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Physics Solution
Question Bank MU

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Q1) Explain the construction and reconstruction of hologram.

Answer: Holography technique to obtain 3D image of an object:

.
1 Holography is the science and practice of making holograms. Holography is
actually a recording of interference pattern formed between two beams of
coherent light coming from the same source.

2. In this process,both the amplitude and phase components of a light wave are
recorded on a light sensitive medium such as a photographic plate. The recording is
known as a hologram.

3. Holography requires an intense coherent light source.It became a practical

proposition only after the invention of LASERS.

4. Holography is a two step process.In the first step,recording of hologram is done

where the object is transformed into a photographic record and the second step is
the reconstruction in which the hologram is transformed into image.
Construction process :

1.During the recording process we superimpose on the scattered wave emanating

from the object,the another coherent wave(called as reference beam) of the
same wavelength.

2.These 2 waves interfere in the plane of recording medium and produce

interference fringes.This is the recording process of hologram.
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Reconstruction process :

1.The reproduction of the image from the hologram is known as

reconstruction of the hologram.

2.In this process,a wave identical to reference beam is used.

3.When the hologram is illuminated by the reconstruction wave,2waves are
produced. 4.One wave appears to diverge from the object and provides the virtual
image of the object.
5.The second wave converges to form the real image of the object.

Q2) Explain top down and bottom up approaches to prepare nanomaterials.

Answer:
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Q3) Light is incident normally on a grating 0.25 cm wide with 1250 lines. Find the
angular separation of the two sodium lines in the first order spectrum. Can they be seen
distinctively if the lines are 5895 Å & 5901 Å.

Answer ::
Data : Number of lines / cm (N)= 5000

m=1

λ1=5895 Å

λ2=5901 Å

Formula :

(a+b)sinθ=Nλ

mN=λ/dλ

Calculations :
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---1

----2

---3

Number of lines / cm required for grating is 983

Number of lines / cm available for grating is 5000

angular separation is 0.0180

This lines will be resolved well by grating

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Q4) Derive the expression of numerical aperture for a step index fiber. A light ray enters
an optical fiber from air. The fiber has core refractive index 1.52 and cladding refractive
index 1.41. Find the Critical angle and Numerical aperture.

Answer ::
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Q5) Find the divergence and curl of a vector

Answer :
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Q6) State the advantages of optical fiber cables on conventional electrical cables.
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Answer :: Advantages of optical fiber cables on conventional electrical cables.

1. Large Potential bandwidth: As the optical carrier frequency is in

the range of 1012 to 115 Hz it yields a far
greater potential transmission bandwidth, than metallic cable
systems. Therefore the information carrying capacity of optical
fiber system is superior to the best copper cable system.
2. Small size and weight: Optical fiber have very small diameter which
are often no greater than the diameter of human hair. Small size and
light weight property of an optical fiber is somewhat advantageous
in various applications like aircraft, satellites and even ships.
3. Electrical isolation: Optical fibers which are fabricated from glass
or sometimes a plastic polymer are electrical insulator, they do not
exhibit earth loop and interface problems. Hence no hazards of short
circuit as in metal wires.
4. Immunity to interference and crosstalk: Optical fibers form a
dielectric waveguides and are therefore free from electromagnetic
interference (EMI), radio frequency (RF), etc. Hence the operation
of an optical fiber communication system is unaffected by
transmission through an electrically noisy environment and fiber
cable requires no shielding from EMI.
5. Signal security: The light from optical fibers does not radiate
significantly and therefore they provide a high degree of signal
security:
6. Low transmission loss: Fibers have been fabricated with losses as
low as 0.2dB/km and this feature has become a major advantage of
optical fiber communication.
7. System reliability and ease of maintenance: The low loss property of
optical fiber cable reduces the requirement for intermediate
repeaters or line amplifiers to boost the transmitted signal
strength. Hence with fewer repeaters the system reliability is
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greatly enhanced. High reliability reduces its expenditure on

maintenance.
8. Ruggedness and Flexibility: Optical fibers have a very high tensile
strength. The fibers may also be bent to quite small radii or
twisted without damage.
9. Low cost and availability: The fibers are made from silica which is
available in abundance. Hence there is no shortage of material and
its cost is also less. So optical fiber offers a very low cost
Communication.

