Data Visualization

• Data visualization - the process of displaying data

(often in large quantities) in a meaningful fashion to
provide insights that will support better decisions.
– Data visualization improves decision-making,
provides managers with better analysis capabilities
that reduce reliance on IT professionals, and
improves collaboration and information sharing.

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Example 3.1: Tabular vs . Visual Data er us

Analysis (1 of 2)
• Tabular data can be used to determine exactly how many units of a
certain product were sold in a particular month, or to compare one
month to another.
– For example, we see that sales of product A dropped in February,
specifically by 6.7% (computed as 1 – B3/B1). Beyond such
calculations, however, it is difficult to draw big picture conclusions.

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Example 3.1: Tabular vs . Visual Data er us

Analysis (2 of 2)
• A visual chart provides the means to
– easily compare overall sales of
different products (Product C
sells the least, for example);
– identify trends (sales of Product
D are increasing), other patterns
(sales of Product C is relatively
stable while sales of Product B
fluctuates more over time), and
exceptions (Product E’s sales
fell considerably in September).

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Creating Charts in Microsoft Excel
• Highlight the data.
• Select the Insert tab.
• Click on the chart type, then subtype.

• Use the options in the Design (Chart Design in Mac) and

Format tabs to customize your chart.

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Column and Bar Charts
• Excel distinguishes between vertical and horizontal bar charts,
calling the former column charts and the latter bar charts.
– A clustered column chart compares values across
categories using vertical rectangles;
– a stacked column chart displays the contribution of each
value to the total by stacking the rectangles;
– a 100% stacked column chart compares the percentage that
each value contributes to a total.
• Column and bar charts are useful for comparing categorical or
ordinal data, for illustrating differences between sets of values,
and for showing proportions or percentages of a whole.

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Example 3.2: Creating a Column
Chart (1 of 2)
Highlight the range which includes the headings and
data for each category. Click on the Column Chart button
and then on the first chart type in the list (a clustered column
chart).

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Example 3.2: Creating a Column
Chart (2 of 2)
• To add a title, click on the first icon in the Chart Layouts group. Click on “Chart Title” in
the chart and change it to “EEO Employment Report-Alabama.” The names of the data
series can be changed by clicking on the Select Data button in the Data group of the
Design tab. In the Select Data Source dialog (see below), click on “Series1” and then the
Edit button. Enter the name of the data series, in this case “All Employees.” Change the
names of the other data series to “Men” and “Women” in a similar fashion.

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Line Charts
• Line charts provide a useful means for displaying data over
time.
– You may plot multiple data series in line charts;
however, they can be difficult to interpret if the
magnitude of the data values differs greatly. In that
case, it would be advisable to create separate charts
for each data series.

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Example 3.3: A Line Chart for China
Export Data

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Pie Charts
• A pie chart displays the relative proportion of each data
source to the total by partitioning a circle into pie-shaped
areas.

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Example 3.4: A Pie Chart for Census
Data

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Pie Chart Alternatives
• Data visualization professionals don’t recommend using pie charts. In a pie chart, it is
difficult to compare the relative sizes of areas; however, the bars in the column chart can
easily be compared to determine relative ratios of the data.

– If you do use pie charts, restrict them to small numbers of categories, always
ensure that the numbers add to 100%, and use labels to display the group names
and actual percentages. Avoid three-dimensional (3-D) pie charts-especially those
that are rotated-and keep them simple.

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Area Charts
• An area chart combines the features of a pie chart with
those of line charts.
– Area charts present more information than pie or line
charts alone but may clutter the observer’s mind with
too many details if too many data series are used; thus,
they should be used with care.

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Example 3.5: An Area Chart for
Energy Consumption

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Scatter Charts
• Scatter charts show the relationship between two
variables. To construct a scatter chart, we need
observations that consist of pairs of variables.

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Example 3.6: A Scatter Chart for Real
Estate Data

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Orbit Charts

• An orbit chart is a scatter chart in which the points are

connected in sequence, such as over time. Orbit charts
show the “path” that the data take over time, often showing
some unusual patterns that can provide unique insights.
– Create a scatter chart with smooth lines and markers.

