TOPI

C1Admi
nist
rat
ivest
ruct
uresoft
heeducat
ionsy
stem
Backgr
oundinformat
ion
 Wherethereisanorgani
sat
ion,
aneedf
oradmi
nist
rat
ionandmanagementar
ises.

 Anorgani
sat
ioni
sasoci
alstr
uct
urei
nwhi
chtwoormorepeopl
eworktoget
heri
na
coor
dinat
edmannert
oachiev
eacommongoalorpur
pose(
Malunga,
2003).

 Awell
-st
ruct
uredor
gani
sati
onfaci
l
itat
esqui
ckfl
owofi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom t
hesour
cet
othe
r
ecei
verorfr
om pol
icymakerst
oimplement
ers.

 Pr
operadmi
nist
rat
ionandmanagementofeducat
ioni
nst
it
uti
ons,
thr
oughawel
l
-st
ruct
ured
sy
stem,i
sneededtoachi
evei
tsgoal
s.

 Aschool
for
mspar
tofaneducat
ionst
ruct
urewher
eeducat
ionpol
i
ciesar
eimpl
ement
ed.

 I
tisal
soanexampl
eofanor
gani
sat
ionwi
thpeopl
ewor
kingt
oget
hert
owar
dsacommon
pur
pose.

 Pr
imar
yschool
sinMal
awi
oper
atewi
thi
nawel
l
-or
gani
sedst
ruct
ure.

 Thest
ruct
urei
ncl
udescent
ral
,regi
onal
andl
ocal
lev
els.

 Themi
nist
ryheadquar
ter
sfor
mst
hecent
ral
lev
el.

 Thesecondl
evel
compr
isest
hedi
vi
sion,
wher
east
hedi
str
ictl
evel
for
mst
het
hir
dti
er.

 Bel
owdi
str
ict
sar
ezonesandt
henschool
s.

 I
nli
newi
tht
hedecent
ral
i
sat
ionpol
i
cy,
eachl
evel
hasspeci
fi
cfunct
ionsandr
esponsi
bil
i
ties.

 Thedevol
uti
onoff
uncti
onsandresponsi
bil
i
tiesoft
hemini
str
yofeducati
ontothethree
l
evel
sisaimedati
mprovi
ngeff
ici
encyinthedeli
ver
yofpri
maryeducat
ionser
vices.
Theeducat i
onstruct
urei
nMalawi
Nationallevel
 Thef i
rstl
evel
oftheeducat
ionst
ruct
ureist
hemi
nist
ryheadquar
ter
sandi
sheadedbyt
he
Minist
erofEducati
onwhohasadeput y
.

 Themi
nist
eri
slegal
l
ymandat
edt
o:
 pr
omot
eeducat
ioni
nMal
awi
 f
ormul
atepol
i
cies,
planandmanagei
nfor
mat
ionsy
stemsatnat
ional
lev
el
 mobi
l
iseandal
l
ocat
eresour
ces
 desi
gnanddev
elopt
henat
ional
cur
ri
cul
um
 setandmai
ntai
nnat
ional
educat
ionst
andar
ds
 moni
tor
,assessandev
aluat
etheeducat
ionsy
stem
 pr
ovi
deeffect
ivemechanism f
orat
ransparentandaccount
abl
eeducat
ionsy
stem at
al
ll
evel
s(Educati
onAct,Sect
ion4(
1),subsecti
onsa-g)

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 1 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 Al
lthesefunct
ionsandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesar
edel
egat
edt
ovar
iousdi
rect
orat
eswi
thi
nthe
mi
nistry
.

 Atmi
nist
ryheadquar
ter
s,t
hesecr
etar
iatov
erseest
heoper
ati
onsoft
hemi
nist
ry.

 TheSecr
etar
yforEducat
ion,
Sci
enceandTechnol
ogy(
SEST)i
stheheadoft
hesecr
etar
iat
.

 Responsi
bil
i
tiesofSESTi
ncl
ude:
 pol
i
cyf
ormul
ati
on
 supervi
sionofal
lgov
ernmentagenci
esandst
atut
orycor
por
ati
onsi
ntheeducat
ion
sector
 def
ini
ngt
heext
entofdev
olut
ion
 dev
elopi
ngpl
ansandst
rat
egi
esf
orpol
i
cyi
mpl
ement
ati
on
 r
egul
ati
ngt
hemanagementofsect
ors’
funct
ionsdev
olv
edt
odi
str
ict
s

 TheSESTi
ssuppor
tedbyt
woPr
inci
pal
Secr
etar
ies(
PSs)
.

 Oneisresponsi
blef
orbasi
candsecondar
yeducat
ionwhi
l
etheot
heri
sresponsi
blef
or
hi
ghereducati
on.

 ThePSforbasicandsecondar
yeducat
ioni
sresponsi
blef
orpol
i
cymat
ter
sconcer
ningbasi
c
andsecondar
yeducati
on.

 ThePSi
sassi
stedbydi
rect
orsf
rom di
ff
erentdepar
tment
s.

 Depar
tment
sthatf
orm Mi
nist
ryofEducat
ion’
ssecr
etar
iatar
e:
 Basi
cEducat
ion,
 Secondar
yandDi
stanceEducat
ion,
 Hi
gherEducat
ion,
 I
nspect
ionandAdv
isor
ySer
vices,
 Educat
ionPol
i
cyandPl
anni
ng,
 TeacherEducat
ionandDev
elopment
,
 Fi
nanceandAdmi
nist
rat
ion,
 HumanResour
cesManagementandDev
elopment
 Speci
alNeedsEducat
ion.
Di
vi
sionall
evel
 Thesecondlev
eloft
heeducat
ionst
ruct
urei
stheEducat
ionDi
vi
sionadmi
nist
rat
ion.

 Thi
sistheextendedar
m ofmi
nist
ryheadquar
ter
s,andi
tisheadedbyt
heEducat
ionDi
vi
sion
Manager(EDM).

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 2 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 I
ntot
al,
ther
ear
esi
xEducat
ionDi
vi
sionsi
nthecount
rynamel
y:
 Nor
ther
nEducat
ionDi
vi
sion(
NED)
,
 Cent
ral
EastEducat
ionDi
vi
sion(
CEED)
,
 Cent
ral
WestEducat
ionDi
vi
sion(
CWED)
,
 Sout
hEastEducat
ionDi
vi
sion(
SEED)
,
 Sout
hWestEducat
ionDi
vi
sion(
SWED)
,
 Shi
reHi
ghl
andsEducat
ionDi
vi
sion(
SHED)
.

 TheEducat
ionDi
vi
sionsar
eresponsi
blef
or:
 di
ssemi
nat
ionofmi
nist
ry’
spol
i
ciesandst
rat
egi
es
 suppor
ti
ngdi
str
ictcounci
l
sint
hei
rfunct
ions
 moni
tor
ingeducat
ionst
andar
dsbysuper
visi
ngdi
str
ict
s
Di
str
ictlevel
 Ther eare34educati
ondist
ri
ctsi
nMal
awi
.Bel
owi
sasummar
yoft
heeducat
ioni
nrel
ati
ont
o
theirEducat
ionDivi
sion.

Norther
n Central
East Centr
alWest SouthEast SouthWest Shir
e
Educati
on Educati
on Educati
on Educat
ion Educat
ion Highl
ands
Divi
sion Divi
sion Div
isi
on Div
isi
on Div
isi
on Educati
on
(NED) (CEED) (CWED) Divi
sion
(SEED) (
SWED)
(SHED)

1Chi
ti
pa 1Kasungu 1Li
longwe 1Bal
aka 1Blant
yre 1Thy
olo
Rur
alEast Ur
ban
2Kar
onga 2Sal
i
ma 2Mangochi 2Mul
anj
e
2Li
longwe 2Bl
anty
re
3Rumphi 3Dowa 3Machi
nga 3
Rur
alWest Rur
al
Phal
ombe
4Mzuzu 4 4Zomba(
R)
3Li
longwe 3Mwanza
Nkhotakot
a 4
5Mzimba (
U) 5Zomba(
U)
4Neno Chi
radz
ulu
Nor
th 5Nt chi
si
4Dedza
5Chi
kwawa
6Mzimba
5Nt
cheu
Sout
h 6Nsanj
e
6Mchi
nji
7Nkhat
a
Bay8
Li
koma

 Thestruct
ureatdi
str
ictl
evel
ref
lect
sbot
hst
ruct
uresoft
heMi
nist
ryofEducat
ionatnat
ional
l
evelandtheLocalGover
nment.

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 3 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 Ther
ear
e34educat
iondi
str
ict
s.

 TheLocal
Gov
ernmentst
ruct
urehas:
 Di
str
ictCommi
ssi
oner
/Chi
efExecut
iveashead
 Di
rect
ors.

 TheMinist
ryofEducat
ionst
ruct
ureatdi
str
ict
/ci
ty/
munici
pal
/ t
owncounci
ll
evel
shast
he
Dist
ri
ctEducat
ionManager(DEM)astheheadoftheeducat
ionsect
or.

 I
nli
newi
thdi
str
ict
/ci
tycounci
lst
ruct
ure,
theDEM i
sregar
dedasoneoft
hedi
rect
ors.

 Atdi
str
ict
/town/
cit
y/muni
cipalcounci
ll
evel
s,t
herei
saneducationcommitteewhi
chis
l
egal
lymandatedtoover
seertheexecuti
onofpri
maryeducat
ionserv
icesandacti
vi
ti
es.

 TheDEM i
sthesecr
etar
iatf
ort
heEducat
ionCommi
tt
ee.

 Therol
esandresponsi
bil
i
tiesoft
heeducat
ioncommi
tt
eesatdi
str
ict
/town/
muni
cipal
/ci
ty
counci
l
sare:
 managingthepr
ovi
sionofbasi
ceducat
ioni
nthedi
str
ict
/town/
muni
cipal
i
tyorci
ty
counci
lint
ermsofprovi
sionofr
esour
ces
 ensuri
ngt
hatthequal
i
tyofeducat
ionpr
ov i
dedinschool
sundert
hei
rjur
isdi
cti
on
sati
sfi
esmini
mum nati
onal
educati
onstandar
ds
 di
sseminati
ngandi
mpl
ement
inggov
ernmentpol
i
ciesi
nthepr
ovi
sionofbasi
c
educat
ion
 devel
opingandelabor
ati
ngDist
ri
ctEducat
ionPl
ans(
DEPs)i
nli
newi
tht
hepr
eval
ent
rel
evantnat
ional
educati
onpoli
cies
 managi
ngt
heDi
str
ictEducat
ionManagementI
nfor
mat
ionSy
stems(
DEMI
S)
 pr
ovi
sionoff
undsf
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentandmai
ntenanceofpr
imar
yschool
s
 pr
ovi
dingr
elev
antr
esour
cest
opr
imar
yschool
s
 moni
tor
inguseofr
esour
cesi
npr
imar
yschool
s
 mobil
izecommunit
iesfort
heirpar
ti
cipat
ioninschool
management(trai
ningof
SchoolManagementCommi t
tees,
ParentsandTeachers’
Associ
ati
ons,communit
y
l
eaders)
Zonall
evel
 Educati
onzonesar
eacl
ust
erof10-
15school
s.

 Theseclust
ersar
eestabl
i
shedbasedongeographi
cal
locat
ion,
andar
eundert
hedi
rect
super
visi
onofthePr
imaryEducat
ionAdv
iser(
PEA).

