Department of Computer Engineering 3/11/2025

Unit 2
Internet of Things –
Sensors and Actuators
Course : Emerging Trends in Computer Engineering
and Information Technology
Course Abbr. and Code: ETI – 22618
Semester : CO – 6 I

– IoT Devices and its features

– Common and popular IoT devices
Outline – IoT Devices
Sensors and – Sensors
Actuators – Actuators
– Types of sensors and actuators

Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Ploytechnic, Dhule 1

Department of Computer Engineering 3/11/2025

IoT Devices and its features

• Internet of Things Devices
– IoT Devices is non-standard devices that connect wirelessly to a network
with each other and able to transfer the data.
– IoT devices are enlarging the internet connectivity beyond standard
devices such as smart phones, laptops, tablets, and desktops.
– There are large varieties of IoT devices available based on IEEE 802.15.4
standard.
– These devices range from wireless motes# attachable sensor-boards to
interface-board which are useful for researchers and developers.
– IoT devices include computer devices, software, wireless sensors, and
actuators.
– These IoT devices are connected over the internet and enabling the data
transfer among objects or people automatically without human
intervention.
# : A sensor node, also known as a mote

Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

Properties of IoT Devices

• Some of the essential properties of IoT devices are mention below:
• Sense:
– The devices that sense its surrounding environment in the form of temperature,
movement, and appearance of things, etc.
• Send and receive data:
– IoT devices are able to send and receive the data over the network connection.
• Analyze:
– The devices can able to analyze the data that received from the other device over
the internet networks.
• Controlled:
– IoT devices may control from some endpoint also.
– Otherwise, the IoT devices are themselves communicate with each other
endlessly leads to the system failure.

Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Ploytechnic, Dhule 2

Department of Computer Engineering 3/11/2025

Common and popular IoT devices

Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

IoT Devices

Arduino Raspberry Nodeμ Sensors Actuators

Uno Pi

Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Ploytechnic, Dhule 3

Department of Computer Engineering 3/11/2025

1. Arduino Uno
Arduino devices
– These are the microcontroller kit
– Microcontroller kit for building digital devices that can be sensed and control objects in
the physical and digital world.
– Arduino boards are furnished with a set of digital and analog input/output pins that may
be interfaced to various other circuits.
– Some Arduino boards include USB (Universal Serial Bus) used for loading programs from
the personal computer.
– Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software.
Properties of Arduino:
• Inexpensive
• Cross-platform
• Simple, clear programming environment
• Open source and extensible hardware
Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

Components of Arduino Uno

• ARM CPU/GPU
• GPIO -- exposed
general-purpose input
/ output connection
• RCA
• Audio out
• LEDs
• USB
• HDMI
• Power
• SD cardslot
• Ethernet

Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Ploytechnic, Dhule 4

Department of Computer Engineering 3/11/2025

2. Raspberry Pi
• It is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or
TV
• The Raspberry Pi is a very cheap computer that runs Linux
• It uses an SD card for its operating system and data storage
• It uses a standard keyboard and mouse
• It also provides a set of GPIO (general purpose input/output) pins that allow you to
control electronic components for physical computing and explore the Internet of
Things (IoT).
• Raspberry Pi has an ARMv6 700 MHz single-core processor, a VideoCore IV GPU
and 512MB of RAM.
• The Raspberry Pi officially supports Raspbian, a lightweight Linux OS based on
Debian.
• Back in 2006, while Eben Upton, his colleagues at University of Cambridge, in
conjunction with Pete Lomas and David Braben, formed the Raspberry Pi
Foundation.

Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

Components of Raspberry pi Applications of Raspberry pi

• Media steamer
• Tablet computer
• Home automation
• Internet radio
• Controlling robots
• Cosmic Computer
• Arcade machines
• Raspberry pi based projects

Advantages
 Small size (of credit card size)
 Price is low
 To work as a server is more
effective than the normal
Server.
Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Ploytechnic, Dhule 5

Department of Computer Engineering 3/11/2025

Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

3. Nodeμ (Node Micro Controller Unit)

• The NodeMCU (Node MicroController Unit)
– An open source IoT platform
– Open source software and hardware
development environment
• It is built around a very inexpensive System-on-a-
Chip (SoC) called the ESP8266.
• The ESP8266 can be controlled
– from your local Wi-Fi network or
– from the internet (after port forwarding).
The ESP-01 module has GPIO pins that can be programmed
to turn an LED or a relay ON/OFF through the internet.

