = ei sa F  s  
−

1
= G s  f ( u ) e du = G  s   F  s  = F  s   G  s 
i su
2 −
Note:
F −1  F ( s )  G ( s ) = F −1  F ( s )  F −1 G ( s ) = f ( x )  g ( x )

3.4.3 Parseval’s Identity

Statement:
If F(s) and G(s) are the Fourier transforms of f(x) and g(x) respectively, then
 
( i )  F ( s ) G ( s ) ds =  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx , where G ( s ) and g ( x ) are the complex conjugates of
− −
G ( s ) and g ( x ) respectively
 
( ii )  F ( s ) ds =  f ( x ) dx
2 2

− −

Proof:
We know that,
 
1 1 −i s x
G (s) =  g ( x) e
isx
dx and g ( x ) =  G (s)e ds
2 −
2 −
Taking the complex conjugate,
 
1 − isx 1
G (s) =  g ( x ) fe dx and g ( x ) =  G (s) ei s x ds
2 −
2 −
 
1 1
or G ( s ) =  g ( x ) e− i s x dx − − − (1) and g ( x) =  G (s) ei s x ds − − − − ( 2 )
2 −
2 −

Case (i)
   1  
 f ( x ) g ( x ) dx =  f ( x)
 2  G ( s ) e isx
ds  dx

 from ( 2 )
− −  − 
 1  
=  G (s)  f ( x ) ei s x dx  ds
 2 
−  − 
  
1 
=  G ( s ) F ( s ) ds  F (s) =  f ( x ) ei s x dx 
−  2 − 

=  F ( s ) G ( s ) ds − − − − − − − ( 3)
−

Page19 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 Case (ii)
Putting g(x) = f(x) in (3). We get
 
 f ( x ) f ( x ) dx =  F ( s ) F ( s ) ds
− −
 
  f ( x ) dx =  F ( s )
2 2
ds  f ( x) = f ( x) 
− −

3.5 Examples.

Example 3.5.1

Find the Fourier transform of f ( x ) = e

−a x
. Hence show that F  x e
−a x =i 2 2a s
.
 
(
 s2 + a2
)
2

Ans:

F ( s ) = F e = 1
−a x −a x i s x
  2
 e e dx
−

1 −a x
= e ( cos sx + i sin sx ) dx
2 −
 
1 −a x i −a x
=
2
e cos sx dx +
2
e sin sx dx
− −

=
1
2 e
2 0
−a x
cos sx dx + 0  e
−a x
cos ( sx ) is even and e
−a x
sin ( sx ) is odd 

=
2

e −a x
cos sx dx  in ( 0, a ) , x =x
0

2 a    a 
−a x
= − − − − − − (1)  e cos bx dx = 2 
  a 2 + s 2   0 a + b 2 
dn
We know that F  x n f ( x )  = ( −i ) F s Property 3.3.5
n

d sn
d
 F  x f ( x )  = ( −i ) F s
ds

 F x e
−a x  = ( −i ) d F  e − a x  = ( −i ) d  2  a  
 
  d s   d s    a 2 + s 2  
2 −2as 2 2as
= ( −i ) =i

( a2 + s2 ) 
( a2 + s2 )
2 2

Page20 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 Example 3.5.2
. Hence find F e cos 2 x  .
−x
Find the Fourier transform of f ( x ) = e
− x
 
Ans:
 
F ( s ) = F e = 1
− − x isx 1 − x

x
  e e dx = e ( cos sx + i sin sx ) dx
2 −
2 −
 
1 − x i − x
=
2
e cos sx dx +
2
e sin sx dx
− −

=
1
2 e
2 0
− x
cos sx dx + 0  e
− x
cos ( sx ) is even and e
− x
sin ( sx ) is odd 

=
2

e −x
cos sx dx  in ( 0, a ) , x = x 
0
  
2 1  2 1  −a x a
=   = − − − − − − (1)   e cos bx dx = 
 12 + s 2    s 2 + 1   0 a 2 + b 2 

We know that,
1
F  f ( x ) cos ax  =
 F ( s + a ) + F ( s − a )  Modultion Property (property 3.3.4)
2
1
 F e cos 2 x  =  F ( s + 2 ) + F ( s − 2 ) 
−x

2
1  2 1  2 1   1 2 1 1 
=    +   = + 2
2    ( s + 2 ) + 1 
2 2 
  ( s − 2 ) + 1   2   s + 4s + 5 s − 4s + 5 
2
 
1 2  s 2 − 4s + 5 + s 2 + 4s + 5  1 2  2 ( s + 5) 
2
2 s2 + 5 
=  2  =   =  4 
2   ( s + 4s + 5 )( s − 4s + 5 )  2   s − 6 s + 25 
2 4 2
  s − 6s + 25 
2
   

Example 3.5.3

1 − x ,
 x 1  sin t  
4
Find the Fourier transform of f ( x ) =  . Hence show that    dt = .

0, x 1 0
t  3
Ans:
 1
F ( s ) = F  f ( x )  =
1
 f ( x ) ei s x dx =
1
 (1 − x ) ei s x dx
2 − 2 −1
1 1 1
=
1
 (1 − x ) ( cos sx + i sin sx ) dx = 1  (1 − x ) cos sx dx + i  (1 − x ) sin sx dx
2 −1 2 −1 2 −1
1
=
1
2  (1 − x ) cos sx dx + 0
2 0
 (1 − x ) cos ( sx ) is even and (1 − x ) sin ( sx ) is odd 
1
=

2
 (1 − x ) cos sx dx  in ( 0, 1) , x = x 
0

Page21 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 1
2 sin sx cos sx  2  cos s   1  2  1 − cos s 
= (1 − x ) − 2  =  0 − 2  −  0 − 2   =

  s s 0   s   s    s 2 
  s 
 2sin 2   
2  2  − − − − − − 1
=  ()
  s 2

 
 
 f ( x)  F (s) ds − − − − − ( 2 )
2 2
Parseval’s Identity is dx =
− −

1 − x , x 1
f ( x) = 
0, x 1
 −1 1  1 1
 0 dx +  (1 − x )  (1 − x ) dx = 2 (1 − x ) dx
2 2 2
 f ( x)
2
 dx = dx +  0 dx =
− − −1 1 −1 0
1
= 2  (1 − x ) dx
2
 in ( 0, 1) , x = x
0
1
 (1 − x )3  −2 2
= 2  = ( 0 − 1) = − − − − − ( 3)
 −3  3 3
0
  s 
 2sin 2   
F (s) =
2
  2 
  s 2

 
2 2
  s    s 
   2sin 2      2sin 2   
2  2 2  2   ds
 F (s)
2
 ds =  
  s2
 ds = 2 


  s 2

− − 0
   

4 s
 sin  
16  2  ds − − − − − ( 4)
=
  s4
0
Substituting (3) and (4) in (2)
4s 4 s
 sin    sin  
16  2  ds = 2  2  ds = 