 ThePEAr
epor
tst
otheDEM.

 Ther
olesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofaPEAar
e:

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 4 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
  moni
tor
ingt
hequal
i
tyoft
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningandadv
iset
eacher
saccor
dingl
y
 pl
anni
ngandor
ganizi
ngCont
inuousPr
ofessi
onal
Dev
elopment(
CPDs)act
ivi
ti
esf
or
pr
imar
yschool
teacher
s
 prepar
ingmont
hlyschool
adv
isor
ypl
ansandr
epor
ts,
andsubmi
tt
ingt
hem t
odi
str
ict
educati
onof
fi
ces
 consol
i
dat
ingheadt
eacher
s’mont
hlyr
epor
tsf
orDEMs
Schoollevel
 Thef ol
lowi
ngbodi
esareresponsi
blef
orgov
ernanceandmanagementoft
eachi
ngand
l
earning,pl
usadmi
nist
rat
ionofaschool:
 t
heheadt
eacher
,
 sect
ionheads,
 t
eacher
s,
 School
ManagementCommi
tt
ee(
SMC)
,
 Par
ent
s,Teacher
sAssoci
ati
on(
PTA)
.

 Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethef
unct
ionsandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofsomest
akehol
der
s:

St
akehol
der Responsi
bil
it
ies

I
mpl
ementMi
nist
ryofEducat
ion’
spol
i
ciesatschool
lev
el

Faci
l
itat
ethedev
elopmentofSchool
ImprovementPl
answi
th
communitymembers,t
eacher
sandstudent
s

Moni
tort
hequal
i
tyoft
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningataschool

Pr
oducemont
hlyst
affandenr
olmentr
etur
nsf
ort
hedi
str
ictof
fi
ce

Headt
eacher Pr
ocureanddi
str
ibut
eteachi
ngandl
ear
ningmat
eri
alst
oteacher
sand
st
udents

Enr
oll
(newandt
ransf
err
ed)st
udent
s

I
nit
iat
eschool
proj
ect
s

Budgetpr
epar
ati
onf
orPr
imar
ySchool
Impr
ovementPl
an(
SIP)

Super
visi
ngt
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningi
nsect
ions

Ensur
ingthatt
eacher
sint
hei
rsect
ionsar
epr
ovi
dedwi
tht
eachi
ngand
l
earni
ngresources

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 5 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 Planningandor
ganizi
ngsect
ional
meet
ingsandi
n-ser
vicet
rai
ningsf
or
teachersi
nthei
rsecti
ons
Sect
ionheads
Par
ti
cipat
ingi
nthepr
epar
ati
onofmast
ert
imet
abl
e

Act
ingi
ntheabsenceofbot
hheadt
eacheranddeput
yheadt
eacher

TOPI
C2Educat
ional
management
Backgroundinformat i
on
 Sapr e(2002)definesmanagementasasetofact
ivi
ti
esdi
rect
edtowar
dseff
ici
entand
effecti
veutil
izat
ionoforgani
zat
ional
resour
cesi
nordert
oachiev
eorgani
zat
ional
goals.

 Thequali
tyofmanagersandmanagementprocedur
esarecrit
icali
fschool
sar
etopr
oduce
thebestpossi
bleout
comesfort
heirl
ear
nersandtheirst
akeholder
s.

 Pri
nci
plesofmanagementarever
yessent
ial
forheadt
eacher
sandt
eacher
sbecauset
hey
for
m abasisf
ormanagingchange.

 Inthepri
maryschool
,i
tmeansal
lact
ivi
ti
est
hatai
m atachi
evi
ngeducat
ional
goal
sar
e
coordi
natedpr
operl
y.

 Goodmanagementrequi
rest
hattheresour
cesar
eusedi
nthemostef
fi
cientway
spossi
ble
andthatqual
i
tyt
eachi
ngismaint
ained.

 Bush(2008)descr
ibeseducat
ional
managementasanexecut
ivef
unct
ionf
orcar
ryi
ngout
agreedpol
ici
es.

 I
tisanar
tofget
ti
ngwor
kdonet
hroughot
herpeopl
einschool
s.

 Fr
om thi
sdefi
nit
ion,
itmeansmanagersi
nschool
smustengagebot
hint
ernal
andext
ernal
st
akehol
der
sinleadingt
heiri
nst
it
uti
ons.

 Headteacher
sandteacher
sneedt
omakesur
ethatt
hei
rmanagementappr
oachi
sgear
ed
t
owardsachievi
ngt
heaimsofeducat
ion.
Managementatschooll
evel
 Headteacher
saremanagersoft
heschool
swi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngr
oles:

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 6 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
  makesur
ethattheypl
an,coor
dinat
e,super
vise,
andmobi
l
izer
esour
cessot
hat
t
eachi
ngandlearni
ngtakespl
ace.
 coordi
nateteachi
ngandsuper
viset
eacher
sandothersupportst
affmember
sto
ensurethatqual
it
yteachi
ngi
sprovi
dedtolear
ner
sinclasses.
 makesurethatqual
i
fiedper
sonnelar
eputi
ndi
ff
erentmanagementposi
ti
onssuchas
deput
yheadsandsect i
onheads.

 Teacher
sar
emanager
satcl
assr
oom l
evel
andhav
etheser
oles:
 mustbeabletoexerci
seeff
ici
entmanagementovert
heirl
ear
ners,
theresourcesat
t
hei
rdisposal
andv ari
ousprogr
ammesoflearni
nggoingonineachsubject
.
 mustensur
ethatl
ear
ningpr
oceedsef
fi
cient
lyandt
hatt
hedesi
redst
andar
dsar
e
mai
ntai
ned.
 needt
ohav
ethei
rlessonpl
ansandt
eachi
ngmat
eri
alsr
eadyf
orl
ear
ning.
 mustcoor
dinat
eandsuper
viset
hel
ear
ningi
ncl
assr
ooms.

 Managementi
nthi
scasei
sdi
rect
edt
owar
dst
heachi
evementofeducat
ional
obj
ect
ives.
Pri
nci
ples/aspect
sofeducati
onalmanagement
Thepri
nciples/
aspect
sofeducat
ional
managementandt
hei
rrol
esar
e;

Pl
anni
ng:
 Thi
smeansanadv
ancepr
epar
ati
onofwhatonei
ntendst
oper
for
minf
utur
e.

 Forexample,t
heschoolheadteachermayplanf
orthi
ngsli
ket
imetabl
es,staff
ing
requi
rements,meet
ings,
educati
onalvi
sit
sanddist
ri
buti
onoft
eachi
ng,l
earningand
assessmentresour
ces.

 Aschoolmanager
’sf
ir
stact
ioni
stoi
dent
if
ythemi
ssi
onoft
heschool
andi
ts
obj
ect
ives.

 Theheadt
eachert
henneedstoident
if
ydi
ff
erentst
rat
egi
eswi
thwhi
cht
oachi
evet
he
school
’
smissi
onandref
lect
ive.

 Pl
anni
ngi
simpor
tantbecauseamongot
hert
hingsi
tenabl
est
heheadt
eachert
o:

 accommodatenewi deasanddev el
opments
 ensur
ethatnoimportanti
tem isl
eftout
 avoi
dbeingtakenunawaresandwor ki
ngonemer genci
es
 ensur
ethatprogrammesar ecarr
iedoutonschedule

Or
ganizati
on
 Thisistheest
abl
ishmentofafor
mal st
ruct
ureofaut
hor
it
ythr
oughwhi
ch
subsecti
onsarearr
angedandcoordi
nated.

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 7 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 Or
ganizat
ionhel
psineducati
onal
managementbecausei
tinv
olv
esput
ti
ngt
oget
her
pr
ior
it
iesandpref
erencesoft
heresour
ceswhi
chareavai
labl
e.

 Or
gani
zat
ionneedsanact
ionpl
anandt
argetwhi
char
eat
tai
nabl
eforagi
venper
iod.

 Atschooll
evel
,or
ganizat
ionbreedsafor
malst
ruct
ureofaut
hor
it
yi.
e.whoi
sdoi
ng
what,whi
chisgoodforprotocoli
ncommuni
cati
on.

Coor
dinati
on
 Coordinati
oni
mpl
i
esapl
anofact
iont
owar
dst
heachi
evementofspeci
fi
cgoal
sand
object
ives.

 Inaschool
,teacher
sarethemainresourcesandtheheadteachermustst
ri
veto
creat
econduciveworki
ngenv
ironmentinwhichtheywil
lbeabletogi
veoutthei
rbest
.

 Theheadt eachershouldensur
ethatt
her
eisproperandsoundcoor
dinat
ionamong
allschool
sections/depar
tment
sbyholdi
ngregul
arstaf
fmeeti
ngswhichareval
uabl
e
forpromotingunity

St
affi
ng
 Itr
equiresproperandgoodeducati
onal managementskil
l
stoensurethataschool
is
wellstaff
ed.Iti
sthedutyofschoolauthori
ti
essuchastheheadteachert
omake
surethatmember sofstaf
fareall
ocated/assi
gneddut
ieswheretheyareabl
etogive
outtheirbest
.

 Theheadteachershoul
didenti
fyi
nterest
s,t
alent
s,qual
i
ficat
ionsofst
affandshar
e
cl
assesandresponsibi
l
iti
esaccor
dingly.

 Iti
salsotheheadt
eacher
’sdut
ytor
equestf
ormor
emember
sofst
afff
rom r
elev
ant
author
it
ies.

Fi
nanci
ng
 Schoolsareregar
dedaspubl
i
cinst
it
uti
onsandassuchf
inancesshoul
dbe
accountedfor.

 Theheadteacherandal
lmember sofst
affshoul
dbeawar
eoft
hesour
cesoff
unds
andhowtheyarebeingut
il
ized.

 School
fundsshoul
dbeusedf
orwel
lpl
annedact
ivi
ti
es.

 I
tist
heresponsi
bil
it
yofschool
aut
hor
it
iest
ost
ri
ctl
ycont
rol
financesav
ail
abl
eand
r
esour
cespurchased.

Repor
ti
ng

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 8 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 School
aut
hor
it
iesshoul
dfor
war
dessent
ial
repor
tst
orel
evantaut
hor
it
ies.

 Forexampl
e,anyimpor t
antmatt
eraffecti
ngtheschoolsuchasdeathofamember
ofstaf
forl
earner
,accident
s,di
sast
ersshouldber epor
tedtotheMini
str
yof
Educati
oni
mmedi at
elyandtootherrelev
antauthori
ti
es.

 Theheadt
eachershoul
dal
sokeepmember
sofst
affi
nfor
medofanyschool
act
ivi
ty.

Ev
aluati
on
 Thisist
hepr
ocessofdet
ermi
ningt
heef
fi
ciencyandef
fect
ivenessoft
heschool
.

 I
tisi
mpor t
antt
oassesst
her
esul
tsandcompar
ethem wi
tht
hesett
arget
sand
obj
ect
ives.

 Theperf
ormanceoftheschool
shoul
dbeassessedi
nor
dert
ohav
efeedbackneeded
toadj
ustfut
urepl
ans.

 Theref
ore,t
heheadteacherandhi
s/hermembersofst
affmustnotwaitf
orMini
str
y
ofEducati
onoff
ici
alst
ocomeandev al
uat
etheschoolbutmusti
nst
it
utethei
rown
syst
em formai
ntai
ningstandar
dsandassessi
ngtheperfor
manceoftheschool
.