The module can be programmed

 Using an Arduino/USB-to-TTL converter through the serial pins (RX,TX)
 It uses the LUA scripting and C language with Arduino software (using Arduino library).
Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Ploytechnic, Dhule 6

Department of Computer Engineering 3/11/2025

Nodeμ
NodeMCU Development board is
featured with wifi capability, analog
pin, digital pins and serial
communication protocols.
• It has 10 GPIO, every GPIO can be
PWM, I2C, 1-wire. It is Wi-Fi
enabled device.
• NodeMCUDev Kit has Arduino like
Analog (i.e. A0) and Digital (D0-D8)
pins on its board.

It supports serial communication protocols i.e. UART, SPI, I2C etc.

 Using such serial protocols we can connect it with serial devices like I2C enabled
LCD display, Magnetometer HMC5883, MPU-6050 Gyro meter + Accelerometer,
RTC chips, GPS modules, touch screen displays, SD cards etc.
Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

4. Sensors
• A sensor is an electronic instrument that is able
– To measure the physical quantity and
– Generate a considerate output.
– These output of the sensors are usually in the form of electrical signals.
• Sensors are placed as such they can directly interact with the environment
to sense the input energy with the help of sensing element.
• This sensed energy is converted into a more suitable form by a
transduction element.
• Fundamentally there are two types – Analog and Digital
– Analog sensor does not have any ADC.
– A digital sensor is incorporated with an Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
– The different types come under these two basic types.
• There are various types of sensors such as
– position, temperature, pressure, speed sensors etc.

Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Ploytechnic, Dhule 7

Department of Computer Engineering 3/11/2025

Types of Sensors

Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

Sensors Function
Temperature Measure the amount of heat energy generated from an object or surrounding
sensors area.
Humidity sensors Amount of water vapour in air, or humidity
Motion sensors Senses motion
Gas sensors To detect toxic gases
Smoke sensors To detect smoke
Pressure sensors Monitor systems that are driven by pressure signals
Image sensors Capture images
Accelerometer To detect orientation of an object, shake, tap, tilt, motion, positioning, shock or
sensors vibration.
IR Sensors Infra Red (IR) sensors can measure the heat emitted by objects.
Proximity Sensors Detect the presence or absence of nearby object without any physical contact.

Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Ploytechnic, Dhule 8

Department of Computer Engineering 3/11/2025

Sensors Use
Temperature sensors Air-conditioners, refrigerators and similar devices used for environmental control. They
are also used in manufacturing processes, agriculture and health industry.
Humidity sensors Home, industry, textile industry
Motion sensors Security purposes, automatic door controls, automatic parking systems, automated
sinks, automated toilet flushers, hand dryers, energy management systems etc.
Gas sensors Electrochemical, photo-ionisation and semiconductor
Smoke sensors Homes and industries
Pressure sensors Mobile phones, PDAs, GPS navigation devices and outdoor equipment. In smart
vehicles and aircrafts. In vehicle, tyre pressure monitoring system (TPMS)

Image sensors Digital cameras, medical imaging systems, night vision equipment, thermal imaging
devices, radars, sonar, media house and biometric systems
Accelerometer sensors Smartphones, vehicles, aircrafts and other applications
Infra Red Sensors Healthcare, Smart phones, wearable devices, thermometers, blind-spot detection in
vehicles
Proximity Sensors In object counters, process monitoring and control.

Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

5. Actuators
• An actuator
– It is a device that alters the physical quantity
– It can cause a mechanical component to move after getting some
input from the sensor.
– It receives control input (generally in the form of the electrical signal)
and generates a change in the physical system through producing
force, heat, motion, etc.
• Example –
– Stepper motor - where an electrical pulse drives the motor.
– Each time a pulse given in the input accordingly motor rotates in a
predefined amount.
– A stepper motor is suitable for the applications where the position of
the object has to be controlled precisely, for example, robotic arm.
For more information on Actuators https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/actuators-in-iot/
Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Ploytechnic, Dhule 9

Department of Computer Engineering 3/11/2025

Basic Actuators used in IoT projects

Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

Basicactuators
Basic Actuators used
used in IoTIoTprojects
in your projects

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S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Ploytechnic, Dhule 10

Department of Computer Engineering 3/11/2025

Any questions ?

Nishad D Patel, Dept of Computer Engineering, S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule

S.S.V.P.S's B. S. Deore Ploytechnic, Dhule 11