 Form classes: The parts of speech

- Parts of speech
+ Grammar: the system of rules that define a lang. & comprises the classes of words, their
pronun. & their functions and relations in the sentence (Lester, p.243).
+ Words in English: 2 main classes
* open classes (lexical words):
Noun- Ns.; Verb- Vs.; Adjective – Adjs; Adverb- Advs
Have their dictionary meaning&
Have a large membership.
Open to reiceive new members
* closed classes (funtional words):
Have their grammatical meaning
Have a small , restricted membership that rarely changes
Not to open for new members
Pronoun- prons.; auxilary- auxs.; determiners - deters.; presposition - preps.; conjuction - conjs.
 Open classes/ Content/ Lexical words – Chapter 5
1. Noun: N.
- present/ describe the name of person, place, thing, an idea
- 2 Types of N:
+ Proper N: specifics a particular person/ place.
+ Common N: refers to a generalized group of things, objects is can be classified into.
 Concrete N: represents somthing that can be seen, touch... Ex: sugar boy
 Abstract N: is just something we imagine. Ex: knowledge, emotion.
 Countable: counted by unit of measures
Uncountable N: is not counted.
Ex: sugar => a spoon of sugar.
+ Collective N ( Danh từ tập hợp): identified a group of people/things/objects
 Can be singular or plural form of verbs. Ex: My family is happy/ My family are happy –
chỉ thành viên trong gia đình.
 A noun can be anwered for What, Who?
2. Adjective: Adj
 - As describe the quality of a N / state of sth.
- An A is moddified a N, it can be preceded or followed a N- age, distance, time,
indefinite pronoun. Ex. There is nothing left in the fridge.
- In a sentence, an Adj is fuctioned as subject complement – SC, Object implement –
OC, or attributive /modiffier-M of a N.
Ex. She is a beautiful girl. A/M/ Aval – bổ nghĩa cho N: girl.
That plan seems incomplete is unusually expensive. Adjective phrase (AP)/ subject
complement ( SC) / Ajal
Every one considers her intelligent. A/OC/ Ajal ; Her: Pr/DO/Nal
- An A has 3 forms: Base, comparative, superlative.
 Answered for How, Which.
3. Adverb:
- Describe the place, manner, time, reason, etc
- An Adv is an how long, how often, where, why, when, how much, what, under what
condition,...
Ex:
- He ran quickly – AP/M/Aval
severaly punished by his father, the boy ran away
Av/M/Aval Av/M/Aval Av/ M/Aval
- She is a extremely nice girl
VN: Av/ M/ Aval
Nice: A/M/Ajal
- The boy sitting alone in corner of the class is a newcommer.
Alone: Av/ M/ Aval
sitting alone in corner of the class:Present Participle Phrase- Pre.Past.P/M/Ajal
- He drove very quickly
Very quickly: AvP- Adverb Phrase/ M/ aval
Very: Av/M/ Aval – modifier to adv
- Coming home later, he went straight to bed.
Straight: Av/M/ Aval – to bed ( PP)
To bed : PP/ M/Aval – straight
Home & later: Av/ M/ Aval – come
- Although it ran heavily, he still goes to school.
Heavily: Av/ M/ Aval – Ran
Still: Av/ M/ Aval – goes
To school: PP/ M/ Aval
Although it ran heavily: AvC: Adverb Clause/ M/ Aval - he still goes to school.
Despite / because of heavy rain – Modifer to he still goes to school.
4. Verb (V)
- Express an action, a state of being or a process
- 2 main types of verbs:
 Auxiliary ( mục b của closed class)
+ Primary(semi) auxi: The one that can be main verb or auxiliary – “ be, do, have”
+ Model auxi: always auxi and come with main verb, has only one form.
 Main Verb
+ Have dic meaning
+ Main verb can be either.
- Linking Verbs: Express the state of being
Followed by an adj or a N
Can be replaced by “ be, become, remain,..”
Some LV: appear, feel, look, seem, sound, smell, taste, keep , go, turn,
find, continue.
Ex: In fall, the leaves the tree turn yellow – turn: Lv
Please do not turn left here- turn: intransitive verb ( ngoại động từ)
Keep silence, please. - Keep: LV
- Action Verb: Express an action or a process
To sub main types
 Transitive verb: Require a N or a Pronoun to complete its.
A N or a Pronoun can be fuctioned as a direct object ( DO)
Ex: I want a glass of tiger beer. NP/ DO/Nal
 Intransitive verb: does not need a DO to complete its meaning.
 Seff- sufficient verb. Ex: He is laughing.
  Form of verb:
- Finite Verb: tense, member.
- Infinite verb: gerund, infinite, participles.
 Closed/ Fuctional Classes of Words
a. Pnonouns ( pro):
- The one to replace a noun, phrase or clause called its antecedent
- Types of a pronoun
(1) personal pronoun:
+ specify person or things
+ Change the form in number or person.
(2) Interrogative PrN: To ask in4, offer in4.
(3) Demonstrative PrN: Show which N Performs or reiceiving an action: this, that, these,
those
(4) Reciprocal pronouns: (đại từ đối xứng) together, one another, each other.
Ex: We are happy to work together.
happy to work together: AP/ SC/ ajal.
to work together: Inf P – Infinite Phrase/ CoA- complement of adjective/ Nal
together: Pr(av)/M/ Aval.
Ex: The new computer are now in this library.
Those on the far wall have hard disks, and these have color monitors.
(5) Relative Pronoun: introduce a dependent clause/ relative clause/ an adjective.
Sometimes, relative PrN are similar to interrogative pronoun or adverbs.
Phân biệt 5 và 2: rela luôn có N đi trước, thay cho N đó, bổ nghĩa cho N.
Notes: Some special Relative Pronouns
- As:
When the antercedent is modified by “ same” or “ such” , the relative pronoun will be ‘ as”
Ex: She wore the same dress as she did at Henry’s wedding.
The same => +as she did at Henry’s wedding. AC/M/Ajal
I never heard such stories as- pc he’s telling
as- pc he’s telling: modified to stories.
- But:
In a negative sentence, “ but” is used instead of “ who,/ which” in form double negative.
Ex. There is not a single man here but/who does not loves you. (pc)
She said nothing but cry(N) – conjuction in here: 2 N
There is noone here but wants your positions. But: rlative PrN
She is but a child. But: Adv( meaning: only, replace: still, only)
Ex: a. I don’t remember the town where I was born : relative PrN
where I was born: Adjective Clause(AC)/M/ Ajal
b. I don’t remember where I was born – interrogative prN
where I was born: Noun Phrase(NC)/DO/Nal
c. I ‘ll follow where you go. Adverb
where you go: AvC/ M/ Aval.
(6) Indefinite Pronoun: prefer to a group people, things or objects.
Ex. Someone, somebody, noone, none, anyone, anybody, nothing, all, several one, a great
amount of , the number of,…
Ex. Several here are intelligent.
(7) Reflecxive pronouns: Name a reiceiver of an action that in indentical to the one doing
that action
Come with suffxes: { -self}
Ex: I cut myself – Ref PrN/ PO/ Nal
John is looking at himself in the mirror. – Pr/ DO/Nal
Fuctioned as a N/ a DO.
(8) Emphasing Pronouns: Name of reiceiver of an actio that is similar to the one doing that
action.
Use for emphasis and can be omitted.
Ex: The President himself visited us last widget. Emphrase Pr.