 Forexampl
e,theheadt eachercanev
aluatetheschoolt
hroughl
ocali
nspect
ions,
staf
fmeeti
ngs,test
s/examsandchecki ngoflessonpl
ansandschemesandr ecor
ds
ofwork.

Per
sonnelApprai
sal
 Theschoolauthor
ityshoul
dknowsomemethodsofmot
ivati
ngmembersofst
aff
andotherst
akeholderssothatt
heyar
eabl
etoper
for
mtheirdut
ieswel
land
eff
ici
entl
y.

 Fori
nst
ance,
per
sonnel
appr
aisal
maybet
hrough:

 respecti
ngteachers,parentsandpupil
s
 givi
ngcreditwhereitisdue
 havingapositiveatt
it
udet owardsworkandstaff
 maki nghi
msel forherselfavai
l
ableforconsul
tat
ionbyhisst
aff
 encouragingthestafftokeeponr eadi
nginordertoupdatet
hei
racademi
cand
professi
onalquali
fi
cationsandcompet ence.

Di
recti
ng/contr
oll
ing/commandi ng
 Refertotheactivi
tyofensuri
ngt hatst
affmembersdothei
rwork,
est
abl
ishi
ngr
ules
andr egul
ati
onsforeachmemberandset t
ingst
andar
ds,aswel
lasof
fer
ing
leadershi
pintheentir
ewor kplace.

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 9 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 I
ntheschoolt
heheadwoul
densur
ethatev
erymemberofst
affper
for
msaccor
ding
t
othei
rjobdescr
ipt
ion.

Super
visi
ng
 Thisistheact
ivi
tyofqual
i
tycont
rol
.

 Itr
efer
stotheact
ivi
tyofensur
ingthatwor
kersperf
orm accor
dingt
ospeci
fi
edr
ules
andregul
ati
onsandthatst
andardsaremaint
ained.

 I
ntheschool
super
visi
onensur
est
hatst
andar
dsofl
ear
ningar
emai
ntai
ned.

Communi cati
ng
 Referstotheactiv
iti
esofcr
eati
ngchannel
sofcommandandt r
ansmissionof
inf
ormat i
onfrom onelev
elofmanagementtoanot
hert
hroughwhichordersor
organizat
ionalcommandsaretransmi
tt
ed.

 I
nt heschool
,theheadwoul
dsendor
der
sthr
ought
hedeput
yheadorheadsof
depart
menttot eacher
s.

Deci
sion-
Making
Thi
sisthemajorfunct
ionofadmi
nist
rat
ionencompassi
ngt
heent
ir
etaskofan
admini
str
ator
.

 Educat
ional
managementshoul
ddeal
wit
hmanagi
ngchangeaswel
l
.

 Inaworl
dwherechangesaretaki
ngplacei
ncurri
cul
um,fi
nancial
andev
enper sonnel
,
knowl
edgeoft
heseprinci
plesbecomesessent
ial
toheadteacher
sandteachersi
naschool
.
Conf
li
ctmanagement
 Anotherar
eawhi
chconcer
nsamanageri
sconf
li
ctmanagement
.

 Confl
i
ctmanagementi
simport
antf
orbot
htheheadt
eacherandt
het
eacher
sbecausewher
e
peopl
ear
econfli
ctsmayar
ise.

 Aconfl
icti
sadisagr
eementbet
weent
woormor
eent
it
iespur
sui
ngi
ncompat
ibl
egoal
s
(
Malunga,2003)
.

 I
tcanbedescr
ibedasaser
iousdi
sagr
eement
,ar
gument
,af
ight
,ordi
ff
erencei
nopi
nion.

 Someofthesignsofconfl
ict
sare:di
sput
es,
dif
ferences,
quar
rel
s,f
ight
s,conf
ront
ati
ons,
compet
it
ions,
struggl
e,di
sagreement
sandgossip.

 Thesemaybeduet
odi
ff
erencesi
nper
sonal
i
ty,
per
cept
ion,
val
ues,
int
erestandat
ti
tudes.

 I
npr
imar
yschool
s,conf
li
ctsar
isebecauseoft
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons:
 i
nadequat
espace,
 i
nadequat
eandunf
airdi
str
ibut
ionofr
esour
ces,

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 10 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
  pr
ejudi
ce(
agai
nstgi
rl
s,l
ear
ner
swi
thspeci
aleducat
ional
needs,
or
peopl
eli
vi
ngwi
thHI
VandAI
DS)
.
Demeri
ts(di
sadv
antages)ofconf
li
cts
 Confli
cthasv
eryoftenbeenvi
ewedasanegat
ivef
act
orwi
thi
nor
gani
sat
ionssuchas
schools.

 Thi
si sbecauseconf
li
ctshavethepot
ent
ialt
obri
ngdist
urbancessuchasdest
ruct
ionof
i
nfrastr
uctur
e,humansuffer
inganddi
spl
acementofpeopl
e,insecur
it
yandl
ossoflif
e(MI
E,
2008).

 Assuch,whenther
eisconf
li
ct,
peopl
etendt
odel
i
ber
atel
yignor
eiti
nthehopet
hati
twoul
d
resol
vei
tsel
f.

 Suchat
ti
tudescr
eat
eaf
avour
abl
ebr
eedi
ngcl
i
mat
eformor
econf
li
cts.

 Iti
sther
eforeimport
antt
opr
eventconf
li
ctsf
rom occur
ri
ngandmanaget
hoset
hathav
e
alr
eadybrokenout.
Mer
it
s(advant
ages)ofconf
li
cts
 Aconf
li
ctdoesnotal
wayshavenegat
ivecauses,
nordoesi
thav
enegat
iveconsequences.

 Forexampl
e,aconf
li
ctmayar
ise:
 duet
odesi
ref
orchangef
ort
hebet
ter
,
 asaresul
tofbri
ngingoutt
hetr
uth(r
umourst
hatonel
ear
nerst
olesomebody
’spen
onl
ytodiscov
erlat
erthati
twasnott
rue)
.

 Confl
ictal
sogivesanopportuni
tyt
ounderst
andasituat
ionandi
mprovei
t(f
orexample
l
earnersfi
ght
ingfordeskscanpromptschoolmanagementtopur
chasemoredesks)
.
Conf
li
ctmanagementstr
ategi
es
 Inresol
vi
ngconf
li
ctsmanystr
ategi
esmaybeut
il
ised.

 Someoft hest
rat
egiesincl
ude:medi
ati
on,negoti
ati
on,
avoi
dancestyl
eorwi t
hdr
awing,
di
ffusi
on,ar
bit
rat
ion,competi
ti
onoruseofforce,
smoothi
ng,peaceeducat
ionanduseof
tr
ibunal
sorcourt
s.
Medi
ation
 Thisisusual
l
ydonebythi
rdpar
ti
est
hatar
ever
yneut
ral
andaccept
abl
etobot
hsi
dest
hat
areinvol
vedi
ntheconf
li
ct.

 Thet
hir
dpar
ty(
peacemaker
)act
sasagobet
ween.

 Thesuccessofapeacemar
kerdependsonanumberoff
act
orsf
orexampl
e:
 t
hedesi
rebyt
heopposi
ngpar
ti
est
oseet
hepr
obl
em r
esol
ved
 seeki
ngt
oendt
hepr
obl
em t
hroughcol
l
abor
ati
onr
athert
hanbi
cker
ing
 under
standi
ngt
hatt
hepr
obl
em l
i
esi
nbet
weent
heopposi
ngpar
ti
esr
athert
hani
n

EDUCATI
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ONSTUDI
ES 11 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 oneoft
hem
 hav
ingr
oom t
oaccommodat
eeachot
her
’sv
iewpoi
nts
Negoti
ati
on
Confl
i
ctscanber
esol
vedi
fbot
hpar
ti
esi
ntheconf
li
ctpr
ocesscomet
oget
hert
odi
scusst
hei
r
i
ssues.

Negoti
ati
oni
sapeacef
ulcampai
gnsbasedont
hepr
inci
pleofcont
actanddi
alogueandgi
ve
andtake.

I
nnegotiat
ionspeopl
euseaprocessofbar
gai
ningsot
hatawor
kingr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
he
opposi
ngpar t
iesi
sprepar
edt
ogiveupsomethi
ng.

Innegoti
ati
ngaresol
uti
onhowev
er,
iti
simpor
tantt
hatbot
hsi
desshoul
dtr
eateachot
heras
equalsnotenemi
es.
Av
oidancest
yleorwit
hdrawing
I
tinvol
vesr
esolv
ingconfl
i
ctsbyr
epr
essi
ng(
suppr
essi
ng,
cont
aini
ng)emot
ions.

Youmayev
enj
usti
gnor
etheconf
li
cthopi
ngi
twi
l
lremedyi
tsel
f.

Howev
er,
thi
sst
rat
egydoesnotgi
vesat
isf
act
ionast
hepr
obl
emsar
ejustputonhol
d.
Di
ff
usi
on
I
tisawayoft
ryi
ngt
osol
veaconf
li
ctbyusi
ngdel
ayi
ngt
act
ics.

Tact
icsusedmayi
ncl
udepost
poni
ng.
Arbi
trat
ion
Thismethodi
nvol
vesoneormoreimparti
alper
sonsj
udgi
ngadi
sput
ebutatt
heendt
he
decisi
onmadebecomesfi
nalandbi
nding.

Thear
bit
rat
orsar
echosenbysomeneut
ral
agencydesi
gnedbyt
heopposi
ti
onpar
ti
es.
Competi
ti
onoruseoff or
ce
Thi
sisanaggressi
veanduncooper
ati
vewayofr
esol
vi
ngconf
li
ctsbasedoncompet
it
ionor
useoff
orce.

Opposi
ngpar
ti
esai
m atachi
evi
ngt
hei
rgoal
sandsat
isf
yingt
hemsel
vesatt
heexpenseof
anot
her.

For
ceorcompet
it
ioni
simposedasasol
uti
ont
otheconf
li
cts.
Smoothi
ng
Thi
smet hodisanon-assert
iveandcooper
ati
vewayofr
esol
vi
ngt
heconf
li
ctbasedont
he
pri
nci
pleofself
-sacr
if
ice.

Oneopposingpar
tyaccept
sthevi
ewsoftheotherpart
yinor
dert
obr
ingt
hei
ssuet
oanend
eveni
ftheydonotagreewit
hthevi
ewsoftheotherpart
y.
Peaceeducat
ion
Thr
oughthi
smethodpeopl
ear
egi
veneducat
ionwhi
chmakest
hem awar
eoft
hei
mpor
tanceof

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ONFOUNDATI
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ES 12 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
peacef
ulco-
exi
stenceandhar
mony
.
Useoft
ribunal
sorcourt
s
Tri
bunalsarecour
tswhichpr
esi
deov
erdi
sput
esandf
indsol
uti
onst
oconf
li
cts.

What
evercour
tsay
satt
heendbecomesf
inal
.

