Lab Report-3

Title: Supervised Learning and Classification, Regression

Objective: The primary objective is to train a model that can accurately
predict the output for new unseen data based on the patterns learned from
historical data in classification. The objective can accurately determine a
category of a new data points belongs to.

Theory:
Supervised Learning: It is a machine learning technique that uses
labeled data to train models to predict outcomes.
Classification: Classification is a subset of supervised learning in the
process of predicting which category a new data points belongs to.
Source Code 1: from io import IncrementalNewlineDecoder
import numpy as np

import os

import sklearn

import sys

try:

%tensorflow_version 1.x

!apt update && apt install -y libpq-dev libsdl2-dev swig xorg-dev xvfb

!pip install -q -U pyvirtualdisplay gym[atari,box2d]

IS_COLAB = True

except Exception:

IS_COLAB = False

def reset_graph(seed=42):

tf.reset_default_graph()

tf.set_random_seed(seed)

np.random.seed(seed)

import matplotlib as mpl

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

mpl.rc('axes', labelsize=14)

mpl.rc('xtick', labelsize=12)
mpl.rc('ytick', labelsize=12)

import matplotlib.animation as animation

mpl.rc('animation', html='jshtml')

PROJECT_ROOT_DIR = "."

CHAPTER_ID = "rl"

IMAGES_PATH = os.path.join(PROJECT_ROOT_DIR, "images", CHAPTER_ID)

os.makedirs(IMAGES_PATH, exist_ok=True)

def save_fig(fig_id, tight_layout=True, fig_extension="png", resolution=300):

path = os.path.join(IMAGES_PATH, fig_id + "." + fig_extension)

print("Saving figure", fig_id)

if tight_layout:

plt.tight_layout()

plt.savefig(path, format=fig_extension, dpi=resolution)

def create_my_plot():

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)

y = np.sin(x)

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.title("Sine Wave")

plt.xlabel("x")

plt.ylabel("sin(x)")

plt.show()

create_my_plot()

save_fig("my_plot")

Source Code 2: import gym # Import the gym library

def plot_animation(frames, repeat=False, interval=40):

def update_scene(num, frames, patch):

patch.set_data(frames[num])

return patch,

fig = plt.figure()

patch = plt.imshow(frames[0])

plt.axis('off')

anim = mpl.animation.FuncAnimation(

fig, update_scene, fargs=(frames, patch),

frames=len(frames), repeat=repeat, interval=interval)

plt.close()

return anim

# Animation Frame collection

frames = []

n_max_steps = 1000

n_change_steps = 10

# Create an instance of the environment 'CartPole-v1'

env = gym.make('CartPole-v1') # This line is added to create the environment

# Now 'env' is defined and can be used

env.seed(42) obs = env.reset()

for step in range(n_max_steps):

img = env.render(mode="rgb_array")

frames.append(img)

if step % n_change_steps == 0:

action = env.action_space.sample() # play randomly

obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)

if done:

break

plot_animation(frames)

def plot_animation(frames, repeat=False, interval=40):

def update_scene(num, frames, patch):

patch.set_data(frames[num])

return patch,

fig = plt.figure()

patch = plt.imshow(frames[0])

plt.axis('off')

anim = mpl.animation.FuncAnimation(

fig, update_scene, fargs=(frames, patch),

frames=len(frames), repeat=repeat, interval=interval)

plt.close()

return anim

# Animation Frame collection

frames = []

n_max_steps = 1000 n_change_steps = 10

# Assuming 'env' is defined and set up

env.seed(42)

obs = env.reset()

for step in range(n_max_steps):

img = env.render(mode="rgb_array")

frames.append(img)

if step % n_change_steps == 0:

action = env.action_space.sample() # play randomly

obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)

if done:

break

plot_animation(frames)

Source Code 3: import numpy as np

import matplotlib as mpl

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import matplotlib.animation as animation

# Set up matplotlib parameters

mpl.rc('axes', labelsize=14)

mpl.rc('xtick', labelsize=12)

mpl.rc('ytick', labelsize=12)

# Function to create and plot an animation from frames

def update_scene(num, frames, patch):

patch.set_data(frames[num])

return patch,

def plot_animation(frames, repeat=False, interval=40):

fig = plt.figure()

patch = plt.imshow(frames[0])

plt.axis('off')

anim = animation.FuncAnimation(

fig, update_scene, fargs=(frames, patch),

frames=len(frames), repeat=repeat, interval=interval)

plt.close()

return anim

# Generate frames for a moving sine wave

frames = []

x = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100)

for i in range(100):

y = np.sin(x + i * 0.1) # Shift the sine wave over time

frame = np.zeros((20, 100)) # Create a frame with a black background

# Iterate through each point in the sine wave and update the frame

for j in range(len(x)):

frame[int(10 + 5 * y[j]), j] = 1 # Draw the sine wave in white

frames.append(frame)

# Create and display the animation

anim = plot_animation(frames)

anim

# Save the animation (optional)

# anim.save('sine_wave.gif', writer='imagemagick', fps=30)

# anim.save('sine_wave.mp4', writer='ffmpeg', fps=30) (Classification 1)

Source Code 4: from sklearn.datasets import fetch_openml

import numpy as np

import os

import matplotlib as mpl

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Load the MNIST dataset

X, y = fetch_openml('mnist_784', version=1, return_X_y=True, as_frame=False)

X = X / 255.0 # Scale the data to the range [0, 1]

def plot_digit(data):

image = data.reshape(28, 28)

plt.imshow(image, cmap=mpl.cm.binary, interpolation="nearest")

plt.axis("off")

# EXTRA

def plot_digits(instances, images_per_row=10, **options):

size = 28

images_per_row = min(len(instances), images_per_row)

images = [instance.reshape(size, size) for instance in instances]

n_rows = (len(instances)
 ● 1) // images_per_row + 1
row_images = []
n_empty = n_rows * images_per_row len(instances)
images.append(np.zeros((size, size * n_empty)))
for row in range(n_rows):
rimages = images[row * images_per_row: (row + 1) * images_per_row]
row_images.append(np.concatenate(rimages, axis=1))
image = np.concatenate(row_images, axis=0)
plt.imshow(image, cmap=mpl.cm.binary, **options)
plt.axis("off")
plt.figure(figsize=(9, 9))

# Where to save the figures

PROJECT_ROOT_DIR = "."

CHAPTER_ID = "classification"

IMAGES_PATH = os.path.join(PROJECT_ROOT_DIR, "images", CHAPTER_ID)

os.makedirs(IMAGES_PATH, exist_ok=True)

def save_fig(fig_id, tight_layout=True, fig_extension="png", resolution=300):

path = os.path.join(IMAGES_PATH, fig_id + "." + fig_extension)

print("Saving figure", fig_id)

if tight_layout: plt.tight_layout() plt.savefig(path, format=fig_extension, dpi=resolution)

example_images = np.r_[X[:12000:600], X[13000:30600:600], X[30600:60000:590]]

plot_digits(example_images, images_per_row=10) save_fig("more_digits_plot")

plt.show() number 2

Conclusion: This lab provided hands-on experience in implementing

unsupervised learning and Decision tree models. The experiment demonstrated
the importance of data pre-processing, model section, and performance
evaluation. Future improvements can include trying advanced deep learning
models for better accuracy.