Q 7) What are different techniques to synthesize nanomaterials? Explain any one of

them in detail.

Answer :: The different techniques to synthesis nanomaterial are :

1.Ball milling

2.Sputtering

3.Vapour deposition

4.Sol gel technique

5.LASER synthesis

6.Inert gas condensation

BALL MILLING PROCESS :

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1. As the name suggests, the ball milling method consists of balls and a mill chamber.
Therefore over all a ball mill contains a stainless steel container and many small iron,
hardened steel, silicon carbide, or tungsten carbide balls are made to rotate inside a mill
(drum).

2. The powder of a material is taken inside the steel container. This powder will be
made into nanosize using the ball milling technique. A magnet is placed outside the
container to provide the pulling force to the material and this magnetic force increases
the milling energy when milling container or chamber rotates the metal balls.

3. The ball to material mass ratio is normally maintained at 2 : 1.These silicon carbide
balls provide very large amount of energy to the material powder and the powder then
get crushed. This process of ball milling is done approximately 100 to 150 hrs to get
uniform fine powder.

4. Ball milling is a mechanical process and thus all the structural and chemical changes
are produced by mechanical energy.

Q8) With neat energy level diagram describe the construction and working of a He-Ne
Laser. What are its merits and demerits? What is the role of helium atoms?

Answer :
It consists of a long discharge tube of length 50 cm and diameter 1 cm. The tube is filled
with a mixture of He and Ne in the ratio 10:1. Electrodes are provided to produce a
discharge in the gas and they are connected to high voltage power supply. The tube is
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sealed by inclined windows arranged at its end. On the axis of tube two reflectors are
fixed which forms resonator.

He Ne gas laser employ four level pumping schemes. When the power is switched on
the electric field ionizes some of the atoms in the mixture of He and Ne gases. Due to
electric field, the electrons and ions will be accelerated towards anode and cathode.
Since electron have smaller mass they acquire higher velocity and He atoms are lighter
in weight and therefore readily excitable.

The energetic electrons excite He atoms to excited states F2 and F3 which lies at 19 ev
and 20 ev above the ground state. These are metastable states for helium.

Though the radiative transitions is forbidden, the excited He atom can return to the
ground state by transferring their energy to Ne atoms through collision. Such an energy
transfer can take place only when the two colliding atoms have identical energy states.
E6 and E4 level of Ne atom nearly coincides with F3 and F2 of Helium.

Ne atoms acquires energy and goes to excited state and helium atoms return to ground
state by transferring their energy to Ne atoms. This is main pumping mechanism. Ne
atoms are active centers and Helium plays the role of pumping agent.

The probability of energy transfer from Ne to He atom is less as there are 10 Helium
atoms to 1 Neon atom. E6 and E4 states are metastable states as collision goes on
neon atoms accumulate in these states whereas E5 and E3 level of neon are sparsely
populated.
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Therefore, a state of population inversion is achieved between E6and E5, E6 and E3

and E4 and E3. Consequently, three laser transitions take place.

E6-----E5 33900 A° (far IR region) E6-------E3 6328 A° (visible) E4----E3 11500 A° (IR
region)

As the terminal levels of lasing transitions are sparsely populated the fraction of Ne
atom that must be excited to upper level can be much less. As such the power required
for pumping is low. Random photons emitted spontaneously sets stimulated emission
and coherent radiation is produced.

From E5 and E3 level neon atom can make downward transition to E2 level. Incoherent
light is emitted due to spontaneous transition. As lower levels depopulate faster than
upper levels it is easier to maintain population inversion throughout laser operation. E2
is again a metastable state.

Therefore, Ne atoms tends to accumulate at this level again. However, they are made to
collide with the walls of discharge tube and they give up their energy and returns to
ground state.
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Merits:

● Continuous output laser source

● Highly stable
● No separate cooling is required

Demerits :

● Low efficiency and low power output

● Gases are novel medium for laser as gases are found in the purest form so their
optical properties are well defined.

Role of Helium atoms:

● Being a good conductor of heat, He acts as a coolant and no separate cooling

system is required.
● He atoms being lighter than Ne atoms absorbs the energy from the high energy
electrons easily and very fast.
● The ratio He : Ne=10:1 makes the probability of energy transfer for He atoms to
Ne atoms much higher than that of the reverse.

