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The document discusses linear measurement in surveying, emphasizing its importance in mining for determining boundaries and layouts. It outlines various instruments used for measuring distances, including chains, tapes, and Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) devices, as well as the advantages of modern technologies like Total Stations. The conclusion highlights the critical role of accurate measurement in mining operations, showcasing the evolution from traditional methods to advanced EDM technologies.

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3 views

Topic2

The document discusses linear measurement in surveying, emphasizing its importance in mining for determining boundaries and layouts. It outlines various instruments used for measuring distances, including chains, tapes, and Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) devices, as well as the advantages of modern technologies like Total Stations. The conclusion highlights the critical role of accurate measurement in mining operations, showcasing the evolution from traditional methods to advanced EDM technologies.

Uploaded by

enaocp.bccl
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

Linear Measurement and EDM (including Total Sta on)


(14 Marks | ~1000 Words)

2.1 Introduc on
Linear measurement is the process of determining the distance between two
points on the surface of the Earth. It is a fundamental component of surveying.
In mining, linear measurement is cri cal for determining boundaries, layouts,
excava on extents, and for se ng out features underground and on the
surface.
With advancements in technology, linear measurement has evolved from basic
chains and tapes to modern Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)
instruments and Total Sta ons that enhance precision and efficiency.

2.2 Instruments for Measuring Distances


A. Chain
 A metallic chain (usually 20 or 30 meters long) made of galvanized steel
links.
 Used in chain surveying for flat areas with few details.
 Types: Metric chain, Engineer’s chain, Gunter’s chain.
B. Tape
 Made of linen, steel, or fiberglass.
 Provides be er accuracy than chains.
 Common lengths: 15 m, 30 m, 50 m.
C. Ranging Rods
 Used to align or range intermediate points on a straight line.
 Painted with alternate red and white bands for visibility.
D. Arrows (Chain Pins)
 Used to mark chain lengths on the ground temporarily.
E. Offset Rods
 Used for taking offsets (perpendicular distances) from survey lines.

2.3 Ranging of Survey Lines


Ranging is the process of aligning survey lines between two fixed points.
A. Direct Ranging
 Done when both ends of the survey line are visible.
 Intermediate points are visually aligned using ranging rods.
B. Indirect Ranging
 Used when the end points are not inter-visible due to obstacles.
 Requires intermediate sta ons and reciprocal observa ons.

2.4 Errors in Linear Measurement


1. Personal Errors – Incorrect handling of equipment.
2. Instrumental Errors – Imperfect tapes or chains.
3. Natural Errors – Due to temperature, wind, slope, or sag.
Correc ons Applied:
 Temperature Correc on
 Slope Correc on
 Sag Correc on
 Tension (Pull) Correc on
 Tape Standardiza on Correc on

2.5 Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)


EDM revolu onized surveying by providing fast, accurate, and long-distance
measurements using electromagne c waves.
Principle:
 EDM instruments measure the me taken by electromagne c waves to
travel to a target and back.
 Based on the speed of light and phase shi .
Main Types of EDM Instruments:
1. Infrared EDM
 Uses modulated infrared light.
 Requires reflectors.
 Effec ve range: ~2-3 km.
2. Microwave EDM
 Uses microwave signals.
 Suitable for longer distances.
 Less affected by weather.
3. Laser EDM
 High accuracy.
 Can operate without a reflector.
 Common in total sta ons.

2.6 Components of an EDM Instrument


 Emi er – Sends modulated light/microwave.
 Receiver – Detects the reflected beam.
 Display Unit – Shows distance and angle measurements.
 Power Supply – Ba ery-operated or rechargeable.

2.7 Advantages of EDM


 High precision (up to 1 mm/km).
 Longer range (up to 100 km in ideal condi ons).
 Fast and automated readings.
 Usable in rough or inaccessible terrain.
 Reduces human error.

2.8 Selec on of EDM Instrument


Selec on depends on:
 Range required
 Terrain and weather condi ons
 Accuracy required
 Time available
 Budget
 Type of project (e.g., underground vs. surface)

2.9 Total Sta on


A Total Sta on is an integrated surveying instrument that combines a
theodolite, EDM, and microprocessor into one unit.
Func ons:
 Measures both horizontal and ver cal angles.
 Measures slope distances.
 Computes horizontal distances and eleva ons.
 Stores data digitally and interfaces with computers.
Major Components:
1. Telescope – For sigh ng.
2. EDM – For measuring distances.
3. Keyboard & Display – For input/output.
4. Microprocessor – For internal calcula ons.
5. Memory Storage – For data logging.
6. Ba ery Pack – For power supply.
2.10 Uses of Total Sta on in Mining Surveying
 Tunneling and Dri ing Alignment
 Measuring Stope and Ore Body Geometry
 Monitoring Roof Convergence
 Volume Computa on
 Traversing and Plo ng
 Prepara on of Mine Plans

2.11 Diagram: Total Sta on Setup


[Telescope] ← [Sight Target/Prism]
|
[EDM Unit]
|
[Electronic Display & Keypad]
|
[Rota ng Base with Tripod]
Label: Telescope, EDM, Display, Control Panel, Tribrach

2.12 Limita ons of EDM and Total Sta on


 Require line of sight between instrument and target.
 Reflectors needed in most models.
 Affected by fog, rain, and dust.
 Needs power supply and regular calibra on.

Conclusion
Linear measurement is the backbone of all surveying tasks. While tradi onal
methods like chaining and taping are s ll relevant for small-scale works,
modern surveying largely relies on EDM and Total Sta on for enhanced
precision and produc vity. In mining, where accuracy in alignment and
measurement is cri cal for safety and efficiency, the integra on of EDM
technologies plays a vital role in modern mine surveying prac ces.

Let me know when you're ready for the next topic: Miner’s Instruments and I’ll
prepare that too.

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