 0 s 4
3
  s 4
24
0
s
Put = t  s = 2t and ds = 2dt
2
when s = 0, t = 0 and when s = , t = 

sin 4 ( t ) 

sin 4 ( t ) 
 4
2dt =  4
dt =
0 16 t 24 0 t 3

Page22 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 Example 3.5.4
 a 2 − x 2 , x a
Show that the Fourier transform of f ( x ) =  is
0, x  a and a  0
2  sin as − as cos as 
2
   . Hence show that:
s3 
 
sint − t cost  ( sint − t cost )
2

(i)  t 3
dt =
4
(ii)  t 6
dt =
15
0 0

Ans:
 a 2 − x 2 , x a a 2 − x 2 , −a  x  a
f ( x) =   f ( x) = 
0, x  a and a  0 0, otherwise

( )
a
1 1
F ( s ) = F  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) ei s x dx =  a 2 − x 2 ei s x dx
2 − 2 − a
a
=
1
2 − a
2 2
( )
 a − x ( cos sx + i sin sx ) dx

( ) ( )
a a
1 i
= 
2 − a
a 2 − x 2 cos sx dx + 
2 − a
a 2 − x 2 sin sx dx

a
=
1
(
2  a 2 − x 2 cos sx dx + 0
2 0
)
 (a 2
) (
− x 2 cos ( sx ) is even and a 2 − x 2 sin ( sx ) is odd ) 
(a )
a
2

= 2
− x 2 cos sx dx
0
dv = cos sx dx
sin sx
u = a2 − x2 v=
s
− cos sx
u1 = −2 x v1 =
s2
− sin sx
u 2 = −2 v2 =
s2
a
=
2 2

 
a − x2 (
sin sx
s
− ( −2 x ) )
− cos sx
s 2
+ ( −2 )
− sin sx 
s3  0

a
=
2 2

 
(
a − x2
sin sx
s
)
cos sx sin sx 
− 2x 2 + 2 3 
s s 0
2  2a cos sa 2sin sa  
=  0 − +  − ( 0 − 0 + 0 ) 
  s2 s3  
2  sin as a cos as  2  sin as − as cos as 
=2  −  =2
 s 3
s 2
   s3



Page23 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 (i) By inverse transform,
 
1 1 2  sin as − as cos as  −i s x
f ( x) =  F ( s ) e −i s x ds =  2  e ds
2 − 2 −   s3 

2  sin as − as cos sa 
=
 −   ( cos sx − i sin sx ) ds
s3 
 
2  sin as − as cos as  2i  sin as − as cos as 
=    cos sx ds −    sin sx ds
 −  s 3
  − s3 
 
4  sin as − as cos as  4  sin as − as cos as 
=   cos sx ds − 0 =    cos sx ds
 0 s 3
  0 s3 

4  sin as − as cos as 
 f ( 0) =  cos ( s  0 ) ds
 0  s3 

4 sin as − as cos as
ds = f ( 0 ) = a 2
 
 3
0 s
 a 2 − x 2 , − a  x  a 
 f ( x) =   f ( 0 ) = a 2 − 02 = a 2 
 0, otherwise 

sin as − as cos as  a2
  s3
ds =
4
0


sin s − s cos s 
Put a=1, we get  s 3
ds =
4
0

sin t − t cos t 
Changing s to t ,  dt =
0 t3 4

 
f ( x ) dx =  F (s) ds − − − − − ( 2 )
2 2
(ii) Parseval’s Identity is 
− −

a 2 − x 2 , −a  x  a
f ( x) = 
0, otherwise
 −a a  a
( )
2 a
22 2
f ( x ) dx =
2
   0 dx +  a −x dx +  0 dx =  a −x dx = 2 a 2 − x 2 dx
2 2 2

− − −a a −a 0

( ) ( )
a 2 a
= 2 a 2 − x 2 dx = 2  a 4 − 2a 2 x 2 + x 4 dx
0 0

 4 3 5 a
 5 2 a 5 a 5    15a5 − 10a5 + 3a5 
2 x x
=  a x − 2a +  = 2  a − +  − 0 = 2  
 3 5    3 5    15
0    
 8a5  16a5
= 2 = − − − − − − − − ( 3)
 15  15
 

Page24 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 2  sin as − as cos as 
F (s) = 2
  s3


  2  2
2  sin as − as cos as  8  sin as − as cos as 
F ( s ) ds =
2
   2

s 3 

ds =  
 −  s3
 ds

− −
 2
16  sin as − as cos as 
=
 0   ds − − − − − ( 4 )
s3 
Substituting (3) and (4) in (2)
 2
16  sin as − as cos as  16a 5
 0  s3
 ds = 15

Put a = 1
 2
16  sin s − s cos s  16

 0
s 3 

ds =
15
 2
16  sin t − t cos t  16
Changing s to t ,    dt =
 0 t 3
 15

( sin t − t cos t )2 
  t 6
dt =
15
0

Page25 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 Properties of Fourier Transforms
∞ ∞
1 1
F ( s ) =F  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) eisxdx f ( x) =  F ( s ) e-isxds
2π -∞ 2π -∞
Sl. Name of
Condition Property
No Property
F  f ( x ) = F ( s )
,
Linear
1 F  g ( x ) = G ( s ) F a f ( x )  b g ( x ) = a F ( s )  bG ( s )
Property
, a and b are
constants
(i) F  f ( x − a ) = ei a s F ( s )
Shifting
2
Property
F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) (ii) F  eia x f ( x )  = F ( s + a )
Change 1 s
3 Scale F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) F  f ( ax )  = F  
a a
Property
Modulation 1
4 F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) F  f ( x ) cos ax  =  F ( s + a ) + F ( s − a ) 
Property 2
n
n d
F s
Multiplication
5 F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) F  x n f ( x )  = ( −i )
by x n d sn
Fourier (i ) F  f  ( x )  = ( −i s ) F  s  , if f ( x ) → 0 as x → 
Transform
F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) ( ii ) F  f n ( x )  = ( −i s ) F  s  ,
n
6
of
Derivatives if f ( x ) , f  ( x ) , f  ( x ) , .... f n −1 ( x ) → 0 as x → 
Fourier x  F  s
7 Transform F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) F   f ( x ) dx  =
of Integrals 0  ( −i s )
8 F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) F  f ( − x )  = F  −s 

F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) F  f ( x ) * g ( x )  = F  s   G ( s )
Convolution
9 and Note: By Inversion,
Theorem
F  g ( x ) = G ( s ) F −1  F ( s )  G ( s )  = f ( x ) * g ( x )
 
F  f ( x ) = F ( s ) ( i )  F ( s ) G ( s ) ds =  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
Parseval’s − −
10 and
Identity  
F  g ( x ) = G ( s ) ( ii )  f ( x )  F (s)
2 2
dx = ds
− −

Page26 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

3.6 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms:

3.6.1 Fourier Cosine Transform

Definition.
If f(x) is a function defined in ( 0,  ) , then the infinite Fourier cosine transform of f(x), denoted
by Fc  f ( x )  or Fc ( s ) , is defined by,

2
Fc  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx − − − − − − − − (1)
 0

The function f(x) is called the Inverse Fourier Cosine Transform of Fc ( s ) and is given by,

