# AI Basics and Key Concepts

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence by machines.

AI systems can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These tasks include learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language
understanding.
Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of AI that allows systems to learn from data.
Deep Learning (DL) is a further subset of ML, involving neural networks with many
layers.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field that focuses on the interaction
between computers and human languages.
Computer Vision enables computers to interpret and make decisions based on visual
data.
Reinforcement Learning teaches agents to make decisions by rewarding them for
correct actions.
Supervised Learning trains a model on a labeled dataset.
Unsupervised Learning finds hidden patterns in unlabeled data.
Semi-Supervised Learning is a combination of supervised and unsupervised learning.
Self-Supervised Learning uses unlabeled data for training by generating pseudo-
labels.
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure used for calculations and data processing.
A neural network is inspired by the human brain’s structure.
Each node in a neural network is called a neuron.
Artificial neurons receive inputs, apply weights, and pass outputs to the next
layer.
The input layer takes in raw data for processing.
Hidden layers perform feature extraction and transformation.
The output layer produces the final prediction or result.
Activation functions determine if a neuron should be activated or not.
Popular activation functions include ReLU, Sigmoid, and Tanh.
Loss functions measure how far the model’s predictions are from actual values.
Optimization algorithms adjust weights to minimize the loss function.
Backpropagation is a method used to update weights in a neural network.
Overfitting occurs when a model learns noise instead of the underlying pattern.
Underfitting happens when a model fails to learn the data structure.
Regularization techniques help to prevent overfitting.
Dropout randomly disables neurons during training to improve generalization.
Gradient Descent is the most common optimization technique.
Stochastic Gradient Descent updates weights using a single data point at a time.
Batch Gradient Descent uses the entire dataset to update weights.
Mini-Batch Gradient Descent uses a subset of the data for faster convergence.
Hyperparameters are settings configured before training a model.
Examples of hyperparameters include learning rate, batch size, and number of
epochs.
A model's performance is evaluated using metrics.
Classification problems predict a category or label.
Regression problems predict continuous values.
Precision, Recall, and F1-Score are metrics used in classification problems.
Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) are common regression
metrics.
Bias refers to errors introduced by simplifying assumptions in the model.
Variance refers to sensitivity to small fluctuations in the training set.
A good model finds the right balance between bias and variance.
Supervised algorithms include Decision Trees, Random Forests, and Support Vector
Machines (SVM).
Unsupervised algorithms include K-Means Clustering and Principal Component Analysis
(PCA).
Dimensionality Reduction reduces the number of features while preserving
information.
Feature Engineering transforms raw data into meaningful features.
Feature Scaling ensures all features contribute equally to the result.
Data Augmentation is used to increase the size and diversity of a dataset.
Synthetic data can be generated to supplement real-world datasets.
Transfer Learning applies knowledge gained in one task to another.
Pre-trained models can be fine-tuned for specific tasks.
Transformers are powerful models that use self-attention mechanisms.
Attention mechanisms allow models to focus on important parts of the input.
Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT and BERT are based on Transformer
architecture.
Sequence-to-Sequence models are used for tasks like translation and summarization.
Word Embeddings represent words in vector space.
Popular word embedding techniques include Word2Vec, GloVe, and FastText.
Tokenization splits text into smaller units for processing.
Named Entity Recognition (NER) identifies entities like names, locations, and
organizations in text.
Sentiment Analysis determines the emotional tone behind a body of text.
Computer Vision tasks include image classification, object detection, and
segmentation.
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are widely used in Computer Vision.
Pooling layers reduce spatial dimensions in CNNs.
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) create new data samples.
GANs consist of a generator and a discriminator competing against each other.
AI Ethics considers the impact of AI systems on society.
Explainable AI (XAI) aims to make AI decisions understandable by humans.
Bias in AI models can lead to unfair outcomes.
Privacy concerns arise when using personal data for AI training.
Federated Learning allows training on decentralized data without sharing it.
Edge AI brings AI computation closer to devices, reducing latency.
Robotic Process Automation (RPA) uses AI to automate repetitive tasks.
Speech Recognition converts spoken language into text.
Recommendation Systems suggest products or content based on user behavior.
Collaborative Filtering and Content-Based Filtering are techniques for
recommendations.
Anomaly Detection identifies unusual patterns that don't conform to expected
behavior.
Time Series Analysis forecasts future values based on historical data.
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are specialized for sequence data.
Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks address the vanishing gradient problem in
RNNs.
Attention-Based Models outperform RNNs in many sequence tasks.
Autoencoders learn efficient codings of input data.
Sparse representations help in efficient memory usage.
Self-Attention allows each input element to interact with every other input
element.
Multimodal AI processes multiple types of data like text, image, and audio
together.
Reinforcement Learning uses agents, environments, states, actions, and rewards.
Markov Decision Processes (MDP) model decision-making problems.
Q-Learning is a popular reinforcement learning algorithm.
Policy Gradient Methods directly learn the policy function.
Exploration vs Exploitation is a fundamental trade-off in reinforcement learning.
Ethical challenges in reinforcement learning arise in autonomous decision-making
systems.
Model interpretability is crucial in healthcare and finance sectors.
Zero-shot learning enables models to perform tasks without seen examples.
Few-shot learning learns new tasks from very few examples.
Meta-learning is "learning to learn."
Bayesian Networks are probabilistic graphical models.
Monte Carlo methods approximate solutions using randomness.
Swarm Intelligence models natural behavior of groups like birds or ants.
Evolutionary Algorithms optimize solutions using bio-inspired mechanisms.
Neuroevolution combines neural networks and evolutionary algorithms.
Symbolic AI uses logic-based reasoning methods.
Hybrid AI combines symbolic and statistical approaches.
Data labeling quality significantly affects model performance.
Noise in datasets can degrade model learning.
Data pre-processing is crucial for reliable AI model training.
Continuous learning enables AI systems to adapt over time.
Lifelong learning helps AI models accumulate knowledge across tasks.
Explainability becomes harder as model complexity increases.
Safety and robustness of AI models are critical for real-world deployment.
Governance and regulation of AI systems are emerging globally.
Humans must remain in the loop for critical AI applications.
Understanding the basics of AI empowers innovation and responsible usage.