TOPIC3Educat ionalleadership
Backgroundi nformation
 Thesuccessofanyschool dependslargel
yoneffecti
veadministrat
iveproceduresandgood
managementpr inciples.
 Itshoul dbenot edt hateffect i
veadministr
ati
ondependslargelyonsoundl eadership.
 Leader shi
pisachal lengi
ngt askbecauseofmanyexpect ati
onst hatdif
ferentgroupshaveon
theleader.Asat eacher ,
youar ealeaderinthecl
assroom.
 Ther efore,youneedt odev elopleadershi
pskil
lsf
oreffect
iveteachingandl ear
ning.
 Leader shi
pisdef i
nedasapr ocessthatinvol
vesi
nfluenci
ngot hers’act
ionsinachievi
ng
desirablegoals(LucierandAchua, 2013).

 Aleadershoul
dalway
spossesssomeposit
ivechar
act
eri
sti
csandt
rai
tsr
arei
nthepeopl
e
bei
ngled.Forexampl
e,agoodl
eadermustbe
 i
ntel
l
igent
,
 educat
ed,
 knowl
edgeabl
e,
 dependabl
e,
 t
oler
ant
,
 f
lexi
ble,
 dependabl
e,
 hav
esel
f-
conf
idence,
 wi
l
li
ngt
oexper
imentwi
thdi
ff
erentr
oles,
 abl
etot
akei
nit
iat
ive,
 humbl
e,
 abl
etopossesssomeki
ndofaut
hor
it
y
 wi
l
li
ngt
opr
omot
eli
fel
ongl
ear
ning.

 Leader
shipisvi
ewedasasetofski
ll
sani
ndivi
dualusetoi
nfl
uencethebehav
iourofgr
oup
member stowar
dsachi
evementofor
gani
sat
ionalgoal
s(Mal
unga,2003)
.

 Thel
eadershoul
dbeawareoftheorgani
sati
onal
goal
sandmotivati
onal
lev
elsoft
he
membersoftheorgani
sat
ioni
nordertoachi
evet
hedesi
rabl
egoals.

EDUCATI
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ES 13 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 I
nschool
s,ef
fect
ivel
eader
shi
pmakesadi
ff
erencei
nimpr
ovi
ngt
eachi
ngandl
ear
ning.

 Headt
eacher
sandt
eacher
sasl
eader
sneedt
ohav
ecer
tai
nski
l
ls.

 Thedegreeofat
tai
nmentofobj
ect
ivesdependst
oagr
eatext
entont
hel
eader
shi
pthati
s
avai
l
able.

 Thepurposeofeducat
ionall
eader
shipistogui
de,di
rect
,encour
age,
cont
rol
,suppor
tand
nur
tur
epeopleinordertoachi
evetheint
endededucati
onalgoal
s.

 I
tisimport
anttonot
ethatleadershi
pineducat
ional
insti
tut
ionsi
sachal
lengi
ngt
ask
becauseofthemanyexpectat
ionswhichdif
fer
entgroupshaveonthel
eader.
Leader
shi
pstyl
es
 Leader
shi
pvari
esf
rom school
toschool
.

 Leader
susedi
ff
erentst
ylesi
nor
dert
oinf
luenceact
ivi
ti
esi
nani
nst
it
uti
on.

 Thi
smaybet her
easont
hatweof
tenseel
ear
ner
spassi
nganear
byschool
togot
oaschool
fur
therf
rom home.

 Asastudentteacher,y
oushouldreali
sethatnot
wol
eader
smaybeal
i
kei
nthewayt
hey
admi
nist
ertheirorgani
sat
ionsorclassrooms.

 Ther
ear
esev
eral
leader
shi
pst
yles.

 Appl
i
cat
ionoft
hest
yleschosendependsont
hesi
tuat
ionathand.

 Mor
eov
er,
aleadermaycombi
nemor
ethanonel
eader
shi
pst
ylesatat
ime.

 Someoft
hegener
all
eader
shi
pst
ylesar
edi
scussedasf
oll
ows:
Di
ctat
orshi
pstyl
e
 Thissty
leofl
eader
shi
pisal
socal
l
edaut
ocr
ati
c,aut
hor
it
ari
anorcoer
civ
e.

 Di
ctat
orshi
pst
yleofl
eader
shi
pusesf
orce.

 Organi
sat
ionaldeci
sion-
makingisdonebyasi ngl
eindi
vidualorf
ewindiv
idual
swi
thout
consul
tat
ion.Theheadteacherasaleaderdi
rectsever
yactionataschool.

 Anaut
ocr
ati
cleaderhasl
i
ttl
erespectf
orot
her
s.

 Thi
ski
ndofl
eader
shi
pki
l
lsi
nit
iat
iveamongt
eacher
sandl
ear
ner
sbecausei
tinst
il
sfear
.
Democrat
icsty
leofleadershi
p
 Thisstyl
eofleader
shipissomet
imesr
efer
redt
oasempl
oyee-
cent
redl
eader
shi
p.

 Ther
eiswi
deconsul
tat
ionandshar
eddeci
sionmaki
ng.

 Member
sofst
affar
einv
olv
edi
ncont
ri
but
ingi
deas.

 Teachersandadministr
ator
sdelegatefr
eel
yandallowl
eader
shi
pact
stodev
elopwi
thi
nthe
group.Ther
eispar
ticipat
orylear
ningint
heclassr
oom.

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 14 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 Thi
sst
yleofl
eader
shi
ppr
omot
escr
eat
ivi
tyandf
oll
ower
s’mor
ale.

 Member
sofst
affandl
ear
ner
swor
kwi
thconf
idenceandhav
esenseofowner
shi
p.

 Par
tici
pat
oryleader
shipworksbet
terwherethesubor
dinat
esareknowl
edgeabl
eint
he
i
ssuesathand.Thedisadv
antageisthati
tisti
meconsumingtoconsul
tandbecomes
di
ff
icul
ttoaccommodat ethevi
ewsandneedsofev er
yoneatonce.

 Somet
imesi
tisv
iewedasaweaknessont
hepar
tofadeci
sionmaker
.
Lai
ssez-f
air
estyl
eofl
eadershi
p
 Laissez-
fai
rei
saFrenchphraseandi
tli
ter
all
ymeans“
letpeopl
edowhatt
heywant
”.

 I
tisdefi
nedasleader
shipr
oles.Thisleader
shi
pst
yleassumest
hatt
hesubor
dinat
esar
e
pr
ofessi
onal
lymatureandresponsi
ble.

 Theleader
shi
pstyl
egr ant
sfr
eedom t
ogr
oupori
ndi
vi
dual
deci
sionwi
thoutt
hel
eader
’s
par
ti
cipati
onordi
rect
ion.

 Thisworksbet
teri
nschool
swher
eteacher
sar
eexper
iencedandar
emot
ivat
edt
odot
he
ri
ghtthi
ng.
Casest udy
KeliyaisaSt d7learneratPongol aPrimarySchool.Heusuallycomesv erylat
et oschool.Hi s
teacher ,Mr.Mapir
a,hast alkedt ohim sever
alti
mesadv isi
nghimt ocomet oschool earl
y.Buthe
doesnoti mprovehishabit.Oneday ,Mr.Mapir
at oldt
heboyt or emainincl
assaf terknockingof
f,
sot hathecoul dsweept hecl assroom.Howev er,theboyreportedtotheheadt eacherbefore
doingt hepunishment.Het oldt heHeadt eacherthatMr.Mapi r
ahat eshim.TheHeadt eacher
toldtheboynott odot hepuni shment.
Quest
ions
a)Whatwouldyoudoify ouwer
ei nMr.Mapi
ra’
ssit
uati
on?
b)Whatleader
shipst
ylesaredi
splay
edinthi
scasestudy?
c)Asheadteacheroft
heschool,howwouldyouhandlet
hiscase?

TOPIC4Theschoolandt hecommuni t
y
Backgr
oundinformati
on
 Schools,wit
hrelev
antcur
ri
cula,
canbeinstr
ument sofdevelopmentf
orthecommuni
tybot
h
atl
ocalandnati
onall
evel
.
 Schoolsserveascentr
esforeducat
ionandtrai
ningi
nv ar
iousskil
l
swhichcoul
dbeofval
ue
tot
hecommuni ty.
 Theschool ser
vesthecommunityas:
 avehi
clef
ort
ransf
err
ingknowl
edge,
val
uesandcul
tur
efr
om onegener
ati
ont
o
anot
her
 model
l
ingt
hebestpr
act
ices
 act
ingasanagentofchanget
othecommuni
ty.

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 15 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 Accor
dingtot
heEducati
onAct(2013)
,aschoolisani
nst
it
uti
onwher
elear
ner
srecei
ve
for
maleducat
iont
hroughteachi
ngandlear
ning.

 Musaaz(
1982)suggest
sthataschool
canbedescr
ibedi
ntwoway
s:
 asamodelofacommunityi
tser
vesasanexampl
ewher
ethecommuni
tycan
emul
ategoodbehav
iour
.
 ast
hecommuni
tyschool
itmeanst
heschool
bel
ongst
othecommuni
ty.

 From bot
hangles,
theschool
hasbr
oaderf
unct
ionst
hatbr
ingi
tint
ocl
oser
elat
ionshi
pwi
th
thesurr
oundi
ngcommuni t
y.

 Aschool
ser
vessev
eral
funct
ionst
othecommuni
tysuchas:
 educat
ingchi
l
dren,
 soci
ali
singl
ear
ner
s,
 pr
ovi
dingser
vicet
othecommuni
ty.

 Atever
yschool,
thereisSchoolManagementCommit
tee(
SMC) ,ParentsTeacher
s
Associ
ati
on(PTA),andMot herGr
oups(MGs)eachwi
thdi
ff
erenttenure,r
olesandfunct
ions.

SchoolImprovementPlan(SIP)
 Itisauniqueplanthatdescr
ibesaschool
’
star
get
edwor
ktor
aiseachi
evementf
oral
li
ts
l
earner
s.

 TheSchool
Improv
ementPlan(SI
P)isl
ikearoadmapthatset
soutt
hechangesaschool
needst
oimprov
ethel
eveloflear
ner
s’achi
evementandshowshowandwhenthesechanges
wil
lbemade.

 TheMinist
ryofEducat
ionSci
enceandTechnol
ogyhasthemandat
eundert
heEducat
ionAct
(2013,
Secti
on4c)tomaintai
nnati
onal
educati
onst
andards.

 Toaccompl
isht
his,ev
eryschool
andit
scommuni
tyi
sadv
isedt
odev
elopt
hei
rownSI
P
annual
l
yundert
hreemaingoalswhi
chare:
 qual
i
tyandr
elev
ance,
 accessandequi
ty
 gov
ernanceandmanagement
.

 SI
Pist
akenasani
mpl
ement
ati
onpl
anwhi
cht
arget
sthet
hreebr
oadgoal
s.

 ForSIPtobeef
fect
ive,i
tisadv
isabl
ethatschoolsworkwit
ht hei
rcommi t
teessot
hatt
hey
setgoodtar
get
sforthei
rschoolstomeetthelocalandnat
ionalaspi
rat
ions.

 Assuchgoodrelat
ionshi
psbetweentheschool
managementteam andthecommuni
tyar
e
ver
yimport
anttoachievetheeducat
ional
tar
get
sandtodevel
opav erywell
for
mul
atedSI
P.

 UndereachSI
Pbr
oadgoal
,school
admi
nist
rat
ors,
teacher
sandmember
sofv
ari
ous

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 16 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 commi
tteesar
echal
l
engedt
oident
if
yissuest
hatar
ecent
ral
tot
hegoal
andneedt
obe
i
mprov
ed.