2
f ( x) =  Fc ( s ) cos ( s x ) ds − − − − − ( 2)
 0

3.6.2 Fourier Sine Transform

Definition.
If f(x) is a function defined in ( 0,  ) , then the infinite Fourier Sine transform of f(x), denoted by
Fs  f ( x ) or Fs ( s ) , is defined by,

2
Fs  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx − − − − − − − − (1)
 0

The function f(x) is called the Inverse Fourier Sine Transform of Fs ( s ) and is given by,

2
f ( x) =  Fs ( s ) sin ( s x ) ds − − − − − ( 2)
 0

3.6.3 Example
− ax
Find the Fourier cosine and sine transform of f ( x ) = e . Hence find the Fourier Cosine
1
transform of
a2 + x2
Ans:
   
2 2
Fc e− ax  = − ax
 e cos ( s x ) dx  c  ( ) ( ) ( ) 
 0
F  f x  = f x cos s x dx
   0  

2  a    a 
− ax
= − − − − − − − (1)  e cos ( b x ) dx = 2 2 
  a 2 + s 2   0 a + b 
By inversion,
   
− ax 2 2  a  2
 cos ( s x ) ds f ( x) = ( ) ( )
 0
=  
  a 2 + s 2 
e Fc s cos s x ds
 0  

2  1   e− ax
cos ( s x ) ds =
 0  a 2 + s 2 

2 a

Page27 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 Interchanging x and s

2  1   e− as
( )
 0  a 2 + x 2 
cos s x dx =
2 a
  
 1   e− as   1  2  1  
 Fc  2  =  Fc  2 2
=   a 2 + x2  cos ( s x ) dx 
 a + x2  2 a  a + x   
 0 

Fourier Sine transform of f ( x ) = e−ax .

   
2 2
Fs e− ax  = − ax
 e sin ( s x ) dx ( ) ( ) ( )
 0
 s
F  f x 
 = f x sin s x dx 
   0  
2  s    b 
− ax
=  e sin ( b x ) dx = 2 2 
  a 2 + s 2   0 a + b 

3.7 Properties of Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms.

3.7.1 Linear Property:

(i) Fs  a f ( x )  b g ( x )  = a Fs  f ( x )   b Fs  g ( x )  = a Fs ( s )  b Gs ( s )

(ii) Fc  a f ( x )  b g ( x )  = a Fc  f ( x )   b Fc  g ( x )  = a Fc ( s )  b Gc ( s )

Proof:

2
(i) Fs  a f ( x )  b g ( x )  =  a f ( x )  b g ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx
 0
  
2
 Fs  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx 
  0 
 
2 2
=a
  f ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx  b   g ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx
0 0
= a Fs  f ( x )   b Fs  g ( x )  = a Fs ( s )  b Gs ( s )


2
(ii) Fc  a f ( x )  b g ( x ) =  a f ( x )  b g ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx
 0
  
2
 Fc  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx 
  0 
 
2 2
=a  f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx  b  g ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx
 0
 0
= a Fc  f ( x )   b Fc  g ( x )  = a Fc ( s )  b Gc ( s )

Page28 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

3.7.2 Change Scale Property:
If Fs  f ( x ) = Fs ( s ) and Fc  f ( x ) = Fc ( s ) and a  0 , then
1 s
(i) Fs  f ( ax )  = Fs  
a a
1 s
(ii) Fc  f ( ax )  = Fc  
a a

Proof:
(i):
   

( ) ( ) 
2 2
Fs  f ( ax )  =  f ( ax ) sin ( s x ) dx  s  ( )
F  f x  =  f x sin s x dx
   0 
0  
du u
Put u = ax  du = adx  dx = and x =
a a
when x = 0, u = 0 and when x = , u = 
 
2  u  du 1 2 s
 Fs  f ( ax )  =  f ( u ) sin  s  =  f ( u ) sin  a  u du
 0
 a a a  0
1 s 1
= Fs
a  a  a

= Fs  f ( x )  s → s
a
(ii):
   
2 2
Fc  f ( ax )  =  f ( ax ) cos ( s x ) dx  Fc  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx 
 
0  0 
du u
Put u = ax  du = adx  dx = and x =
a a
when x = 0, u = 0 and when x = , u = 
 
2  u  du 1 2 s
 Fc  f ( ax )  =  f ( u ) cos  s  =  f ( u ) cos  a  u du
 0
 a a a  0
1 s 1
= Fc
a  a  a

= Fc  f ( x )  s → s
a

3.7.3 Modulation Property:

If Fs  f ( x ) = Fs ( s ) and Fc  f ( x ) = Fc ( s ) then,

1
(i ) Fs  f ( x ) cos ax  =  Fs ( s + a ) + Fs ( s − a ) 
2
1
( ii ) Fs  f ( x ) sin ax  =  Fc ( s − a ) − Fc ( s + a )
2
1
( iii ) Fc  f ( x ) cos ax  =  Fc ( s + a ) + Fc ( s − a ) 
2
1
( iv ) Fc  f ( x ) sin ax  =  Fs ( a + s ) + Fs ( a − s )
2

Page29 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 Proof:
1
(i) Fs  f ( x ) cos ax  =  Fs ( s + a ) + Fs ( s − a ) 
2

2
Fs  f ( x ) cos ( ax )  =  f ( x ) cos ( ax ) sin ( s x ) dx
 0

2  sin ( s + a ) x + sin ( s − a ) x 
=
  f ( x )  2
 dx

0
 
1 2 2 
=   f ( x ) sin ( s + a ) x dx +  f ( x ) sin ( s − a ) x dx 
2   
 0 0
1
=  Fs ( s + a ) + Fs ( s − a ) 
2

1
(ii) Fs  f ( x ) sin ax  =  Fc ( s − a ) − Fc ( s + a ) 
2

2
Fs  f ( x ) sin ( ax )  =  f ( x ) sin ( ax ) sin ( s x ) dx
 0

2  cos ( s − a ) x − cos ( s + a ) x 
=
  f ( x )  2
 dx

0
 
1 2 2 
=   f ( x ) cos ( s − a ) x dx −  f ( x ) cos ( s + a ) x dx 
2   
 0 0
1
=  Fc ( s − a ) − Fc ( s + a ) 
2

1
(iii) Fc  f ( x ) cos ax  =  Fc ( s + a ) + Fc ( s − a ) 
2

2
Fc  f ( x ) cos ( ax )  =  f ( x ) cos ( ax ) cos ( s x ) dx
 0

2  cos ( s + a ) x + cos ( s − a ) x 
=
  f ( x )  2
 dx

0
 
1 2 2 
=   f ( x ) cos ( s + a ) x dx +  f ( x ) cos ( s − a ) x dx 
2   
 0 0
1
=  Fc ( s + a ) + Fc ( s − a ) 
2

1
(iv) Fc  f ( x ) sin ax  =  Fs ( a + s ) + Fs ( a − s ) 
2

2
Fc  f ( x ) sin ( ax )  =  f ( x ) sin ( ax ) cos ( s x ) dx
 0

Page30 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 
2  sin ( a + s ) x + sin ( a − s ) x 
=
  f ( x )  2
 dx

0
 
1 2 2 
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2   
=  f x sin a + s x dx + f x sin a − s x dx 
 
