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Combined Notes 15EC72

The document outlines the lecture notes for a course on Digital Image Processing at Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore, detailing the vision and mission of the institution and department. It covers course objectives, outcomes, and a comprehensive syllabus divided into modules that include fundamental concepts, spatial and frequency domain processing, restoration techniques, color image processing, and segmentation. The course aims to equip students with essential knowledge and skills in digital image processing for various applications in science and engineering.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

75 views252 pages

Combined Notes 15EC72

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tbellavana

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Maharaja Education Trust (R), Mysuru

Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore

Belawadi, Sriranga Pattana Taluk, Mandya – 571 477

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi,

Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi & Recognized by Government of Karnataka

Lecture Notes on
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING (15EC72)

Prepared by
Prof. Devendran B.
Prof. Anitha Raghavendra

Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Maharaja Education Trust (R), Mysuru
Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore
Belawadi, Sriranga Pattana Taluk, Mandya – 571 477

Vision/ ಆಶಯ
“To be recognized as a premier technical and management institution promoting extensive
education fostering research, innovation and entrepreneurial attitude"
ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ, ಆವಿಷ್ಕಾ ರ ಹಾಗೂ ಉದ್ಯ ಮಶೋಲತೆಯನ್ನು ಉತೆತ ೋಜಿಸುವ ಅಗ್ರ ಮಾನ್ಯ ತಾಂತ್ರರ ಕ ಮತ್ತತ ಆಡಳಿತ

ವಿಜ್ಞಾ ನ್ ಶಕ್ಷಣ ಕಾಂದ್ರ ವಾಗಿ ಗುರುತ್ರಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳು ವುದು.

Mission/ ಧ್ಯ ೇಯ
➢ To empower students with indispensable knowledge through dedicated teaching and
collaborative learning.
ಸಮರ್ಪಣಾ ಮನೋಭಾವದ್ ಬೋಧನೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಸಹಭಾಗಿತವ ದ್ ಕಲಿಕಾಕರ ಮಗ್ಳಿಾಂದ್ ವಿದ್ಯಯ ರ್ಥಪಗ್ಳನ್ನು
ಅತಯ ತಾ ೃಷ್ಟ ಜ್ಞಾ ನ್ಸಂರ್ನ್ು ರಾಗಿಸುವುದು.

➢ To advance extensive research in science, engineering and management disciplines.

ವೈಜ್ಞಾ ನಿಕ, ತಾಂತ್ರರ ಕ ಹಾಗೂ ಆಡಳಿತ ವಿಜ್ಞಾ ನ್ ವಿಭಾಗ್ಗ್ಳಲಿಿ ವಿಸತ ೃತ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆಗ್ಳೊಡನೆ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ

ಹಾಂದುವುದು.

➢ To facilitate entrepreneurial skills through effective institute - industry collaboration and

interaction with alumni.
ಉದ್ಯ ಮ ಕ್ಷ ೋತಗ್ಳೊಡನೆ ಸಹಯೋಗ್, ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ ಯ ಹಿರಿಯ ವಿದ್ಯಯ ರ್ಥಪಗ್ಳೊಾಂದಿಗೆ ನಿರಂತರ ಸಂವಹನ್ಗ್ಳಿಾಂದ್

ವಿದ್ಯಯ ರ್ಥಪಗ್ಳಿಗೆ ಉದ್ಯ ಮಶೋಲತೆಯ ಕೌಶಲಯ ರ್ಡೆಯಲು ನೆರವಾಗುವುದು.

➢ To instill the need to uphold ethics in every aspect.

ಜಿೋವನ್ದ್ಲಿಿ ನೈತ್ರಕ ಮೌಲಯ ಗ್ಳನ್ನು ಅಳವಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳು ವುದ್ರ ಮಹತವ ದ್ ಕುರಿತ್ತ ಅರಿವು ಮೂಡಿಸುವುದು.

➢ To mould holistic individuals capable of contributing to the advancement of the society.

ಸಮಾಜದ್ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಗೆ ಗ್ಣನಿೋಯ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ನಿೋಡಬಲಿ ರ್ರಿಪೂಣಪ ವಯ ಕ್ತತ ತವ ವುಳು ಸಮರ್ಪ ನಾಗ್ರಿೋಕರನ್ನು
ರೂಪಿಸುವುದು.

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Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

“To be recognized by the society at large as offering value-based quality education to groom the
next generation entrepreneurs, leaders and researchers in the field of electronics and
communication to meet the challenges at global level”.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

1. To groom the students with strong foundations of Electronics and Communication
Engineering and to facilitate them to pursue higher education and research.
2. To educate and prepare the students to be competent to face the challenges of the
industry/society and /or to become successful entrepreneurs.
3. To provide ethical and value-based education by promoting activities addressing the societal
needs.
4. Enable students to develop skills to solve complex technological problems of current times
and also provide a framework for promoting collaborative and multidisciplinary activities.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

Students graduating in Electronics and Communication Engineering will also be able to
1. Apply the basic concepts of engineering science into various areas of Electronics and
Communication Engineering to develop solutions as per specifications.
2. Solve complex Electronics and Communication Engineering problems, using state of the art
hardware and software tools, along with analytical skills to arrive at cost effective and efficient
solutions.

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Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Program Outcomes

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

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Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Course Overview
Digital image processing is a rapidly evolving field with growing applications in science and engineering. Image
processing holds the possibility of developing the ultimate machine that could perform the visual functions of
all living beings. Digital image processing deals with processing of images which are digital in nature. Study of
the subject is motivated by major applications like improvement of pictorial information for human perception
i.e. enhancing the quality of the image so that the image will have a better look and for autonomous machine
applications which have wider applications in industries, particularly for quality control in assembly automation
and many similar applications.
This Course is an introduction to image processing and image analysis techniques, which includes image sensors,
image Enhancement and Restoration, Histogram analysis, Filtering and Transform techniques, colour image
fundamentals, restoration techniques, segmentation using morphological watersheds and models.
This Course enables the students to understand the fundamentals of Image Processing, pre-processing
techniques, various image processing algorithms both in time and frequency domain and Colour models. Also
to take up the projects by applying various concepts of image processing.