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Bubble Charts

• A bubble chart is a type of scatter chart in which

the size of the data marker corresponds to the
value of a third variable; consequently, it is a way
to plot three variables in two dimensions.

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Example 3.7: A Bubble Chart for
Stock Comparisons

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Combination Charts

• Often, we wish to display multiple data series on

the same chart using different chart types. Excel
2016 for Windows provides a Combo Chart option
for constructing such a combination chart; in Excel
2016 for Mac, it must be done manually.
• We can also plot a second data series on a
secondary axis; this is particularly useful when the
scales differ greatly.

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Example 3.8: Creating a Combination
Chart and Secondary Axis (1 of 3)

• Construct a chart that shows the sales of product

E as compared to the monthly goals.

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Example 3.8: Creating a Combination
Chart and Secondary Axis (2 of 3)

• In Excel 2016 for Windows, select the data in columns G

and H, and from the Charts options in the Insert ribbon,
select Insert Combo Chart.

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Example 3.8: Creating a Combination
Chart and Secondary Axis (3 of 3)

• Combo chart with secondary axis showing the percent of

goal achieved.

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Radar Charts

• Radar charts show multiple metrics on a spider

web.
• This is a useful chart to compare survey data from
one time period to another or to compare
performance of different entities such as factories,
companies, and so on using the same criteria.

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Example 3.9: A Radar Chart for
Survey Responses

• Average survey responses for six questions on a customer

satisfaction survey are shown. The radar chart compares the
average responses between the first and second quarters. You
can easily see which responses increased or decreased.

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Stock Charts

• A stock chart allows you to plot stock prices,

such as daily high, low, and close values.
• We will explain how to create stock charts in
Chapter 6 to visualize some statistical results,
and again in Chapter 15 to visualize optimization
results.

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Geographic Data
• Many applications of business analytics involve geographic data.
Visualizing geographic data can highlight key data relationships,
identify trends, and uncover business opportunities. In addition, it can
often help to spot data errors and help end users understand solutions,
thus increasing the likelihood of acceptance of decision models.
• Companies like Nike use geographic data and information systems for
visualizing where products are being distributed and how that relates
to demographic and sales information. This information is vital to
marketing strategies.
• Excel 2016 for Windows includes a geographic visualization tool called
3D Maps. Another excellent option is Tableau, which is described in
the Appendix to this chapter.

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Other Excel Data Visualization Tools

• Data bars
• Color scales
• Icon sets
• Sparklines

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Example 3.10: Data Visualization with
Data Bars (1 of 2)
• Data bars display colored bars that are scaled to the magnitude of the
data values (similar to a bar chart) but placed directly within the cells of
a range.
– Highlight the data in each column, click the Conditional Formatting
button in the Styles group within the Home tab, select Data Bars,
and choose the fill option and color.

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Example 3.10: Data Visualization with
Data Bars (2 of 2)

• You may also display data bars without the data in

the cells. Copy the data next to the original data to
display the data bars along with the original data.

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Example 3.11: Data Visualization with
Color Scales
• Color scales shade cells based on their numerical value
using a color palette.

• Color-coding of quantitative data is commonly called a

heatmap.
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Example 3.12: Data Visualization with
Customized Icon Sets
• Icon sets provide similar information using various symbols such as
arrows or stoplight colors.

Arrow icons that code

the monthly product
sales for each product
as green if they are in
the top 20% of the
data range, red if in
the bottom 20%, and
yellow if in between.

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Sparklines

• Sparklines are graphics that summarize a row or column

of data in a single cell.
• Excel has three types of sparklines: line, column, and
win/loss.
– Line sparklines are clearly useful for time-series data.
– Column sparklines are more appropriate for categorical
data.
– Win-loss sparklines are useful for data that move up or
down over time.

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Example 3.13: Examples of
Sparklines

• Generally you need to expand the row or column widths to display them
effectively. Notice, however, that the lengths of the bars are not scaled
properly to the data; for example, in the first one, products D and E are roughly
one-third the value of Product E yet the bars are not scaled correctly. So be
careful when using them.

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Dashboards
• A dashboard is a visual representation of a set of key business
measures. It is derived from the analogy of an automobile’s control
panel, which displays speed, gasoline level, temperature, and so on.
– Dashboards provide important summaries of key business
information to help manage a business process or function.

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