 Theplanincl
udesdet
ail
sofact
ivi
ti
esthatwil
lhel
paddr
esstheissueorprobl
em,the
responsi
bleper
son(t
heonetotakeacti
on)andwhenwil
lthei
ssueber esol
ved.

 SIPalsohelpsschooladmini
str
atorsormanager
sandtheschool
communi
tyt
obecr
eat
ive
andresourceful
inplanni
ngforacti
vit
iesandf
undi
ng.

 I
tisat
ool
fori
mpr
ovi
ngef
fect
ivenessandef
fi
ciencyi
nschool
s.

TOPI
C5Recor
dmanagement
Backgr
oundinf
ormati
on
 Recordkeepi
ngisoneoft
hei
mpor
tantr
olesofat
eacher
.

 Knowl
edgeofrecordmanagementisveryi
mportanti
nthet
eachi
ngpr
ofessi
onbecausei
t
hel
pst
heteachertoper
form hi
s/herr
olesef
fect
ivel
y.

 Recor
dmanagementcanbedescr
ibedaskeepi
ngormanagi
ngofdocument
swhi
chcont
ain
usef
uli
nfor
mati
ononhowtheschoolisr
un.

 Thepurposeofr ecordmanagementi
stoi
mprovetheper
for
manceoft
hei
nst
it
uti
onandhol
d
theschoolaccountablef
oral
lofi
tsst
ockandacti
vi
ti
es.

 I
fteachersdonotmanagetheirr
ecor
dsproper
lyt
heywouldnotbeablet
oshowevi
denceof
i
mpr ovementinaspect
soft
heschool’
sworkandtheschool
wouldlosei
nfor
mat
ion
r
egar di
nginst
it
uti
onalmemoryandit
sinv
entor
y.

 Thisi
sbecausei
nformat
ionconcerni
ngthetr
adit
ionoftheschoolwoul
dnotbepassedon
fr
om oneadmini
str
atort
otheotherincaseoftr
ansfer
,resi
gnat
ion,r
eti
rementordeat
h.
Pur
posesofrecor
dmanagement
 Recordspl
ayvari
ousr
olesi
nanyor
gani
sat
ioni
ncl
udi
ngt
heschool
.

 Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
hepur
posesofr
ecor
dsi
nschool
:
 f
aci
l
itat
ingcont
inui
tyi
nadmi
nist
rat
ionofaschool
 assi
sti
nginthepr
ovisi
onofeffect
ivegui
danceandcounsel
l
ingser
vicest
olear
ner
sin
soci
al,
academicandcareerdomains
 pr
ovi
dinginf
ormationneededonex-
studentsbyhi
gherandot
herr
elat
edi
nst
it
uti
onsand
empl
oyersoflabourforadmi
ssi
onandpl acement
 faci
li
tat
ingt
hesuppl
yofinfor
mati
ontoparentandguar
diansf
oref
fect
ivemoni
tor
ingof
progr
essofthei
rchi
l
dren/wardsi
nschool
 servi
ngasdat abankonwhichMoESToff
ici
als,
DEMs,headt
eacher
,st
aff
,lear
ner
sand
otherrel
evantst
akehol
der
scangetinf
ormati
onfrom
 pr
ovi
dingt
hehi
stor
yoft
heschool
andar
eusef
ulhi
stor
ical
sour
ces

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 17 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
Bestpracti
cesinr
ecordmanagementinschools
 School admini
str
atorsandt
eacher
sshouldal
wayst
rytoempl
oyideal
admi ni
strat
ive
pr
acticesandstr
ategi
estoi
mproverecor
dkeepi
ngandmanagementinschools.

 Thi
swi
l
lhel
ptoensur
ethatv
ali
dandr
eli
abl
einf
ormat
ioni
skept
.

 Recor
dmanagementi
nvol
vest
hef
oll
owi
ngact
ivi
ti
esandpr
act
ices:
 cr
eat
inganddi
str
ibut
ingi
nfor
mat
ion
 usi
ngtheinf
ormati
on:
inf
ormat
ionmustbemadeav
ail
abl
etoappr
opr
iat
epeopl
efori
tto
beputi
ntodesir
abl
euse
 r
etai
ningt
heinformati
on:t
hisi
nvol
vesdet
ermini
ngwhi
choft
her
ecor
dshav
eahi
stor
ical
v
alueforf
utur
er ef
erencei
nordert
oberetai
ned
 st
ori
ng:
ensur
ingt
hatr
ecor
dsar
eingoodcondi
ti
onandkepti
nanor
der
lymanner
 pr
otect
ing:
thisi
smakingsuret
hati
nfor
mat
ioni
ssaf
efr
om f
all
i
ngi
ntomal
i
cioushands
aswell
asill
egit
imat
eusers.
Ty
pesofschoolr
ecords
 Ther
earemainlyt
wot y
pesofschool
recor
ds.

 Thesear
eteachi
ng/
academi
crecor
dsandadmi
nist
rat
iver
ecor
ds.

 Teachingrecor
dsTeaching/
academicrecordsaret
hoserecordsthatar
ekeptand
maintainedbycl
assteacher
swhileadminist
rat
iver
ecor
dsar ekeptbytheheadteacher
.
Exampl
esofteachi
ng/academi
crecor
ds
 Teachi
ngsyl
labus
 Schemesofwor
k
 Recor
dsofwor
k
 Lessonpl
an
 Cl
asst
ime-
tabl
e
 Lear
ner
s’pr
ogr
essr
ecor
d
 Cl
assst
ockbook
 Cl
assat
tendancer
egi
ster
Admi
nist
rati
ver
ecor
ds
Thef
oll
owingar
esomeoft
headmi
nist
rat
iver
ecor
dsi
ntheschool
.

Logbook
 I ti
sabookinwhi
cht
heheadt
eacherwr
it
est
hemai
nev
ent
sofaschool
from t
hedat
eitwas
establ
i
shed.

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 18 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 Conf
ident
ial
event
sar
eal
sor
ecor
dedi
nthi
sbookandt
her
efor
emustbekeptsecur
ely
.

 Anyi
nnov
ati
onst
ri
edoutatschool
areal
sor
ecor
dedi
nthi
sbook.

 Si
ncethi
srecordisconfi
denti
al,
headt eacher
sar eurgedtoobser
veprofessi
onali
sm by
l
oggi
ngonlytrueinf
ormati
onanddesi stfrom abusi
ngof f
icebywri
ti
ngsomet hi
ngagainst
membersofstaffduetopersonali
ssues.RefertoTable1f orani
l
lustr
ati
onofthisrecor
d.
Formatofl
ogbook
Dat
e Event
s Recor
dedby

17/
04/
18 Mr.Mombedi dnotreportfordut
iesbecausehe HHBat
on(
Headt
eacher
)
wentforpartt
imeteachingataprivat
eschool.I
cal
ledhim andcounsel
ledhim.

15/
05/
18 School
netbal
lteam wonat
rophyonmot
her
s HHBat
on(
Headt
eacher
)
groupt
rophy

St
ockbook
 Iti
sanequi
pmentr
ecor
dbook.

 I
tshowsi
temskeptbyt
heheadt
eacherandt
hoset
hathav
ebeendi
str
ibut
ed.

 I
thel
pst
heheadt
eachert
okeept
rackofi
temst
hatbel
ongt
otheschool
.

 Therear
etwocategori
esofst
ockbooksandt
hesear
e:t
hosef
orconsumabl
eit
emsandt
he
other
sfornon-
consumabl
es.

 Consumabl
esgetusedupwhi
l
enon-
consumabl
esar
eper
manenti
tems.

 Stat
ionar
y,pensandchalkareexamplesofconsumables;non-
consumabl
est
ocki
ncl
udes,
farmtool
s,radi
o,t
aperecorder
s,fur
nit
ureandproj
ector.
For
matofast
ockbook
Dat
e It
em Invoi
c Noin No Recei
ve Dat
e Wri
tt
en Bal
anc Head
eno st
ock i
ssued dby of
f ein teacher’
st
ock s
signatur
e

6/
04/
1 sl
asher 002 150 50 L. 03/
05/
1 - 100
8 s Nj
ikho 8

Puni
shmentbook
Thi
sisadocumenti
nwhi
cht
heheadt
eacherwr
it
esanyser
iouspuni
shmentgi
vent
olear
ner
s.
Admi
ssi
onbook

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 19 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 Namesofl
ear
ner
sadmi
tt
edt
otheschool
arer
ecor
dedi
nthi
sbook.

 Eachl
ear
neri
sgi
venacodenumberuponj
oini
ngt
heschool
.

 Thosecomi
ngf
rom ot
herschool
s,t
hei
rcodenumber
sar
eal
sor
ecor
dedi
nthi
sbook.

 Amongot
hert
hings,
thi
scodeact
sasauni
quei
dent
if
ierofev
eryl
ear
ner
.

 Apartfrom theschoolmanagementteam,
Ministr
yofEducati
onoffi
cial
sandother
stakeholder
suset hi
sinf
ormati
onforadmini
str
ativ
epurposes,f
orexample,
inf
ormati
on
abouttotalenrol
mentataschool,
numberoflearnersbysexpercl
ass.
For
matofadmissi
onbook
Admissi
o Lear
ner’ Se Year Cl
as Dat
eof Par ent
s/ Occupat
io Promotiontr
ansfer
/
n sname x of s admissi
o n withdr
aws
guardi
an
number bi
rth n
s’name st 1 2 3 t
ran
d s

4545 Pempho F 200 St

d 2/
9/201 MrK. Teacher Yr 201 201 201
2 3 4
Banda 6 3 5 Banda

Mastert
ime-t
able
 Itisachar
tindi
cat
ingwhencl
assper
iodsbegi
nandendf
oral
lcl
asses.

 I
thel
pst
eacher
swhenpr
epar
ingcl
asst
ime-
tabl
es.

 I
thel
pst
oknowwhateachcl
assi
slear
ningatapar
ti
cul
arper
iod.

 I
tal
sohel
pssuper
visor
stoknowwher
etof
indat
eacher
.

 I
thelpstoensur
ethatal
lsubj
ect
sar
etaughtandt
hateachsubj
ectget
stheat
tent
ioni
t
deserv
es.

 Assuch,
acopyoft
hisdocumenti
ssupposedt
obedi
spl
ayedi
ntheheadt
eacher
’sof
fi
ce.
St
affr
ecor
dbook
 Theheadt
eacherr
ecor
dspar
ti
cul
arsofev
eryt
eacheri
nthi
sbook.

 I
tgi
vesinf
ormati
onaboutteacher
s,t
heirqual
i
ficat
ions,
numberoft
eacher
stheschool
has
r
ecei
vedsincei
twasestabl
ishedandthei
rpart
icul
ars.

 I
tfor
mspar
toft
hei
nst
it
uti
onal
memor
y.

 St
affr
etur
nst
otheDEM t
hrought
hePEAar
eext
ract
edf
rom t
hisbookev
erymont
h.

 I
tal
sohel
psi
nmoni
tor
ingt
heav
ail
abi
l
ityandnumberofst
affmember
sataschool
.
For
matofst
affr
ecor
dbook

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 20 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
Nam Dat
eof Reg.no Col
lege Vill
ag T/
A Home Clas Date Remar
k
e bi
rt
h at
tended e Di
str
ic s j
oine s
t d
st
aff

Pani 07/
06/
199 PT4/
2020/ Phal
omb Mano Pepey Nsanj 8 2014 Lef
t
S 0 14 eTTC a e

St
aff
/studentsi
ck/
deceasedrecor
dbook
 Thisisabookinwhichtheheadteacherr
ecor
dsal
lsi
ck/
deceasedmember
soft
heschool
.

