nee saved nlter, mene ee BASEBAN ID DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM sraseband digital communicat 1,Source mn system is made up of several A aren Sa a mad Ss set, a G or television or telemetr} computer, a digiti igits. The i atrsféquipmsen ey digitizedi Vite MadaT Pore nti Mons of shea Oe the output e dis or DM), a digital tothe binary case (i.e. communicati ‘ications ayia) m schemes-using only tea'eyirtuie ee eae 8). restricted of sequence of dij altiplexer Generally speaking, the capaci gece eae trees 00 A combine several as one ize sive capacity, ee tt { rpeidoctidterlecving- Th digital multiplexer. _[] qf i ibypseveral messages pest ss Se U fi t ranjuacritie Xe ee Ye TOU .ultiplexer is coded into electrical 1 ft—t,— t ‘of transinission over Se, cuir x ral possible ways of the digital data. In * fl ot iple, conceptually Lis transmitted : | 1 ni U by a pulse p(t) Fig. 12:1: Some ling codes (a) On-off (RZ): shown in figure (b) Polar (FZ), (0) Bipolar (RZ), (8) On-e sat power efficient 'NAZ), (2) Potar (NAZ) lity (i.e. error probability) this code needs the least power. ar, also known as joternary OF alter nate mark inversion p(t) or ~p(t) depending on 1 is encoded by a pulse pei. aot po YOU KNOW? ign, aS) 1p. H “as 8 ct tif Binary 1's and 0's such asin M signaling, M@Y s ted in various serial-bit signaling formats line .Another line code that in the past appeared promising is the duobinary (and modified duobin; proposed by Lender. Although this code is better than the bipolar in terms of bandwidth efficiency, it has lost its appeal due to some practical problems and will not be discussed here. t In our discussion so far, we have used half-width pulses just for the sake of illustration. We can select other widths. However, full-width pulses are often used in some applications. Whenever full-width pulses are used, the pulse amplitude is held to a constant value throughout the pulse interval (it does not have a chance to go to zero before the next pulse begins). For this reason these schemes are known a8 non-return-to-zero (NRZ) schemes in contrast to return-to-zero (RZ) schemes as shown in figures 12.1(a), (b), (c). Figure 12.1(d) shows an on-off NRZ signal, whereas figure 12.1(e) illustrates a polar NRZ signal. 4, Regenerative Repeater Regenerative repeaters are used at regularly spaced intervals along a digital transmission line to detect the incoming digital signal and regenerate new clean pulses for further transmission along the line. This process periodically eliminates, and thereby combats, the accumulation of noise and signal distortion along the transmission path. If the pulses are transmitted at a rate of R, pulses per second, we require the A periodic timing information—the clock Ay signal at R, H2—to sample the incoming pulses at'a repeater. This timing 1° information can be extracted from the received signal itself if the line code is yp chosen properly, The polar signal in : Hon Oo Ef sm! Vine LI UO figure 12.1(b), ified, resul seP PP PEPERYEYE CVE 1 EL Fig. 12.2. An on-off signal is the sum of a polar signal and a clock frequency periodic signal expressed as the sum of a periodic signal (of clock frequency) e 12.2. Because of the presence of the periodic component, we mn from this signal using a resonant circuit tuned to the clock when rectified, becomes an on-off signal. Hence, its timing same way as that for an on-off signal. : nt circuit output) is sensitive to the incoming bit pattern. In ‘transmitted by no pulse. Hence, if there are too many 0's in a at the input of the resonant circuit and the sinusoidal s decaying, thus, causing error in the timing information. We ‘ing this problem, A line code in which the bit pattern does information is said to be a transparent line code, The polar ied by some pulse) is transparent, whereas, the on-off and It.12.5 LINE CODING REVIEW : LINE CODING AND ITS PROPERTIES = wus transmission or line codes such as on. ital data can be transmitted by vario bipolar and so on. This is called line-coding disadvantages. : Thus, among other desirable properties, a line code m 1. Transmission bandwidth For a line-code, the transmission bandwidth must be as small as fi ff, Polar, Bach type of line-code has its advantages a1 ust have the following properties: possible. 2. Power efficiency on ; For a given bandwidth and a specified detection error probability, the transmitted power fo a line code should be as small as possible. 3. Error detection and correction capability It must be possible to detect and preferably correct detection errors. For example, in a bipolar case, a signal error will cause bipolar violation and thus can easily be detected. 4, Favourable power spectral density t1olst1lolsiotot Unipolar A RZ Itis desirable to have zero power spectral density (PSD) at @ = 0 (ie., de) since ac coupling and transformers are used at the repeaters, Significant power in low-frequency Unipolar components causes de wander in the pulse t stream when ac coupling is used. The a.c. coupling is required since the de paths provided by the cable pairs between the peer repeater sites are used to transmit the power Neb to operate th ters. Polar required to operate the repeaters. me }— t extract timing or tlolatatolitotol % A signal. z Bipolar ld 0 NAZ Br Spit phase “ i manchester =AN2 Tlolaarotriotol ane wt | Ae formats or line Polar t nder: Quaternary HTT) Lod NRZ ae aap Fig. 12.8. Various gigital PAM signals formats (@) Unipolar RZ (b) Unipolar NRZ (¢) Polar RZ (d) Polar NRZ (e) Bipolar NRZ () Spit phase Manchester (g) Polar quaternary NAZ S| ike) to a form standard logic levels (TTL, CMOS, and (helEXAMPLE 12.8. Considerthe binary sequence 0 1, ° Binary sequenes 0100101. Draw the waveforms for the following signaling formats: at “Le Pe [I - Unipolar Nz (i) Unipolar