b. Prepositions( prep)
- use with a N or a PrN to form a phrase showing place, time, manner, reason…
 - that phrase is called a prepositional phrase (PP) => PP=> NP ( Noun Phrase)
Ex. The boy is sitting near the window. – PP/M/Aval – M for sitting.
Our class starts at 7.30 – PP/M/Aval – M for starts

- Types of prep:
 Simple prepositions: contains one word.
 Compound prepositions: may have at least two single word.
 {-ing} prepositions: the verb is as a stem: following, including, during,…
d. Conjunction ( conj)
- Types of conj:
 Co- ordinating conjunctions: join equal items – FANBOYS
 And, but, or, so.
Ex. We will live in a dorm or an off campus place
Peter and will go to school by bicycle.
We left the party early, but everyone stayed midnight.
Both… and..
Not only… but also…
No sooner… than…
Either… or… / neither… no…
 Same with “ and”
 Subordinating conjunction: introduce dependent subordinate clauses => adverb
clauses.
- Identify the noun and always precede at.
- Determiners are
+ Article: Indefinite
Definite.
+ Possessive adjs
+ Possessive noun/ possessive case- sở hữu cách. John’s children
Det N
+ Numerals: Cardinal – số thứ tự
Ordinal – số đếm.
Ex.The first three chapter.
Det post-det N
+ Indefinite words: identify group of people, things
Ex. A number of students here are good – looking.
Det N
=>Conclu for determiners:
The 1st three determiners articles, posessive adjs & possessive nouns are always considered “
determiners”
Numerals, indefinite words cn be either determiner, pre – deter or post – deter.
Ex.
Three students come here early.
det
All the three students are handsome.
Pre-det det post det