 0 0
1
=  Fs ( a + s ) + Fs ( a − s ) 
2

3.7.4 Fourier Sine and Cosine Transform of Derivatives:

If Fs  f ( x ) = Fs ( s ) and Fc  f ( x ) = Fc ( s ) , then

(i ) Fs  f  ( x )  = − s Fc ( s ) , if f ( x ) → 0 as x → 
2
( ii ) Fc  f  ( x )  = s Fs ( s ) − f ( 0 ) , if f ( x ) → 0 as x → 


Proof:
(i) Fs  f  ( x )  = − s Fc ( s ) , if f ( x ) → 0 as x → 
   
2 2
Fs  f  ( x )  =  f  ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx  Fs  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx 
 0   0 

2
=
  sin ( s x ) d  f ( x )
0

2   
=  sin ( s x ) f ( x )  0 −  s cos ( s x ) f ( x ) dx   Integration by parts
  
 0

2  
=
 
 0 − 0  − s  f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx   f ( x ) → 0 as x → 
 0 

2
= −s
  f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx = − s Fc ( s )
0

2
(ii) Fc  f  ( x )  = s Fs ( s ) − f ( 0 ) , if f ( x ) → 0 as x → 

   
2 2
Fc  f  ( x )  =  f  ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx  Fc  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx 
 0   0 

2
=
  cos ( s x ) d  f ( x )
0

2   
=  cos ( s x ) f ( x )  0 +  s sin ( s x ) f ( x ) dx   Integration by parts
  
 0

Page31 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 
2  
=
 
 0 − f ( 0 )  + s  f ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx   f ( x ) → 0 as x → 
 0 

2 2
=− f ( 0) + s  f ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx
  0
2 2
=− f ( 0 ) + s Fs ( s ) = s Fs ( s ) − f ( 0)
 

3.7.5 Fourier Sine and Cosine Transform of Second Derivatives:

If Fs  f ( x ) = Fs ( s ) and Fc  f ( x ) = Fc ( s ) , then

2
(i ) Fs  f  ( x )  = − s 2 Fs ( s ) + s f ( 0 ) if , f ( x ) and f  ( x ) → 0 as x → 

2
( ii ) Fc  f  ( x )  = − s 2 Fc ( s ) − f  ( 0 ) , if f ( x ) and f  ( x ) → 0 as x → 


Proof:
2
(i) Fs  f  ( x )  = − s 2 Fs ( s ) + s f ( 0 ) if , f ( x ) and f  ( x ) → 0 as x → 

 
2 2
Fs  f  ( x )  =  f  ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx =  sin ( s x ) d  f  ( x )
 0
 0

2   
=  sin ( s x ) f  ( x )  0 −  s cos ( s x ) f  ( x ) dx   Integration by parts
  
 0

2  
=
 
 0 − 0  − s  f  ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx   f  ( x ) → 0 as x → 
 0 

2
= −s
  f  ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx = − s Fc  f  ( x ) 
0
 2   2 
= − s  sFs ( s ) − f ( 0 )  Fc  f  ( x )  = sFs ( s ) − f ( 0)
     
2
= − s 2 Fs ( s ) + s f ( 0)


2
(ii) Fc  f  ( x )  = − s 2 Fc ( s ) − f  ( 0 ) if , f ( x ) and f  ( x ) → 0 as x → 

 
2 2
Fc  f  ( x )  =  f  ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx =  cos ( s x ) d  f  ( x )
 0
 0

2   
=  cos ( s x ) f ( x )  0 +  s sin ( s x ) f  ( x ) dx 
  Integration by parts
  
 0

Page32 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 
2  
=
 
 0 − f  ( 0 )  + s  f  ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx   f  ( x ) → 0 as x → 
 0 

2 2 2
=s
  f  ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx −

f  ( 0 ) = s Fs  f  ( x )  −

f  (0)
0

= s  − s Fc ( s )  −
2

f  ( 0)  Fs  f  ( x )  = − s Fc ( s ) 
2
= − s 2 Fc ( s ) − f  ( 0)


3.7.6 If Fs  f ( x ) = Fs ( s ) and Fc  f ( x ) = Fc ( s ) , then

d
( i ) Fs  x f ( x )  = −  Fc ( s )
ds
d
( ii ) Fc  x f ( x )  =  Fs ( s )
ds

Proof:
d
(i) Fs  x f ( x )  = −  Fc ( s )
ds

2
Fc  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx
 0
Differentiating both sides with respect to s,
 
d 2 d   2
Fc  f ( x )  =   f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx  =  − x f ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx
ds  ds  0  
  0

2
=−
   x f ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx = − Fs  x f ( x )
0
d d
 Fs  x f ( x )  = − Fc  f ( x )  = − Fc ( s )
ds ds

d
(ii) Fc  x f ( x )  =  Fs ( s ) 
ds

2
Fs  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx
 0
Differentiating both sides with respect to s,

 
d 2 d   2
Fs  f ( x )  =   f ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx  =  x f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx
ds  ds  0  
  0

2
=
   x f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx = Fc  x f ( x )
0
d d
 Fc  x f ( x )  = Fs  f ( x )  = Fs ( s )
ds ds

Page33 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

3.7.7 Parseval’s Identity.
If Fc  f ( x ) = Fc ( s ) , Fc  g ( x ) = Gc ( s ) , Fs  f ( x ) = Fs ( s ) and Fs  g ( x ) = Gs ( s ) , then
 
(i )  Fc ( s ) Gc ( s ) ds =  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
0 0
 
( ii )  Fs ( s ) Gs ( s ) ds =  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
0 0
  
( iii )   f ( x )  dx =   Fc ( s )  ds =   Fs ( s )  ds
2 2 2

0 0 0

Proof:
 
(i)  Fc ( s ) Gc ( s ) ds =  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
0 0
 
 2     
2
 c ( ) ( ) (
 c  )  ( )  Gc ( s ) = ( )
 0
F s G s ds = F s g x cos sx dx  ds g x cos sx dx 
c

0 0  0   

2
=
   Fc ( s ) g ( x ) cos sx dx ds
00

2
=
   Fc ( s ) g ( x ) cos sx ds dx Change of order of integration 
00
  2 
=  g ( x) ( )
   c
F s cos sx ds  dx

0  0 
   
2
=  g ( x ) f ( x ) dx  By inversion, f ( x ) = F ( s ) cos sx ds
 0 c

0  
 
(ii)  Fs ( s ) Gs ( s ) ds =  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
0 0
   2     
2
 s ( ) ( ) (
 s  )  ( )  Gs ( s ) = ( )
 0
F s G s ds = F s g x sin sx dx  ds g x sin sx dx 
s

0 0  0   

2
=
   Fs ( s ) g ( x ) sin sx dx ds
00

2
=
   Fs ( s ) g ( x ) sin sx ds dx Change of order of integration 
00
  2 
=  g ( x) ( )
   s
F s s in sx ds  dx

0  0 
   
2
=  g ( x ) f ( x ) dx  By inversion, f ( x ) = F ( s ) sin sx ds
 0 s

0  

Page34 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

   
  f ( x )  dx =   Fc ( s )  ds =   Fs ( s )  ds
2 2 2
(iii)
0 0 0

 
 Fc ( s ) Gc ( s ) ds =  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
0 0