 Anexampl
eoft
hisr
ecor
dhasbeeni
l
lust
rat
edbel
ow
For
matofst
aff/st
udentsick/deat
hrecor
dbook
Dat
e Teacher/l
earnersname Sex Ag Cl as (cause Addr
ess Remar
ks
e s of)
problem

3/
3/2017 JenipherLongwe F 32 5 Br
oken Box21 Recov
ered
(Teacher) ar
m Mit
ole

5/
3/2017 JohnChi
kuni
(Lear
ner
) M 7 2 Mal
ari
a P/bag3 Hospi
tal
i
s
Chingwey ed
u

Ti
mebook
 Thisisabooki
nwhicht
eacher
sindi
cat
eti
met
heyhav
ear
ri
vedf
ordut
iesandt
het
imet
hey
f
ini
shever
yworki
ngday
.

 I
tisanimpor
tantdocumentbecausei
thel
psmanagementt
eam t
omoni
torat
tendanceand
punct
ual
it
yofteacher
s.
For
matoft
imebook
Dat
e Name Teachi
ng Ti
mei
n Ti
meout Remar
ks
cl
ass

9/
4/2017 D.Mal
aka St
d2 7:
00am 2:
00pm Arri
vedon
ti
me

Schoolpr
ogr
essrecor
dbook
 Thisisabookinwhichi
nfor
mat
ionofev
eryl
ear
neri
scompi
l
edf
rom cl
asspr
ogr
essbook.

 Ithel
psheadt
eacherandot
herst
akehol
der
stoknowt
heper
for
manceofev
eryl
ear
nerata
school.

 Thi
shel
pst
oident
if
ylear
ner
s’st
rengt
hsandar
easf
ordev
elopmentaswel
lasgapsi
nthei
r

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 21 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 l
ear
ning.

 Teacher
sshoul
dref
ert
othi
sregul
arl
ynotonl
ytor
ecor
dresul
tsbutal
sot
oinf
orm pl
anni
ng.
For
matofpr
ogressbooks
Names Sept Oct Nov Dec Term
of gradeT1
CA T1 SA T1
l
earner
s

SL L SL L SL L SL L SL L SL L SL L

Kondwa
ni

Joel

Ungwer
u

Duy
a

Ot
herrecords
 Apartfrom t
herecor
dswhichhav
ebeendi
scussedsof
ar,
ther
ear
eot
herequal
l
yimpor
tant
recordskepti
ntheschool
.

 Awel
l
-managedschool
wil
lkeepal
lther
equi
redr
ecor
dsf
orsmoot
hoper
ati
ons.

 Suchr
ecor
dsi
ncl
ude:
a)St
affci
rcul
ati
onf
il
es
b)I
nspect
ionr
epor
ts
c)Dut
yrost
er
d)School
cal
endar
e)Lear
nerr
esponsi
bil
i
tyr
ecor
d
f
)Cl
assal
l
ocat
ion
g)Teacherr
esponsi
bil
i
ties

TOPI
C6Educat
ionpol
ici
es
Backgr
oundi
nfor
mat i
on
 Theeducat
ionsectori
nMal
awi
hasexper
iencedmaj
orchanges.

 Oneofthechangeswastheimpl
ement
ati
onoft
heFreePri
mar
yEducat
ion(
FPE)pol
i
cy
whi
chledtorapi
dincr
easeinpri
mar
yschool
enr
olment.

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 22 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 Thishasputpr
essur
eonev er
ylev
eloft
heeducat
ionsy
stem whi
chhasal
sol
edt
osome
resul
tantr
api
dexpansi
on.

 Iti
sagainstt
hisbackgroundthatt
heGovernmentofMalawi
,thr
oughMini
str
yofEducati
on,
ScienceandTechnology(MoEST),hasr
eformul
atedpol
i
ciestogui
detheoperat
ionoft
he
educati
onsector
.

 Suchpoli
cieshavecr
eat
edanenabl
i
ngl
egal
andpol
i
cyf
ramewor
kfort
heoper
ati
onoft
he
educat
ionsector
.

 Theconst i
tut
ionofMalawi sect
ion25stipulat
esthateverypersoni
sent
it
ledtoqual
i
ty
educati
onandt hattheschoolsorinst
it
utionoffer
ingeducati
onbemaint
ainedaccor
dingt
o
off
ici
alstandards.

 Invi
ewoft hi
s,theEducati
onActhassetgoalsofEducat
ioninMal
awithatcl
ear
lyoutl
ine
expect
edknowl edge,v
aluesandatt
it
udesthatst
udentsshoul
datt
ainaft
ergoi
ngthrough
pri
mary,secondaryandtert
iar
yeducat
ion.

 Att
ainmentofsuchknowledge,ski
ll
s,v
aluesandat
ti
tudesi
scrit
ical
forl
ear
ner
s’act
ive
par
tici
pat
ioni
nt hesoci
o-economicdevel
opmentofthenat
ion.

 Ever
yinst
it
uti
on,
suchastheMini
str
yofEducat
ion,hasgui
del
i
nest
hatmember
soft
hat
i
nsti
tut
ionmustf
oll
owinordert
oachiev
ethesetgoals.

 Theheadofeachi
nst
it
uti
onormi
nist
rypassest
hesegui
del
i
nest
oal
lthest
akehol
der
sas
pol
ici
es.

 Theref
ore,
iti
simpor
tantf
ory
out
obef
ami
l
iarwi
tht
hepol
i
ciesandl
awsgui
dingt
he
educat
ionsect
or.

 Oneofsuchl
awsi
stheEducat
ionAct
.
TheEducat
ionAct(
2013)
 TheEducati
onAct(2013)i
sdi
vi
dedi
ntopar
tsandeachpar
tissubdi
vi
dedi
ntosect
ions.

 Somesect
ionsar
efur
therdi
vi
dedi
ntosubsect
ions.

 TheActwhichcover
spri
mar
y,secondar
yandpr
imar
yteachereducat
ioncont
ainst
he
fol
l
owingkeyprov
isi
ons:
a)Scopeofcov
erage(
Par
tI,
Sect
ion3)
b)Goal
sofeducat
ioni
nMal
awi
(Par
tII
,Sect
ion5)
c)Ov
eral
ldut
iesandpower
soft
heMi
nist
erofEducat
ion(
Par
tII
,Sect
ion4)
d)Pri
maryEducat
ioninMalawi(Par
tV,
sect
ions12-
24)e)Secondar
yschool
sandcol
l
egesi
n
Malawi(
PartVI
,sect
ions25-30)
f
)Est
abl
i
shmentandr
egi
str
ati
onofschool
sandcol
l
eges(
Par
tVI
I,
sect
ions31-
49)
g)I
nspect
ionandsuper
visi
onofschool
sandcol
l
eges(
Par
tVI
II
,sect
ions50-
75)

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 23 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 h)I
nst
it
uti
onal
str
uct
uresi
neducat
ionsect
or(
Par
tV)
(
i)Adv
isor
ycounci
l(Par
tII
I,
sect
ion6)
(
ii
)Teacher
s’Counci
lofMal
awi
(Par
tIX,
sect
ion57)
(
ii
i)Mal
awi
Inst
it
uteofEducat
ion(
Par
tXI
,sect
ion82)
i
)Responsi
bil
i
tiesofst
udent
s(Par
tXI
I,
sect
ion103)
j
)Responsi
bil
i
tyofpr
opr
iet
orofpr
ivat
eschool
sandcol
l
eges(
Par
tVI
II
,sect
ion54)
k)Cur
ri
cul
um andi
nst
ruct
ioni
nschool
sandcol
l
eges(
Par
tX,
sect
ions76-
81)
Pr
ovi
sionsoft
heEducati
onActthatdi
rect
lyr
elat
etothecur
ricul
um Language
 Themedium ofi
nst
ruct
ioni
nschoolsandcoll
egesi
sEngl
ish(Sect
ion78,Subsect
ionI
).

 Nev
erthel
ess,t
heMini
sterofEducat
ioni
slegal
l
ymandat
edt
opr
escr
ibet
hel
anguageof
i
nst
ructi
onstobeusedinschool.

 Thi
sist
her
easonatsomepoi
nti
nti
mel
anguageofi
nst
ruct
ioni
nMal
awi
wasChi
chewa.

 Thi
smaychangef
rom t
imet
oti
medependi
ngonadv
icef
rom r
esear
ch.

Sy
ll
abus
 Section4(d)oftheEducat
ionActgi
vespowert
otheMi
nist
erofEducat
iont
odesi
gnand
dev
elopthenati
onalcur
ri
culum.

 Thi
sresponsibi
li
tyi
sdelegat
edtotheMalawiI
nst
it
uteofEducati
on(Sect
ion84,subsect
ion
1a)i
nconjuncti
onwithrel
evantdi
rect
orat
esatMoESTli
keDirect
orat
eofInspect
ionand
Advi
soryServi
ces(DIAS).

 TheEducationActalsogiv
espower
stotheMini
sterofEducati
ontoprescr
iberel
i
gious
i
nstructi
onstobeofferedi
nal
lpubl
i
cschool
sandcol l
eges,andgover
nment -
assi
sted
schoolsandcoll
eges.

 Incaseofanyotherschoolsorcoll
eges,
thepropri
etori
sobl
igedtosubmi
ttot
heMi ni
ster
f
orapproval
,ther
eli
giousinst
ruct
ionsoff
eredatthei
rschool
s(Secti
on80,
subsect
ion2)
Exempt ingastudentfrom attendi
ngreli
giousinstr
uct
ionsorreli
giouswor shi
p
 TheEducat i
onActgi vesawai verf
orast udentt
obewhollyorpar t
lyexempt edfr
om
attendingr
eli
giousinstr
uct i
onsorworshipataschoolonconditionthatparentsfort
he
studentmakeaf or
mal requesttoMini
sterofEducati
onfortheexempt i
on( Secti
on80,sub
section3).

 Thi
spr
ovisi
onrecogni
sest
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofwor
shi
pasguar
ant
eedbyt
heConst
it
uti
on
i
nsect
ion33.
Cur
ri
cul
um i
mpl ement
ati
on
 TheEducat
ionActdoesnotonlypr
escr
ibet
hekindofcurr
icul
um st
udent
sshouldbe
subj
ect
edtobutital
sosti
pulat
eshowthecurr
icul
um shouldbei
mplemented.

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 24 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 Fori
nst
ance,
sect
ion76,
sub-
sect
ion2(
b)st
atest
hatt
henat
ional
cur
ri
cul
um shal
lbe:
 st
udent
-cent
red,
 non-
aut
hor
it
ari
an,
 encour
ageact
ivepar
ti
cipat
ionofst
udent
sint
hel
ear
ningpr
ocess.

 Thi
siswhyyouareal
waysencouragedt
ousepar
ti
cipat
oryt
eachi
ngandl
ear
ning
methodol
ogi
esi
nlessondel
i
very.