Q9) Discuss the phenomenon of Fraunhofer’s diffraction at a single slit and obtain the
condition for the first minimum. Calculate the maximum order of diffraction maxima seen
from plane transmission grating with 2500 lines per inch if light of wavelength 6900 Å
falls normally on it.

Answer ::

FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION AT SINGLE SLIT

1. Let us first consider a parallel beam of light incident normally on a slit AB of width 'a'
which is of order of the wavelength of light.

2. A real image of diffraction pattern is formed on the screen with the help of converging
lens placed in the path of the diffracted beam.
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3. All the rays that starts from slit AB in the same phase reinforce each other and
produce brightness at point O on the axis of slit as they arrive there in the same phase.

*4. * The intensity of diffracted beam will be different in different directions and there are
some directions where there is no light.

5. Thus diffraction pattern on screen consists of a central bright band and alternate dark
band bright bands of decreasing intensity on both sides.

6. Now consider a plane wave front PQ incident on the narrow slit AB. According to
Huygens principle each point t on unblocked portion of wavefront PQ sends out
secondary wavelets in all directions.

7. Their combined effect at any distant point can be found by summing the numerous
waves arriving there from the principle of superposition.

8. Let C be the center of the slit AB. The secondary waves, from point equidistant from
center C of the slit lying on portion CA and CB of wave front travel the same distance in
reaching O and hence the path difference between them is zero.

9. These waves reinforce each other and give rise to the central maximum at point O.

condition for minima

1. We now consider the intensity at point P1 above O on the screen where another set
of rays diffracted at a angle theta have been bought to focus by the lens and
contribution from different elements of the slit do not arise in phase at P1.

2. If we drop a perpendicular from point A to the diffracted ray from B then AE as shown
in figure constitutes the diffracted wavefront and BE is the path difference between the
rays from the two edges A and B of the slit.

3. Let us imagine this path difference to be equal to one wavelength.

4. The wavelets from different parts of the slit do not reach point P1 in the phase
because they cover unequal distance in reaching P1. Thus they would interface and
cancel out each other effect. for this to occur
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Q10) What is a grating? Define grating element? Discuss the phenomenon of

Fraunhofer’s diffraction at a grating and obtain the expression for the intensity?

Answer :

{I have not proper answer for this }

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Q11) Compute the maximum radius allowed for a fiber having core refractive index 1.5
and 1.48. the fiber is to support only one mode at a wavelength of 1500 nm.

Answer :
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Q12) What is population inversion state? Explain its significance in the operation of
LASER

Answer::

1.Normally atoms have the tendency to return to ground state releasing the absorbed
energy. Hence, the population of atoms in ground state is greater than that of excited
state.

2.For laser action, there should be more number of atoms in higher energy state.

3.Population inversion is the state in which the number of atoms in higher energy state
is more than those in lower energy state.

4.Artificially creating more number of atoms in a higher energy states than the lower
energy state is called population inversion. The chances of stimulated emission taking
place increases when the state of population inversion is achieved in the medium.

Significance of population inversion in the operation of LASER :

(a) To increase the probability of stimulated emission,the number of atoms in the higher
energy state must be greater than the number of atoms in the lower energy state.This is
a precondition of LASER.

(b) It makes LASER possible with the help of metastable state.

(c)Amplification of light is ensured because of population inversion.

Q13) Draw the schematic diagram of Scanning Electron Microscope and explain its
construction, working, advantages, disadvantages and applications.

Answer :
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SEM is a type of electron microscope that uses electron beam which is focused on the
specimen and by detecting the signals from the interaction of incident electron with
sample surface.

The sample is placed inside the microscope’s vacuum column through an air tight door.
The electron gun assembly produces a high energy electron beam which travels
through a series of magnetic lens which helps in focusing the electron beam as a small
spot on the specimen surface. It scans the specimens in the raster pattern.

When the high energy electron strikes the surface, some electrons are scattered due to
electron scattering. Some are knocked off from the surface, some electrons penetrate
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deep into inner shells to knock off inner shells electron due to which x rays are
produced.

These electrons detected using detector. the signals are amplified and displayed on TV
monitor. The final image is built up from the number of electron emitted from each spot
of the sample.