Replacing g(x) with f(x) we get,

 
 Fc ( s ) Fc ( s ) ds =  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
0 0
 
   Fc ( s )  ds =   f ( x )  dx − − − − − − (1)
2 2

0 0

 
 Fs ( s ) Gs ( s ) ds =  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
0 0

Replacing g(x) with f(x) we get,

 
 Fs ( s ) Fs ( s ) ds =  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
0 0
 
   Fs ( s )  ds =   f ( x )  dx − − − − − − ( 2 )
2 2

0 0

Therefore from (1) and (2) we get

  
  f ( x )  dx =   Fs ( s )  ds =   Fc ( s )  ds
2 2 2

0 0 0

Page35 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 Properties of Fourier Sine and Cosine Transforms
Sl. Name of
Condition Property
No Property
Fs  f ( x ) = Fs ( s ) ,
Fc  f ( x ) = Fc ( s ) (i ) Fs a f ( x )  b g ( x ) = a Fs ( s )  bGs ( s )
Linear
1
Property Fs  g ( x ) = Gs ( s ) ,
Gc  f ( x ) = Gc ( s ) , ( ii ) Fc a f ( x )  b g ( x ) = a Fc ( s )  bGc ( s )
a and b are constants
1 s
Change Fs  f ( x ) = Fs ( s ) , (i ) Fs  f ( ax )  = Fs  
a a
2 Scale
Fc  f ( x ) = Fc ( s )
( ii ) Fc  f ( ax )  = Fc  
1 s
Property
a a
1
( i ) Fs  f ( x ) cos ax  =  Fs ( s + a ) + Fs ( s − a )
2
Fs  f ( x ) = Fs ( s )
1
( ii ) Fs  f ( x ) sin ax  =  Fc ( s − a ) − Fc ( s + a )
Modulation 2
3 and
Property 1
Fc  f ( x ) = Fc ( s ) ( iii ) Fc  f ( x ) cos ax  =  Fc ( s + a ) + Fc ( s − a )
2
1
( iv ) Fc  f ( x ) sin ax  =  Fs ( a + s ) + Fs ( a − s )
2
Fourier Fs  f ( x ) = Fs ( s ) , ( i ) Fs  f  ( x )  = − s Fc ( s )
Transform
4 Fc  f ( x )  = Fc ( s ) 2
of ( ii ) Fc  f  ( x )  = s Fs ( s ) − f ( 0)
Derivatives and f ( x ) → 0 as x →  
Fs  f ( x ) = Fs ( s ) and 2
Fourier (i ) Fs  f  ( x )  = − s 2 Fs ( s ) + s f ( 0)
Transform Fc  f ( x ) = Fc ( s ) 
5
of second f ( x ) and f  ( x ) → 0 2
Derivatives ( ii ) Fc  f  ( x )  = − s 2 Fc ( s ) − f  ( 0)
as x →  
d
Fs  f ( x ) = Fs ( s ) and (i ) Fs  x f ( x )  = −  Fc ( s ) 
ds
6
Fc  f ( x ) = Fc ( s ) ( ii )
d
Fc  x f ( x )  =  Fs ( s ) 
ds
 
 Fc ( s ) Gc ( s ) ds =  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
If Fc  f ( x )  = Fc ( s ) , 0 0
 
Fc  g ( x )  = Gc ( s ) ,
7
Parseval’s  Fs ( s ) Gs ( s ) ds =  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
Identity Fs  f ( x )  = Fs ( s ) 0 0
  
and Fs  g ( x )  = Gs ( s )
  f ( x ) dx =   Fc ( s ) ds =   Fs ( s ) ds
2 2 2

0 0 0

Page36 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

3.8 Examples

Example 3.8.1
cos x, 0 xa
Find the Fourier cosine transform of f ( x ) =  .
0, xa
Ans:

2
Fc  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx
 0

2
a
2
a
cos ( s + 1 ) x + cos ( s − 1 ) x
=
  cos x cos ( s x ) dx =   2
dx
0 0

1  sin ( s + 1 ) x sin ( s − 1 ) x  1  sin ( s + 1 ) a sin ( s − 1 ) a 

a
=  +  =  +  , if s  1
2  s +1 s −1 0 2  s +1 s −1 

Example 3.8.2
e− ax
Find the Fourier cosine transform of f ( x ) = . Hence find the Fourier Cosine transform of
x
e− ax − e−bx
x
Ans:

2
Fc ( s ) = Fc  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx
 0
 − ax
2 e
=  cos ( s x ) dx − − − − − − (1)
 0
x
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. s, we get,
 
d d  2 e − ax  2   e − ax 
 Fc ( s )  =   cos ( s x ) dx  =   cos ( s x )  dx
ds ds   x   0 s  x 
 0
 − ax 
2 e 2 − ax
  − x sin ( s x )  dx = − e sin ( s x ) dx

=
 0
x
0

2 s    b 
− ax
=− − − − − − − ( 2)   ( ) = 
  s 2 + a 2 
e sin b x dx
 0 a 2 + b 2 
Integrating ( 2 ) w.r.t. s, we get

Fc ( s ) = −
2
  s2 + a2
s
ds = −
2 1
 2
(
log s 2 + a 2 =
−1
2
)
log s 2 + a 2 ( )
 e − ax 
 Fc 
 x

 =

−1
2
log s 2 + a 2 ( )
 e−ax − e−bx   e− ax e−bx   e− ax   e−bx 
Fc 
  = Fc  −  = Fc   − Fc    Linear Property
 x   x x   x   x 

Page37 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 =
−1
2
log s 2 + a 2 −(−1
2
log s 2 + b 2) ( )
 2 2
=
1
2  ( ) 2
(
log s 2 + b 2 − log s 2 + a 2  = 1 log  s + b 
)
 s2 + a2 
 

Example 3.8.3
Find the Fourier Cosine transform of x.
Ans:
   
2 2
Fc  x  =  x cos ( s x ) dx  Fc  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx 
 0   0 

=

2
R.P xe
−isx
dx  e−isx = cos sx − i sin sx 
0

 e−isx e−isx 
2
= R.P  x − 
  ( −is ) ( −is )2 
0
  1  
2 2  1 2 1
= R.P ( 0 − 0 ) −  0 −  = R.P  −  = −
   ( −is )2     s2   s2
 

Example 3.8.4
x2
−
Find the Fourier Cosine transform of e − a
2 2
x 2
. Hence show that e is self-reciprocal under
Fourier Cosine Transform.