 Secti
on76out
li
nessomeoftheski
l
ls,
valuesandatti
tudest
hatthenati
onalcurr
icul
um
shoul
dpromot
eandthatar
eimport
antfortheachi
evementofgoalsofeducati
on.
Nat
ionalEducati
onSt andards(
NES)
 Thesear eexpectedbenchmarkswhi
cheachandev
eryschool
andcol
l
egemustachi
evei
n
theirpr
ovisi
ons,practi
cesandout
comes.

 Achiev
ementoft
hesebenchmar
ksensur
est
hatst
udent
sful
l
yenj
oyt
hei
rri
ght
stoqual
i
ty
educati
on.

 TheNat
ional
Educat
ionSt
andar
dshel
pto:
 i
denti
fyareasoffocusforsuper
visi
onandt
hepr ov
isi
onofadv
isor
ysuppor
t,school
sel
f-
eval
uati
on,schoolper
formancerevi
ewandinspect
ion
 pr
ovi
det
opi
csf
ordi
scussi
onatmeet
ingswi
thst
udent
s,par
ent
sandst
aff
 sel
ectpr
ior
it
iesf
ori
mpr
ovementt
oincl
udei
nschool
ordi
str
icti
mpr
ovementpl
ans
 i
nfor
mthet
rai
ningofeducat
ionpr
ofessi
onal
satal
ll
evel
swi
thi
nthesy
stem
 pr
ovi
deadv
iceabouteducat
ional
pri
ori
ti
esf
orar
angeofaudi
ences
 ev
aluat
e,monit
orandrepor
tont
hequal
i
tyofeducat
ioni
nindi
vi
dual
school
s,wi
thi
nlocal
ar
easandacrossthecount
ry
 encour
ageconsi
stent
,val
idandrel
i
ableapproachestoev
aluat
ionamongeducat
ion
prof
essi
onal
sworkingatbothl
ocalandnati
onallev
els
 f
ost
erpar
tner
shi
psamongeducat
ionst
akehol
der
s
Categori
esofthestandar
ds
Thestandar
dsarecategor
isedi
ntof
ourkeyar
easnamel
y:
Out
comesforst
udent
s
 Whatst
udent
sachi
eve,
orhowt
heybenef
itf
rom goi
ngt
oschool
.

 Thesear
est
udent
s’l
ear
ningexper
iencesandpr
act
ices.

 Thest
andar
dsi
nthi
scat
egor
yar
esummar
isedasf
oll
ows:
Thenat
ionaleducat
ionstandar
ds
Area No Educat
ionst
andar
d

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 25 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
Outcomefor 1 Lear
ningi
nlessons
st
udents
2 St
udent
s’out
comesi
nthecur
ri
cul
um

3 At
tai
nmentacr
osst
heschool

4 St
udent
s’par
ti
cipat
ioni
neducat
ion

5 St
udent
s’behav
iourandi
nvol
vementi
nschool
li
fe

6 St
udent
s’saf
etyandpr
otect
ion

Thet eachi
ng 7 Acur
ri
cul
um whi
chi
sappr
opr
iat
eandr
elev
ant
process
8 Hi
ghex
pect
ati
ons

9 Teacherswit
hgoodpr
ofessi
onal
,subj
ectandcur
ri
cul
um
knowledge

10 Wel
l
-pl
annedl
essons

11 Teachi
ngf
oref
fect
ivel
ear
ning

12 Accur
ateandconst
ruct
iveuseofassessment

13 Teachi
ngwhi
chmeet
stheneedsofal
lst
udent
s

14 Ef
fect
ivemanagementofbehav
iour

Leader
shi
p 15 School
visi
on,
goal
sandv
alues

16 School
sel
f-
eval
uat
ionandi
mpr
ovement

17 School
gov
ernance

18 School
leader
shi
p

19 Par
tner
shi
pwi
thpar
ent
sandt
hecommuni
ty

Management 20 St
affsuper
visi
onanddev
elopment

21 St
affdev
elopmentandmanagement

22 Car
eandwel
far
eofst
udent
s

23 Access,
equi
tyandi
ncl
usi
on

24 Managementofbui
l
dingsandf
aci
l
iti
es

25 Managementofmat
eri
alr
esour
ces

26 Fi
nanci
almanagement

Thet
eachi
ngprocess
 Theschool
’
scorebusi
nessi
stoenabl
est
udent
sachi
evet
heout
comes.

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 26 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 Thi
sincl
udes:
teachi
ng,
assessment
,cr
eat
ionanduseoft
eachi
ngai
ds,
etc.

 Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethest
andar
dsi
nthi
scat
egor
y:
Leader
ship
Thisdr
ivesal
lot
heract
ivi
ti
es.St
andar
dsundert
hiscat
egor
yar
e:
Management
 Thi
sisthepr
ocesseswhi
chenabl
etheschool
’
steachi
ngandl
ear
ningt
otakepl
ace.

 Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethest
andar
dsundert
hiscat
egor
y:
Rel
ati
onshipbetweenkeyst
andardareas
 Therelati
onshi
pbetweenthekeystandar
dar
easi
sbot
hcausal
anddi
agnost
ic.

 Forstudent
stoacqui
retherequi
redl
ear
ningout
comes,
ther
emustbeef
fect
ivet
eachi
ng
whichisdeter
minedbyeff
ecti
veschool
managementononehand.

 Ontheotherhand,ef
fect
ivemanagementi
sresul
tsf
rom t
heav
ail
abi
l
ityofv
ibr
antand
suppor
ti
vegovernancestr
uctur
es.

Leader
shi
pand
Out
comef
orl
ear
ner
s Thet
eachi
ngpr
ocess
management

NESf
orcasual
rel
ati
onshi
p

 Theframewor
kcanal
sobeusedt
omakeadi
agnost
icassessmentont
heper
for
manceofa
school.

 Forexampl
e,poorper
for
manceofst
udentscanbeduetoi
neff
ecti
vet
eaching,
whi
chcanbe
asaresul
tofweakmanagementofaschool
,andweakgov
ernancest
ruct
ures.

Out
comef
orl
ear
ner
s Thet eachi
ng Leader
shi
pand
process management

NESf
ordi
agnosi
s
Eval
uat
ionofschoolpract
ices,
pr ov
isionsandoutcomesusi
ngthestandar
ds
Ev
aluat
ionofschoolpr
acti
ces,provi
sionsandoutcomesisdoneusi
ngthefol
lowi
ngl
evel
s:
Lev
el2: theexpect
edmini
mum standar
dofeducat
ionwhi
chev
eryschool
inMal
awi
shoul
dprovi
det
oitsst
udents.
Lev
el1: pr
ovi
sions,
pract
icesorout
comeswhi
chdonotr
eacht
hebasi
cmi
nimum

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 27 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
Lev
els3and4:bet
terpr
ovi
sions,
pract
icesandout
comest
owhi
chschool
scanandshoul
d
i
nspir
e.
Descr
ipt
ionfort
hef
ourl
evel
sofachi
evement(
Ref
ert
oNat i
onalEducat
ionSt
andar
ds,
page11)
Lev
el Descr
ipt
or

4 Ef
fect
ive Provideswel
lbeyondt
hebasicmini
mum ofpr
ovi
sion,
pract
iceor
Pr
acti
ce outcome.Aspir
ati
onal
butachiev
abl
e.

3 Exceeds Ty
picalofpract
icewhichisbet
tert
hanthemi
nimum.Pr
ovides
mi ni
mum manageabletar
getsforschool
stoimpr
ovebeyondt
heminimum.
standar
ds

2 Meets Meet
sALLt
hebasi
crequi
rement
sexpect
edofal
lschool
sinMal
awi
mini
mum
st
andards

1 Bel
owmi ni
mum Doesnotmeetal
ltheminimum r
equir
ements.I
mmediateimprov
ement
st
andar
ds neededt
oimprov
ef ur
therdamagetolear
ners’
educat
ionandcare.

Pr
ocessofev al
uati
ngt heachiev
ementofast
andard
 Evidenceforachi
ev ementofast
andar
discol
lect
edt
hrough:
obser
vat
ion,
int
erv
iewsor
checkingschoolrecords.

 Eachstandar
dhascor
respondi
ngr
equi
rement
swhi
chmustbesat
isf
iedf
ort
heachi
evement
ofastatedst
andar
d.

 Ev
aluat
ionmustbebasedonr
eli
abl
eandcompr
ehensi
veev
idence.

 Whenevaluati
ngaschool
,youshoul
dstar
twit
hrequi
rement“
Meet
smi
nimum st
andar
ds”
l
evel
(asindicat
edatl
evel2int
hetabl
eabove)
.

 Af
termeet
ingt
her
equi
rement
sofl
evel
2,t
heny
oucanmov
eont
othenextl
evel
.

 Thefoll
owingaredi f
ferentsour cesofev i
dencet hatcanbeusedf orev aluat
ion:
a)Stati
stical datae. g.recordsonat tainment,retenti
on, att
endance, select
ion,
repet
iti
on, enr olment ,passr at
es, etc.
b)People’sv iewse. g.interv
iewswi t hstudents,parents, st
af f
, membersofschool
governi
ngbodi es,traditi
onal l
eaders, schoolpropriet
ors, etc.
c)Obser v
at i
ons, e.g.obser v
ingl ear
ner scarryi
ngoutact ivi
ti
esdur ingl
essons,
observi
ngl ear ners’ r
esponsesi nclass, checki
ngl ear
ner s’exer ci
sebooksand
schoolrecor ds, etc.
 All
inf
or mati
oncollectedmustbet r
iangulatedbef orecomi ngupwi thaf inalj
udgment ,
meaningthatdiff
erentsour cesofget ti
ngi nfor
mat i
onshoul dber eferredt obeforecomi ngup
wit
haj udgement.

PARTX-
CURRI
CULUM ANDI
NSTRUCTI
ONSI
NSCHOOLSANDCOLLEGES

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 28 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
76.-
(l
)TheMinistershal
lpromotethedevel
opmentofanat i
onalcurr
iculum f
orschool
sand
col
legest
hatiscompr ehensi
ve,bal
anced,f
lexi
ble,
int
egr
ated,di
versi
fiedandrel
evanttot
he
needsofthestudentandsociet
y.
(
2)Thenat
ional
cur
ri
cul
um shal
l
(a)pr epar est udent sf ort hewor ldofwor k,socialandpol it
icalparti
cipati
oni nthecontext
ofar api dlychangi nganddy nami cgl obal economyandsoci et
y;
(b)best udent -
cent eredandnon- authorit
ar i
an,andencour ageact i
vepar t
icipat i
onof
st udent si nt hel earningpr ocess;
(c)st i
mul atecr iti
cal andef fect iver easoni nganddev eloppr oblem solvi
ngand
inf ormat ionpr ocessi ngski l
ls;
(d)f ost ersel f-discipli
ne;
(e)t reatknowl edgeaspr ov isional andcont estable;
(f)pr omot emor alandet hical behav iour;
(g)dev elopnecessar yunder st andi ng,valuesandski ll
sf orsustainabledev elopment ;
(h)pr omot er espectf orhumanr ights;
(i)pr omot euni t
yi ndiv ersi tyt hroughaf lexi bleframewor kwhi challowsf ort he
accommodat i
onofcul tur al differencesandneeds;
(j)takei nt oaccountcr oss- cut tingemer gi ngandcont empor aryissues;
(k)pr omot eent repreneur ial andt echnologi calval
uesandski l
ls;and
(l)prepar est udent sf orl ife-longt raini
ng.
(Adapt edf r om Nat i
onal Educat i
onAct ,2013) .
Quest
ions
1.I dent if
yanyt wocur r
icul um speci ficati
onsf rom secti
on76( 1)oft heEducat i
onAct ,and
anal ysehowt heyhav ebeenaddr essedi nt henat i
onal pr
imar yschool curri
cul um.
2.ReadSect ion76, subsect i
ons2( c-l)oftheEducat i
onAct .Discusshowt hepr i
mar yschool
cur ri
cul um pr omot esacqui sitionoft hev alues, ski
ll
s,andat tit
udesenshr inedi nt he
sect ion.