Course Objectives
➢ Understand the fundamentals of digital image processing
➢ Understand the image transform used in digital image processing
➢ Understand the image enhancement techniques used in digital image processing
➢ Understand the image restoration techniques and methods used in digital image processing
➢ Understand the Morphological Operations and Segmentation used in digital image processing

Course Outcomes
CO’s DESCRIPTION OF THE OUTCOMES
Understand the fundamentals of digital image processing, image transformation,
15EC72.1 segmentation, restoration, morphological processing, feature extraction and color
models.
Apply basic pixel relations, image enhancement, segmentation, restoration and
15EC72.2
morphological techniques on different images to solve image processing problems.
Analyze various image transformation techniques both in spatial and frequency
15EC72.3
domain for image enhancement.
15EC72.4 Implement various image processing and analysis algorithm in practical applications.

Devendran B. Anitha Raghavendra. Anitha Raghavendra.

Faculty Course Coordinator

Facilitator NBA Coordinator HOD

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Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Syllabus
Subject: Digital Image Processing Subject Code: 15EC72

RBT
Module – 1
Level
Digital Image Fundamentals:
What is Digital Image Processing? Origins of Digital Image Processing, Examples of
fields that use DIP, Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing, Components of an
L1,
Image Processing System, Elements of Visual Perception, Image Sensing and
L2
Acquisition, Image Sampling and Quantization, Some Basic Relationships Between
Pixels, Linear and Nonlinear Operations. [Text: Chapter 1 and Chapter 2: Sections 2.1
to 2.5, 2.6.2]
Module -2
Spatial Domain: Some Basic Intensity Transformation Functions, Histogram
Processing, Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering, Smoothing Spatial Filters, Sharpening
Spatial Filters L1,
Frequency Domain: Preliminary Concepts, The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of L2,
Two Variables, Properties of the 2-D DFT, Filtering in the Frequency Domain, Image L3
Smoothing and Image Sharpening Using Frequency Domain Filters, Selective Filtering.
[Text: Chapter 3: Sections 3.2 to 3.6 and Chapter 4: Sections 4.2, 4.5 to 4.10]
Module -3
Restoration: Noise models, Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only using Spatial
Filtering and Frequency Domain Filtering, Linear, Position Invariant Degradations, L1,
Estimating the Degradation Function, Inverse Filtering, Minimum Mean Square Error L2,
(Wiener) Filtering, Constrained Least Squares Filtering. [Text: Chapter 5: Sections 5.2, L3
to 5.9]
Module -4
Color Image Processing: Color Fundamentals, Color Models, Pseudo color Image
Processing. Wavelets: Background, Multiresolution Expansions. Morphological Image L1,
Processing: Preliminaries, Erosion and Dilation, Opening and Closing, The Hit-or- L2,
Miss Transforms, Some Basic Morphological Algorithms. [Text: Chapter 6: Sections L3
6.1 to 6.3, Chapter 7: Sections 7.1 and 7.2, Chapter 9: Sections 9.1 to 9.5]
Module -5
Segmentation: Point, Line, and Edge Detection, Thresholding, Region Based
L1,
Segmentation, Segmentation Using Morphological Watersheds. Representation and
L2,
Description: Representation, Boundary descriptors. [Text: Chapter 10: Sections 10.2, to
L3
10.5 and Chapter 11: Sections 11.1 and 11.2]

Text Books:
1. Digital Image Processing- Rafel C Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, PHI 3rd Edition 2010.

Reference Books:
1. Digital Image Processing- S.Jayaraman, S.Esakkirajan, T.Veerakumar, Tata McGraw Hill
2014.
2. Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing-A. K. Jain, Pearson 2004.

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Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Index
Subject: Digital Image Processing Subject Code: 15EC72

Sl. No. Particulars Page No.

1. Vision and Mission of the Institute ii

2. Vision, Mission and PSOs of the Department iii

3. Program Outcomes iv

4. Course Overview v

5. Syllabus vi

6. Module -1: DIGITAL IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS 1-38

7. Module -2: SPATIAL AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN 39-109

8. Module -3: RESTORATION 110-139

9. Module -4: COLOR IMAGE PROCESSING AND WAVELETS 140-217

Module -5: SEGMENTATION, REPRESENTATION &

10. 218-244
DESCRIPTION

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 80

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 81

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 82

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 83

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 84

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 85

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 86

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 87

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 88

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 89

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 90

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 91

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING | MODULE-2:SPATIAL AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN 15EC72

MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 92

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 93

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 94

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING | MODULE-2:SPATIAL AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN 15EC72

MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 95

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING | MODULE-2:SPATIAL AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN 15EC72

MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 96

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 97

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING | MODULE-2:SPATIAL AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN 15EC72

MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 98

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING | MODULE-2:SPATIAL AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN 15EC72

MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 99

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 100

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 101

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 102

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 103

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 104

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 105

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 106

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 107

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 108

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 109

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING | MODULE-3:RESTORATION 15EC72

MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 110

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 111

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 112

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 113

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 114

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 115

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 116

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 117

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 118

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 119

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 120

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 121

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 122

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 123

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 124

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 125

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 126

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 127

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 128

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 129

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 130

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 131

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 132

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 133

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 134

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 135

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 136

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MIT MYSORE | DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. 137

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