Ans:
   
Fc e − a = 2 −a 2
cos ( s x ) dx  Fc  f ( x )  = f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx 
2 2 2 2
e 
x x
   
0  0 

 

2 1
e− a cos ( s x ) dx e− a cos ( s x ) is even in ( −,  )
2 2 2 2
= 
x x
 2 −

=
1
2
R.P e
−a2 x2
eisx dx  eisx = cos sx + i sin sx 
−

1

(
− a 2 x 2 −i s x ) dx − − − − − − (1)
= R.P
2
 e
−
2 2
 is   is 
a2 x2 − i s x = ( a x ) − i s x = ( a x ) − i s x +   −   making perfect square
2 2
 2a   2a 
2 2 2
 is   is   is  s2
=  ax −  −   =  ax −  + 2
 2a   2a   2a  4a
 From (1) ,
 is 
2
s2  2
 −  ax −  + 2    is  s2
− ax −  −
Fc e − a  = R.P 1
2 2  2 a  4 a  1
 e   e  a 4a 2
x
dx = R.P 2
e dx
  2 2
− −

Page38 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 s2
−   is 
2

e 4a 2 −  ax − 
=
2
R.P  e  2a  dx
−
is du
Put u = ax −  du = a dx  dx =
2a a
when x = , u =  and when x = −, u = −
s2 s2
− −
4a 2  4a 2 
 Fc e − a x  = R.P
2 2 e −u 2 du e −u 2
  
2 −
e
a
= R.P 
a 2 −
e du

s2
−

 
4a2 
e
2  e −u du e −u is even in ( −,  )
2 2
= R.P
a 2 0
s2 s2
−  −
 1
e 4a2 e 4a2 2 −1
2  e −u u 0 du −u 2
2
= R.P = R.P 2 e u 2 du
a 2 0 a 2 0
s2
− 
e 1 4a2  
2  e − x x 2 n−1dx = n 
2
= R.P 
a 2 2  0 
s2 s2
− −
e 4a2 e 4a2  1 
= R.P  =  =  
a 2 a 2  2 
1
Substitute a = , we get,
2
s2
2
−
 1 
  1 2 2  4   − x2  − s2
 −  x  e  2 
Fc e  2   =  Fc e 2  = e 2
1  
  2  
  2
x2
−
Hence e 2 is self-reciprocal under Fourier Cosine Transform.

Example 3.8.5
1
Find the Fourier Sine transform of .
x
Ans:
   
1 2 1 2
Fs   =
x   x sin ( s x ) dx  s  ( )
F  f x  =
  f ( x ) sin ( s x ) dx 
0  0 
dt
Put sx = t  s dx = dt  dx =
s
when x = , t =  and when x = 0, t = 0
   
1 2 s dt 2 sin ( t ) 2   sin ( t )  
 Fs   =  sin ( t ) =  dt = =   dt = 
x  t s  t  2 2  t 2
0 0 0 

Page39 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 Example 3.8.6

−x cos xt  −x
Find the Fourier Cosine transform of e . Hence show that  1 + t 2 dt =
2
e
0
Ans:
   
Fc e  =
−x 2 −x 2
e cos ( s x ) dx  Fc  f ( x )  =  f ( x ) cos ( s x ) dx 
   
0  0 

=
2
 e
−x
cos ( s x ) dx  in ( 0,  ) , x = x
0
  
2  1  − ax a
=
  1 + s 2 
  e cos ( bx ) dx = 
a 2 + b 2 
 0
By inversion formula,

2
f ( x) =  Fc  f ( x ) cos ( s x ) ds
 0
 
−x 2 2  1  2 cos ( s x )
e =    cos ( s x ) ds =  ds
 0
  1+ s 
2  0 1 + s2

cos ( s x )  −x
 ds = e
0 1+ s 2 2
Replacing s with t

cos ( xt )  −x
 dt = e
0 1+ t 2 2

Example 3.8.7

x sin mx 
Find the Fourier Sine transform of e − x . Hence show that  dx = e− m
0 1+ x 2 2
Ans:
   
2 2  s   b
Fs e − x  = −x
 e sin ( s x ) dx = 
− ax
 e sin ( bx ) dx = 2 
     1 + s 2   a +b 
2
0  0 
By inversion formula,

2
f ( x) =  Fs  f ( x ) sin ( s x ) ds
 0
 
−x 2  s 
2 2 s sin ( s x )
e =    sin ( s x ) ds =  ds
 0   1+ s 
2  0 1 + s2

s sin ( sx ) 
 ds = e− x
0 1+ s 2 2
Changing x to m and s to x, we get

x sin ( mx ) 
 dx = e− m
0 1+ x 2 2

Page40 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 Example 3.8.8
Find the Fourier Cosine transform of e
−x
. Hence find Fs x e ( −x
)
Ans:
 
Fc e  =

−x

2
 e
−x
cos ( s x ) dx =

2
e
−x
cos ( s x ) dx  in ( 0,  ) , x = x
0 0
  
2  1  − ax a
=
  1 + s 2 
  e cos ( bx ) dx = 2
+ 2 
 0 a b 

Fs  x e

−x  = − d  F e− x 
 ds 
c  ( ) 

d
 Fs  x f ( x )  = −  Fc ( s )  
ds


d  2  1 
=−  
ds    1 + s 2  
2 −1 2 2s
=− 2s =

( ) 
( )
2 2
1 + s2 1 + s2
Example 3.8.9

Find:
(i ) Fs e − x cos ( 2 x )  ( ii ) Fc e − x cos ( 2 x ) 
   
( iii ) Fs e − x sin ( 2 x )  ( iv ) Fc e − x sin ( 2 x ) 
   
Ans:
Let f ( x ) = e− x
Fc  s  = Fc  f ( x )  = Fc e − x 
 
   
2 −x 2  1  − ax a
= e cos ( s x ) dx =   e cos ( bx ) dx = 
 0
  1 + s 2   0 a 2 + b2 

Fs  s  = Fs  f ( x )  = Fs e− x 
 
   
2 −x 2  s  − ax b
= e sin ( s x ) dx =   e sin ( bx ) dx = 
 0
  1 + s 2   0 a 2 + b2 

(i) Fs e − x cos ( 2 x ) 
 
1
Fs e − x cos ( 2 x )  =  Fs ( s + 2 ) + Fs ( s − 2 ) 
  2
 1 
 Fs  f ( x ) cos ax  =  Fs ( s + a ) + Fs ( s − a )  
 2 
1  2  s + 2  2  s − 2  
=   +  
2    1 + ( s + 2 )2    1 + ( s − 2 )2  
    
1 2  s+2 s−2  1  s+2 s−2 
= + 2 = + 2
2   s + 4 s + 5 s − 4 s + 5 
 2  2 
2  s + 4 s + 5 s − 4s + 5 

Page41 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 (ii) Fc e− x cos ( 2 x ) 
 

1
Fc e − x cos ( 2 x )  =  Fc ( s + 2 ) + Fc ( s − 2 ) 
  2
 1 
 Fc  f ( x ) cos ax  =  Fc ( s + a ) + Fc ( s − a )  
 2 
1  2  1  2 1 
=  +  
2    1 + ( s + 2 )2    1 + ( s − 2 )2  
    
1 2 1 1  1  1 1 
= + 2 = + 2

2   s + 4 s + 5 s − 4 s + 5 
2  2 
2  s + 4 s + 5 s − 4s + 5 

(iii) Fs e − x sin ( 2 x ) 
 

1
Fc e − x sin ( 2 x )  =  Fc ( s − 2 ) − Fc ( s + 2 ) 
  2
 1 
 Fs  f ( x ) sin ax  =  Fc ( s − a ) − Fc ( s + a )  
 2 
1  2  1  2 1 
=   −  
2    1 + ( s − 2 )2    1 + ( s + 2 )2  
    