NRZ signaling format GD Bipolar RZ signaling format (iii) AMI (alternate mark inversion) RZ signaling format. | Solution: Figure 12.28 shows all the formats. { EXAMPLE 12.9. Discuss the advantages and | | | t | 4 1 eee aaa ral "Fig. 12.28. Signaling formats for example 12.8 Solution: The unipolar NRZ signalling format, although conceptually simple, has certain disadvantages, There are no pulse transitions for long sequences of 0s or 1s, which are necessary ‘if one wishes to extract timing or synchronizing information, and there is no way to detect when and if an error has occurred from. the received pulse sequence. ‘ ‘The bipolar RZ signaling format guarantees the availability of timing information, but there is no error detection capability. ‘The AMIRZ. signaling format has an error detection property, if two sequential pulses (ignoring intervening 0s) are detected with the same polarity, it is evident, it is evident that an error has occurred. However, to guarantee the availability of timing information, itis necessary to restrict the allowable number of consecutive Os. EXAMPLE 12.10. Consider a binary sequence with a long sequence of 1 s followed by a single 0 and. then a long sequence of 1 s. Draw the waveforms for this sequence, using the following signaling format (i) Unipolar NRZ signaling Gi) Bipolar NRZ signaling (iii) AMI RZ signaling (iy) Split-Phase (Manchester) signaling Solution: Figure 12.29 shows all the required formats. 7 oi) o |i, F 1 Bipolar RZ AMI RZ, \ | t Fig. 12.29. (EN SOURCE CODING AND LINE CODING ‘een sotirce coding and line coding in the form of following points : i various source coding techniques such as PCM, Delta modulation7 DIGITAL Dara, tes Messed equivalent ae used in order to co gnal. The output of a source endo on eek and 1s. urce coder is a train of _.y The line coding techniques convert ii) The convert the str 2 ; Table & ee eam of binary digits j js more suitable for transmission over a cable digits into a format or code which ae or any go This is because the data transmission must he ice: medium, is ) ay PGT, ~ kT) + n(t;) keenor - y(t) = Ha; + 2h a, pail, ~k,) +t) (12.43) Tins the resets Riso te stintent t= @ THe BRE Anant ‘equation (12.43) has two terms: ‘should be present, ie vensinca by the i transmitted pit. Theoretically, only this term athe Ree mee practically it is not so. : : gatas he = WE Tis a residual effect ofall the transmitted bits, obtained at the time of This residual effect is known as the intersymbol interference (SD. 12.23. FACTOR: IS RESPONSIBLE FOR INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE (ist) 1. Definition The i eee ees ae ISI arises due to the imperfections in the overall frequency egnones of the Sr ae short pulse of duration Ty, seconds is transmitted through @ bee hen the frequency components contained in the input pulse are differentially sees eet differentially delayed by ee . Due to is, the pulse appearing at the output DO YOU KNOW? of the system will be dispersed over an interval which is longer than T,, seconds. Due to this dispersion, the symbols each of duration T,, will interfere with each other when transmitted over the ‘communication channel. This will result in the intersymbol interference (ISD. ‘The transmitted pulse of duration T, seconds and the — COWMUNICATIUN rote a ft ‘Shape of the Output input for zero |___._ Frequency response ISI is sinc shape of the reconstruction filter: = —> time, t frequency, ¢ lo (b) Frequency response of the filter Isl ( (a) Ideal pulse shape for zero Fig. 12.34. > Important Point: However, type of filter is practically not present or not possible. He in practice, the frequency response of the filter is modified as shown in figure 12.35 with differeny roll off factors ato obtain the achievable filter response curves. Fig, 12.35. Illustration of practical filter characteristics 12.24 NYQUIST'S CRITERION FOR DISTORTIONLESS BASEBAND BINARY TRANSMISSION 1. Basie concept In the previous section, we have observed that in absence of the ISI, we have 9 xlty) = na, e itting and receiving filters, to reconstruct (by). This is achieved b ena helt ae ie y first extracti ad the ing the Weights from the output y(t). oa Coa = Ws ay pt- kT) 1.1245) it y(t) is dependent on a,, the received pulse p(t) and the scaling factor p- Process of sampling, The Signal y(t) is sampled at t = ily. auch that the contribution of i be me . iT, - kT, his can be stated mathematically es eae _ {1 forisk ; (12.46)If ptt) ite., received TT i » iene equation (12.45) reduces nen “atisfies the above expression, then the receiver output given by y(t) = pa, os : , (1247) which indicates zero ISI in the absence of noise. ihe 4. Frequency Domain Representation To obtain the tran: ‘ betiteadency Cea tion, we have to transform the condition stated in equation (12.46) Where ne One 3 at oS consider that the sequence of samples is represented by pant) gies the process of extraction. The Fourier transform of such a sequence of samples can be obtained, as we did f ; , for the sampling process of lo 8 signal. Therefore, the frequency domain representation of p(nT,) will be aa ieee ee PAA = F[pnt,)] = R, SY Pf -nR,) feat where R,, = 1/T,, i.e., bit rate, ae But, P,(£) also represents the Fourier transform of an infinite periodic sequence of unit impulses whose strengths are weighted by the respective sample values of p(t). Hence, Pgf) can be written as under: PAO = f > Inimt,) stmt) eat (12.49) where >) plm'l,)5(t—mT,) represents the sequence of unit impulses weighted by the respective sel sample values. Now, let m=i-k, therefore, ifi=k then m = 0 and ifi #k then m+0_ Hence, let us apply condition of equation (12.46) to equation (12.49) to get, for m = 0. nRy) = VR, = Ty (12.50) Nyquist criterion for distortionless baseband transmission in