If the scattering is high at particular spot, the corresponding point on the screen is bright
and vice versa. This creates an image of the objects.

Advantages:-

1. High magnification range

2. Good image resolution

Limitations:-

1. Vacuum needed
2. gives only surface image of specimen
3. the specimen must be conductive

Application: - useful in material science, forensic science, solid state physics, medical
science

Q14) Derive Maxwell’s third equation in integral and differential form. Given that D= 20x î
+10 ĵ (C/m2 ). Determine the flux crossing 1 m2 area that is normal to the x-axis at x =
5m.

Answer:

{answer will be added here if i found}

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Q15) Distinguish between step index and graded index optical fiber.

Answer :

Sr.no. Step index fibre Graded index fibre.

The refractive index of the core The refractive index of the

1
of step index fiber is constant core of the graded index fiber
throughout the core. is maximum at center,core
and then it decreases
towards core-cladding
interface.

2 Step index fiber is of two types Graded index fiber is of only

viz; mono mode fiber and multi one type,that is multi mode
mode fiber. fiber.

3 The light rays propagate in The light rays,propagate in

zig-zag manner inside the core. the form of skew rays or
helical rays.

4 The rays cross the fiber axis for The rays will not cross
every reflection. the,fiber axis.

5 They can be manufactured They manufacturing process

easily. is complex.
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Q16) Distinguish between single mode and multimode optical fiber.

Answer ::

Q17) How is multipath dispersion overcome in Graded index fibre?

Answer ::

{Answer will be added here }

Q18) What is importance of resonant cavity in the operation of laser?

Answer::
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Light can be amplified by an active medium taken into the state of population inversion.
To achieve stimulated emission, N2 should be made greater than N1 and radiation
density should be high. These requirements are met with the help of an optical cavity
resonator.

An optical resonator consists of two opposing plane parallel mirrors with active material
placed in between them. One of the mirror is semitransparent while other is made 100
% reflecting. The mirrors are set normal to the optic axis of the material.

Initially active centers in the medium are in ground state. Through suitable pumping the
material is taken into the state of population inversion. Spontaneous photons are
emitted in every direction. To generate coherent output, it is imperative that photons with
specific directions are selected and others are rejected. Secondly, to attain maximum
possible amplification the photons are made to pass through the medium number of
times. Photons traveling parallel to axis, on reaching semitransparent mirror, some are
transmitted and many are reflected back. While propagating in the opposite direction
they deexcite some more atoms and builds up their strength. At 100 % reflecting mirror
some of the photons are absorbed are reflected back and likewise it undergoes multiple
reflections at the mirror and gains in strength. laser oscillation begins when amount of
amplified light becomes equal to amount of light transmitted and absorbed by mirror. As
the oscillation builds up to enough intensity, it emerges through the mirror which is
semitransparent as a highly collimated intense beam.
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Q19) A diffraction grating used at normal incidence gives a line, λ1 = 6000 A˚ in a

certain order superimposed on another lineλ2 = 4500 A˚ of the next higher order. If the
angle of diffraction is 30˚, how many lines are there in a cm in the grating?
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Answer::
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Q20) Explain the working of atomic force microscope in detail.

Answer::
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Q21)

Answer::

Answer will be added her

Q22)

Answer::
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Q23) A step index fiber has a core diameter of 29 x10-6 m. the refractive indices of core
and cladding are 1.52 And 1.5189 respectively. If the light of wavelength 1.3 µm is
transmitted through the fiber, determine. Normalized frequency of the fiber.

Answer::
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Q24) Derive Gauss law for static electric and magnetic field in differential and integral
form

Answer:
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Q25 ) What is the highest order spectrum, which may be seen with monochromatic light
of wavelength 6000 A˚ by means of a diffraction grating with 5000 lines/cm?

Answer :
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Q26) Explain the concept of time dilation and deduce an expression for it. A particle
moving with a speed of 0.7c. Calculate the ratio of the rest mass and mass while in
motion.

Answer :
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Q27) Explain the construction and working of a Transmission Electron microscope with
a schematic diagram.

Answer:

https://www.ques10.com/p/21666/draw-the-schematic-diagram-of-tem-and-explain-its-
/
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It uses quantum mechanical concept according to which wave nature of electron allow
them to tunnel through a very thin electrically insulating layer of vacuum or air.