1 2 1 1  1  1 1 
=  − 2  =  − 2 
2   s − 4s + 5 s + 4s + 5 
2 2  s − 4 s + 5 s + 4 s + 5 
2

(iv) Fc e − x sin ( 2 x ) 
 

1
Fc e − x sin ( 2 x )  =  Fs ( 2 + s ) + Fs ( 2 − s )  ( iv )
  2
 1 
 Fc  f ( x ) sin ax  =  Fs ( a + s ) + Fs ( a − s )  
 2 
1  2  2 + s  2  2 − s  
=  +  
2    1 + ( 2 + s )2    1 + ( 2 − s )2  
    
1 2  2+s 2−s  1  2+s 2−s 
= + 2 = + 2

2   s + 4 s + 5 s − 4 s + 5 
2  2 
2  s + 4s + 5 s − 4 s + 5 

Page42 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 Example 3.8.10
Using transforms, evaluate the following:
  
dx x2 x2
(i)  (ii)  (iii) 
( )( ) ( )( )
dx dx
0 x2 + a2 x2 + b2 0 x2 + a2 x2 + b2 0 (x 2
+a )
2 2

Ans:

dx
(i) 
0 ( x2 + a2 )( x2 + b2 )
Let f ( x ) = e− ax

2 2  a 
 Fc ( s ) = Fc  f ( x )  = Fc e − ax  = e
− ax
cos ( s x ) dx = − − − (i )
   0
  a 2 + s 2 
Let g ( x ) = e−bx ,
2  b 
 Gc ( s ) = Gc e −bx  = − − − ( ii )
    b 2 + s 2 

By Parseval’s identity,
 
 Fc ( s ) Gc ( s ) ds =  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
0 0
 
2  a  2  b 
      ds =  e − ax e −bx dx
0
 a +s   b +s 
2 2 2 2
0
 
ds =  e ( ) dx
2ab 1 − a +b x
 
 0 ( a2 + s2 )(b2 + s2 ) 0

 e − ( a +b ) x  1 1
=  = 0− =
 − ( a + b )  − (a + b) a + b
0

1 
 ds =
0 (a 2
+s 2
)(b 2
+s 2
) 2ab ( a + b )

1 
 dx =
(a )(b )
Replacing s with x,
2
+x 2 2
+x 2 2ab ( a + b )
0


x2
(ii) 
( x2 + a2 )( x2 + b2 )
dx
0

Let f ( x ) = e − ax

2 2  s 
 Fs ( s ) = Fs  f ( x )  = Fs e − ax  = e
− ax
sin ( s x ) dx = − − − (i )
   0
  a 2 + s 2 
Let g ( x ) = e −bx ,
2  s 
 Gs ( s ) = Gs e −bx  = − − − ( ii )
    b 2 + s 2 

Page43 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 By Parseval’s identity,
 
 Fs ( s ) Gs ( s ) ds =  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
0 0
 
2  s  2  s 
  ds =  e − ax e −bx dx
0
  a 2 + s 2    b 2 + s 2  0
 
s2
ds =  e ( ) dx
2 − a +b x
 

0 ( a2 + s2 )(b2 + s2 ) 0

 e − ( a +b ) x  1 1
=  = 0− =
 − ( a + b )  − (a + b) a + b
0

s2 
 ds =
0 ( a2 + s2 )(b2 + s2 ) 2 (a + b)

x2 
 dx =
( a2 + x2 )(b2 + x2 )
Replacing s with x,
2 (a + b)
0


x2
(iii)  dx
( )
2
0 x2 + a2

Let f ( x ) = e − ax

2 2  s 
 Fs ( s ) = Fs  f ( x )  = Fs e − ax  = e
− ax
sin ( s x ) dx =
   0
  a 2 + s 2 
By Parseval’s identity,
 
  Fs ( s ) ds =   f ( x ) 
2 2
dx
0 0
  2
 2  s 
( )
2
   2 2  ds =  e − ax dx
0
  a + s  0
 
2 s2
  ds =  e − 2 ax dx
 0 ( a2 + s ) 2 2
0


 e − 2 ax  1 1
=  = 0− =
 − 2a  0 − 2a 2a


s2  
 ds = =
2 ( 2a )
( a2 + s2 )
2 4a
0


x2 
Replacing s with x,  dx =
( a2 + x2 )
2 4a
0

Page44 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 Example 3.8.11
 
cos sx 
Solve the integral equation  f ( x ) cos sx dx = e− s . Hence show that  1 + x2 dx = e− s
2
0 0
Ans:

 f ( x ) cos sx dx = e− s − − − − ( i )
0
2
Multiplying ( i ) both sides by we get ,


2 2
f ( x ) cos sx dx e− s

=
0

  
2 −s 2
 Fc  f ( x )  = e − − − − ( ii )   f ( x ) cos sx dx = Fc  f ( x )  
   0 
By inversion,
  
2 2 2 −s 2
f ( x) = F  f ( x )  cos sx ds = e − s cos sx ds
  c   
e cos sx ds =
0 0
 0
2 1 
=
  1 + x 2 
, which is the solution of the equation

2 −s
From ( ii ) , Fc  f ( x )  = e

 2  1  2 −s  2  1 
 Fc    =  f ( x) = 
  1 + x 2  
e
   1 + x  
2

 
2 1 
2 2 −s cos sx  −s
  
 0   1+ x 
2  cos sx dx =

e   1 + x 2 dx = 2 e
0

Example 3.8.12

1 −  , 0    1
Solve the integral equation  f ( x ) cos  x dx =  .
 0,  1
0
Ans:

1 −  , 0    1
 f ( x ) cos  x dx
=
0,  1
0
Replacing  with s

1 − s, 0  s  1
 f ( x ) cos sx dx =
0, s 1
− − − − (i )
0
2
Multiplying ( i ) both sides by we get,


2 2 1 − s, 0  s  1
f ( x ) cos sx dx

= 
0
 0, s 1

Page45 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

   
2 1 − s, 0  s  1 2
 Fc  f ( x )  =  − − − − ( ii )   f ( x ) cos sx dx = Fc  f ( x )  
 0, s 1   0 
By inversion,
 
2  2 
1
2
f ( x) = ( ) ( )
 0 c    0  
F  f x 
 cos sx ds =  1 − s cos sx ds + 0  cos sx ds 
 1 
1
2
=
  (1 − s ) cos sx ds
0
1 1
2 sin sx − cos sx  2 sin sx cos sx 
= (1 − s ) − ( −1)  =  (1 − s ) − 2 
 x x2 0   x x 0
2  cos x   1   2  1 cos x 
=  0 − 2  −  0 − 2   =  2 − 2 
  x   x    x x 
2  1 − cos x 
=
  x 2 
, which is the solution of the equation

3.9 Finite Fourier Transform

3.9.1 Finite Fourier Sine Transform and its Inverse

Definition
If f(x) is a continuous or piece-wise continuous function defined in ( 0, l ) then the Finite Fourier
Sine Transform of f(x), denoted by Fs ( n ) or f s ( n ) , is defined by
l
 n x 
Fs ( n ) =  f ( x ) sin   dx − − − − − (1) , where n is an integer.
0
 l 

Inversion formula for Finite Fourier Sine Transform

If Fs ( n ) is the Finite Fourier Sine Transform of f(x) in ( 0, l ) , then f(x) is called the Inverse Finite
Fourier Sine Transform of Fs ( n ) and is given by,
2  n x
f ( x) = 
l n =1
Fs ( n ) sin
l
− − − − − ( 2)

Proof:
The Half Range Fourier Sine Series of f(x) defined on ( 0, l ) is

n x  n x 
l
2
f ( x ) =  bn sin − − − − − ( i ) where bn =  f ( x ) sin   dx
n =1 l l 0  l 
2  l
 n x  
 bn = Fs ( n ) − − − − − ( ii )  Fs ( n ) =  f ( x ) sin   dx 
l  0  l  
2 
n x
Substituting ( ii ) in ( i ) , f ( x ) =  Fs ( n ) sin
l n =1 l

Page46 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

3.9.2 Finite Fourier Cosine Transform and its Inverse
Definition
If f(x) is a continuous or piece-wise continuous function defined in ( 0, l ) then the Finite Fourier
Cosine Transform of f(x), denoted by Fc ( n ) or f c ( n ) , is defined by,
l
 n x 
Fc ( n ) =  f ( x ) cos   dx − − − − − (1) , where n is an integer.
0
 l 

Inversion formula for Finite Fourier Cosine Transform

If Fc ( n ) is the Finite Fourier Cosine Transform of f(x) in ( 0, l ) , then f(x) is called the Inverse
Finite Fourier Cosine Transform of Fs ( n ) and is given by,

1 2  n x
f ( x ) = Fc ( 0 ) +  Fc ( n ) cos − − − − − ( 2)
l l n=1 l
Proof:
The Half Range Fourier Cosine Series of f(x) defined on ( 0, l ) is
a0  n x
f ( x) = +  an cos − − − − − ( i ) where
2 n =1 l
 n x 
l l
2 2
a0 =  f ( x ) dx and an =  f ( x ) cos   dx
l 0 l 0  l 
2  l
 n x  
 an = Fc ( n ) − − − − − ( ii )  Fc ( n ) =  f ( x ) cos   dx 
l  0  l  
2
a0 = Fc ( 0 ) − − − − − ( iii )
l
1 2  n x
Substituting ( ii ) and ( iii ) in ( i ) , f ( x ) = Fc ( 0 ) +  Fc ( n ) cos
l l n =1 l

3.10 Examples:

Example 3.10.1
 
 x, 0 x

Find the Finite Fourier Sine and Cosine Transforms of f ( x ) = 
2
 − x,   x  

 2
Ans:
 
 x, 0 x

f ( x) = 
2
 − x,   x  

 2

(i) Finite Fourier Sine Transform of f(x)

l  
n x n x
Fs ( n ) =  f ( x ) sin dx =  f ( x ) sin dx =  f ( x ) sin nx dx  l = 
0
l
0
 0

Page47 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 
2 
=  x sin nx dx +  ( − x ) sin nx dx
0 
2
 
 − cos nx − sin nx  2  − cos nx − sin nx 
= x − 2  + (  − x ) − ( −1) 
 n n 0  n n 2 
2
 
 cos nx sin nx  2  cos nx sin nx 
= − x + 2  +  − ( − x ) − 2 
 n n 0  n n 
2
         
  cos n 2 sin n 2      cos n 2 sin n 2 
=  − +  − ( 0 + 0 )  +  ( −0 − 0 ) −  − − 
 2 n n2     2 n n2 
      
    
  cos n 2 sin n 2  cos n 2 sin n 2  2 n
= − + + +  = sin
 2 n n2 2 n n2  n2 2
 

(ii) Finite Fourier Cosine and Cosine Transform of f(x)

l  
 n x   n x 
Fc ( n ) =  f ( x ) cos   dx =  f ( x ) cos   dx =  f ( x ) cos nx dx  l = 
0
 l  0
   0

2 
=  x cos nx dx +  ( − x ) cos nx dx
0 
2
 
 sin nx − cos nx  2  sin nx − cos nx 
= x − 2  + (  − x ) − ( −1) 
 n n 0  n n 2 
2
 
 sin nx cos nx  2  sin nx cos nx 
= x + 2  + (  − x ) − 2 
 n n 0  n n 
2
         
  sin n 2 cos n 2   1    cos n 
 
sin n
2−
cos n
2 
=  +  −  0 + 2   +  0 − − 2 
 2 n n2   n    n2   n n 2

      
    
  sin n 2 cos n 2 1 cos n  sin n 2 cos n 2 
= + 2
− 2− 2
− + 
 2 n n n n 2 n n2 
 
  
 2 cos n 2 1 ( −1)  1 
( )
n
n n 
= − 2 − 2  = 2  2 cos − 1 + ( −1) 
 n
2
n n  n  2 
 

Page48 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

  n
 2 cos 2
 , if n is odd
=  n2
2  n 
 2 cos − 1 , if n is even and  0
n  2 
0, if n is odd

= 2  n 
 2 cos 2 − 1 , if n is even and  0
n 


l  2 
Fc ( 0 ) =  f ( x ) dx =  f ( x ) dx =  x dx +  ( − x ) dx
0 0 0 
2
 
 x2  2  x2  
=   +  x −  =
 2  0  2  2
2

 , if n = 0
 2
 Fc ( n ) = 0, if n is odd
2 n
 cos 
− 1 , if n is even
 n 
2  2 

Example 3.10.2
Find the Finite Fourier Cosine Transform of f ( x ) = ( x − 1) in (0, 1)
2

Ans:
l 1 1
 n x   n x 
Fc ( n ) =  f ( x ) cos   dx =  f ( x ) cos   dx =  f ( x ) cos n xdx  l = 1
0
 l 
0
 1 
0

2 sin ( n x ) cos ( n x ) sin ( n x ) 

1 1

=  ( x − 1) cos ( n x ) dx = ( x − 1) + 2 ( x − 1)
2
−2 3 3 
 n n 2
 2
n  0
0
  1  2
= ( 0 + 0 + 0 ) −  0 − 2 2 2 − 0   = 2 2 if n  0
  n   n 

1
l 1  ( x − 1)3  1 1
Fc ( 0 ) =  f ( x ) dx =  ( x − 1) dx =   = 0 − ( −1)  =
2

0 0  3  0 3 3
1
 3 , if n = 0
 Fc ( n ) = 
 2 , if n  0
 n 2 2

Page49 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology

 Example 3.10.3
2
3 (
−1) for n = 1, 2,3,.... and 0  x   .
n −1
Find f(x) if it’s Finite Fourier Sine Transform is
n

Ans:
2
Fs ( n ) = 3
( −1)n−1 for n = 1, 2,3,.... and 0  x  
n

By inversion formula,
( −1)
n −1
2  n x 2  2 n x 
f ( x ) =  Fs ( n ) sin =  3 ( −1) sin = 4  l = 
n −1
sin nx
l n =1 l  n =1 n  n =1 n3

Page50 Jayachandran V, Assistant Professor, College of Science and Technology