STM scans an electric probe over a surface to be imaged to detect a weak electric
current flowing between the tip and the surface. It employs principle of electron
tunneling of quantum mechanics.

A very sharp needle is brought close to the surface to be imaged. The distance is of the
order of few A0. At such a distance, electron from the surface tunnel across the gap and
set up a measurable tunneling current in the needle.

This current is a precise indicator of distance between tip and the surface. the needle
can now be moved across the surface, at each point height being adjusted to maintain
tunneling current at a constant value.

Thus, a vertical position of a needle becomes equivalent to a record of surface

topography and can be converted into an observable picture.

Advantages :

1.Provide 3D profile of surface

2.Useful for charactering surface roughness

Applications :-

1. Observing surface defect

2. Determining size of molecule
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3. STM tips are used to rotate individual bonds within molecules

4. High quality STM can reach significant resolution to show single atom

Disadvantage :

Required extremely clean, stable surface and conducting specimen.

Q28) State Maxwell’s equations in differential form in a medium, in the presence of

charges and currents

Answer::

https://ask.quesnit.com/36/maxwells-equations-differential-presence

Q29) Describe any two methods to synthesize nanomaterials

Answer ::
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Q30) Describe the physical significance of gradient, Divergence and Curl.

Answer ::
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Q31)

Answer::

Q32) Derive the expression for the Numerical aperture for a step index fiber.

Answer::
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Q33) Draw and explain energy level diagram of Nd: YAG Laser.
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Answer::

1) Nd: YAG laser is a four-level laser system, which means that the four energy levels are involved
in laser action. The light energy sources such as flashtubes or laser diodes are used to supply
energy to the active medium. In Nd:YAG laser, the lower energy state electrons in the
neodymium ions are excited to the higher energy state to achieve
population inversion.

2) Consider a Nd:YAG crystal active medium consisting of four energy levels E1, E2, E3, and E4
with N number of electrons. The number of electrons in the energy states E1, E2, E3, and E4will
be N1, N2, N3, and N4. Let us assume that the energy levels will be E1 < E2 <E3 <E4. The energy
level E1 is known as ground state, E2 is the next higher energy state or excited state, E3 is the
metastable state or excited state and E4 is the pump state or excited state. Let us assume that
initially, the population will be N1 > N2 > N3 > N4.
3) When flashtube or laser diode supplies light energy to the active medium (Nd:YAG crystal), the
lower energy state (E1) electrons in the neodymium ions gains enough energy and moves to the
pump state or higher energy state E4.
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4) The lifetime of pump state or higher energy state E4 is very small (230 microseconds ( µs)) so
the electrons in the energy state E4 do not stay for long period. After a short period, the
electrons will fall into the next lower energy state or metastable state E3 by releasing non
radiation energy (releasing energy without emitting photons).
5) The lifetime of metastable state E3 is high as compared to the lifetime of pump state E4.
Therefore, the electrons reach E3 much faster than they leave E3. This results in an increase in
the number of electrons in the metastable E3 and hence population inversion is achieved.
6) After some period, the electrons in the metastable state E3 will fall into the next lower energy
state E2 by releasing photons or light. The emission of photons in this manner is called
spontaneous emission. Population Inversion takes place between E3 and E2 .A continuous laser
of 10600 ֯A in infrared region is given out due to stimulate emission taking place between E3 and
E2 .

Q34) Prove that is invariant under Lorentz transformation.

Answer:
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Q35) What is length contraction? Derive the expression for the same?

Answer ::
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Q36) State Maxwell’s all four equations and give the significance of each.

Answer::
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Q37) Calculate the number of modes of a step index optical fibre of diameter 40 𝝁𝒎 if
its core and cladding refractive indices are 1.5 and 1.46, respectively. Wavelength of
light used is 1.5 𝝁m

Answer::

Q38) When a frame of reference is said to be a non-inertial frame of reference? Give an

example.

Answer ::
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Q39) What is Galilean transformation? Derive Galilean transformation equations for

position and time.

Answer::

https://ask.quesnit.com/37/transformation-transformation-equations

Q40) Describe the fiber optics communication system with block diagram

Answer::
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