TOPI
C7Thegov
ernmentt
eachi
ngser
vicer
egul
ati
ons
Backgroundinformati
on
 Ev eryfunct
ionalor
gani
sat
ionhasr
egul
ati
onst
hatgui
deoper
ati
onsofi
tsmember
s.

 Thet
eachi
ngser
vicei
nMal
awi
regul
atest
heoper
ati
onsoft
eacher
s.

 Secti
on10oftheGovernmentTeachi
ngServi
ceActgi
vespowertotheMini
str
yofEducat
ion
tomakeregul
ati
onsfortheadmini
str
ati
on,
regul
ati
onanddisci
pli
nar
ycontr
oloft
eachi
ng
serv
icei
nthecount
ry.

 I
tisundert
hisprov
isi
ont
hatt
heMi
nist
ercameupwi
tht
heGov
ernmentTeachi
ngSer
vice
Regul
ati
onsin2001.

 Teacher
sar
epar
toft
heCi
vi
lSer
vice.

 Teacher
sar
eexpect
edt
osubscr
ibet
otheMal
awi
publ
i
cSer
vicer
egul
ati
on(
MPSR)
.

 TheMPSRi
sabookcompr
isi
ngsi
xbookst
hatst
ipul
atet
hecodeofconductgov
erni
ngt
he

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 29 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 Ci
vi
lSer
vice.

 However,
real
isi
ngthatteacher
sareplacedi
napri
vil
egedandimpor
tantposi
ti
onoft
rust
,
t
herearespecif
icr
egulati
onsgover
ningthet
eachi
ngprofessi
on.

 Theseregul
ati
onsar
efoundi
nthet
eachi
ngser
vicer
egul
ati
ons(
TSR)whi
chf
ormst
heBook
VIoftheMPSR.

 TheTSRar
emeantt
ouphol
dhi
ghst
andar
dsofpr
ofessi
onal
i
sm atal
lti
mes.

 Theref
ore,
aspr
ospect
ivemember
soft
het
eachi
ngser
vice,
youneedt
obeconv
ersantwi
th
theTSR.

 TheCi
vi
lSer
vicecompr
isesdi
ff
erentmi
nist
ri
esanddepar
tment
s.

 I
tcoor
dinat
est
hei
ract
ivi
ti
est
oachi
evet
hei
rgoal
sandobj
ect
ives.

 Li
keanyot herf
ormalor
gani
sat
ion,
theci
vi
lser
vicehasr
egul
ati
onsandcondi
ti
onsofser
vice
whichactasguidel
i
nes.

 Mal
awi
Publ
i
cSer
viceRegul
ati
ons(
MPSR)i
sacomposi
tebookmadeupofsi
xbooks.

 Thesebooksar
e:
BookI: containsr
egulat
ionsthatapplyt
oall
civ
ilservant
sincl
udi
ngpr
imaryand
secondaryschoolteachers,
coll
egel
ecturer
sandt ut
orsi
ndi
stanteducat
ion
centres
BookI
I: cont
ainsr
egul
ati
onsgov
erni
ngt
empor
aryempl
oyees
BookI
II: cont
ainsr
egul
ati
onst
hatgov
erni
ndust
ri
alcl
assempl
oyees
BookI
V: cont
ainsregul
ationsthatapplyt
othosewor
kingi
nfor
eign-
ser
vice(
embassi
es
andhighcommi ssionsabroad)
BookV: contai
nsregul
ati
onst
hatappl
ytoexpat
ri
ateempl
oyees(
thosewhocomef
rom
abroadtoworkinMal
awi)
BookVI: cont
ainsr
egul
ati
onst
hatappl
ytot
eacher
sonl
y

 I
tisver
yimpor
tantt
hatal
lempl
oyeesi
neducat
ional
inst
it
uti
onsbeawar
eofcont
ent
sof
BookVI.

 Thefoll
owingar
etheissuest
hatper
tai
ntot
her
egul
ati
onsaboutt
het
eacher
sonl
yas
recor
dedinBookVI.

 Pleasenot
ethatt
hisbookcanber
evi
sedf
rom t
imet
oti
measGov
ernmentdeems
appropr
iat
e.
Appoi
ntment
 Appoint
mentmeansconf
ermentofanof
fi
ceofemol
umenti
ntheser
vice.

 Afterqual
i
fyi
ngasateacher
,youwi
llber
equir
edtoappl
yforappoi
ntmentonPSR3f
orm
(Publi
cServi
ceRegul
ati
ons3form)
,asaciv
ilser
vant
.

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 30 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
Pr
obati
on
 Iti
stheper
iodbef
oreanoff
iceri
sconf
ir
medi
nhi
sorherser
vicepostf
oraper
iodofnotl
ess
than2year
stoapermanentpost
.

 Uponfi
rstappoi
ntmenti
ntheCi
vi
lSer
vice,
all
empl
oyeeswi
l
lser
veonpr
obat
ionf
oraper
iod
oftwoyears.

 Thisleadst
oaconf
ir
mat
ionaf
teraper
son'
ssui
tabi
l
ity
,conduct
,abi
l
ityandqual
i
tiesar
e
assessed.
Medi
calexami
nation
 Eachemployeehast
ocompl
etePSR4For
ms(
Publ
i
cSer
viceRegul
ati
ons4For
ms)
.

 Thef
ormsar
ecompl
etedaf
termedi
cal
exami
nat
ion.

 Agover
nmentmedicalof
fi
ceroranyot
herappr
ovedmedi
cal
pract
it
ioneradmi
nist
erst
he
medi
calexami
nat
ion.

 Anof
fi
cert
akesupanappoi
ntmentonl
yuponf
ulf
il
li
ngal
lst
agessat
isf
act
ori
l
y.
Posti
ng
 Thi sisanassi
gnmentgiv
ent
oanof
fi
cerwi
thi
nthesamedepar
tment
,forexampl
e,wi
thi
nthe
Minist
ryofEducat
ion.

 IntheMini
str
yofEducat
ion,
theresponsi
bleof
ficerpost
steacher
sfr
om oneschool
to
anotherwi
thi
nthesamedepart
mentofeducation.
Transf
er
Transf
eroccur
swhenaciv
ilser
vanti
srequi
redt
omov
efr
om onedepar
tmentt
oanot
her
depart
mentormini
str
y.
Remuner
ati
on
 Thismeanst
hepay
mentofsal
aryt
oamemberf
ort
heser
vicesr
ender
ed.

 Anempl
oyeeshal
lnor
mal
l
yst
artonami
nimum sal
aryscal
eforhi
s/hergr
ade.

 Asal
aryi
safi
xedamountpai
dortransf
err
edt
oanempl
oyeeatr
egul
ari
nter
val
sforser
vices
r
ender
edatt
heendofthemonth.

 I
nsomecases,
amembermaybeappoi
ntedatasal
aryabov
ethemi
nimum.

 Thi
shappenswhenamemberhashi
gherqual
i
ficat
ionsormor
eexper
iencet
hant
he
mini
mum requi
redf
ort
hepost
.
Regi
str
ati
onoft eacher
s
 Registr
arofteacher
sisanofficerappoi
ntedbyt
heMi
nist
erwhocont
rol
sther
egi
str
ati
onof
t
eachersandtheRollofLi
censedTeachers.

 TheRegi
strarofteacher
sregi
ster
sal
lthet
eacher
s.He/
shei
ssuesanaut
hor
it
ytot
eachat
appr
opri
atetimes.

 Ev
eryt
eacherwhosenamei
sont
her
egi
steroft
eacher
sshal
lbei
ssuedwi
thanaut
hor
it
yto

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 31 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 t
each.

 Ther
egist
raroft
eacher
sfrom t
imetotimepubl
i
shesi
nthegazet
tenamesofper
sonst
o
whom aut
hori
tyt
oteachhasbeenissued.
Pr
omot ion
 Thishappenswhenanoffi
cerisrai
sedfr
om alowgradet
oahi
ghergr
adeandt
hiscanbe
achievedt
hroughper
sonalapprai
sal
sandint
ervi
ews.

 Thepr
omot
ioni
sonmer
itandi
tdependsonav
ail
abi
l
ityofv
acantpost
s.
Annualhol
idayandleave
 Annualholi
dayisint
endedt
oentit
leemploy
eestohavesomerestf
rom t
hei
rwor
king
envir
onments.Theholi
dayyeari
sforaperi
odoftwel
vemonths.

 Sat
urday
,Sundayandpubl
i
chol
i
day
sdonotcountagai
nstanyhol
i
day
.

 Asanempl
oyeei
ngov
ernment
,youwi
l
lbeent
it
ledt
ohav
esomer
estf
rom y
ourwor
k.

 Howev
er,
theannual
hol
i
dayi
sapr
ivi
l
ege;
notar
ight
.

 Al
lteacher
staket
hei
rannual
leav
edur
inganyschool
hol
i
dayandnor
mal
l
ynotwhenschool
s
ar
einsession.

 Youwil
lhav
etoappl
yfor
mal
l
y,t
hroughf
orms,
forsuchhol
i
day
sandwai
tfort
her
esponse
bef
oreyoul
eav
e.
Typesofl
eave
Ther
earedi
ff
erentt
ypesofl
eav
e:Bel
owar
eaf
ewexampl
esofl
eav
e:
Si
ckl
eave
 Aci
vi
lser
vanti
sgr
ant
edupt
osi
xmont
hs(
180consecut
iveday
s)wi
thf
ull
pay
.

 However,he/
shecant
akeupf
urt
hersi
xmont
hs(
180consecut
iveday
s)wi
thhal
fpayi
nany
oneyearofil
l
ness.

 Af
tert
hisper
iod,
nosal
aryi
spai
dtot
heof
fi
cer
.

 Nosi
ckl
eav
eshal
lbegr
ant
edwher
ethesi
cknessi
sduet
otheof
fi
cer
s'negl
i
gence.
Unpai
dsickleav
e
Unpaidsi
ckleavemaybegr
ant
edt
oanof
fi
ceri
fsi
ckl
eav
ehasbeenexhaust
edy
ets/
hei
sst
il
l
unf
itf
orwork.
Unpai
dper
sonalleav
e
 Unpai
dpersonall
eaveisgrant
edt
oanyci
vi
lser
vantwho est
abl
i
shest
heneedf
orhi
m/her
t
obeawayonanur gentpr
ivat
eaf
fai
r.

 Thi
sisdoneaf
terexhaust
inghi
s/herhol
i
dayper
iod.
Leaveforpart
ici
pati
oninsportsacti
vit
ies
 Youcant akeleavetopart
ici
pateinsport
s,mor
eespeci
all
yify
ouar
epar
ti
cipat
ingi
nnat
ional
andint
ernati
onalspor
tsacti
vi
ti
es.

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 32 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 Aci
vi
lser
vanti
sgr
ant
edf
ull
payashe/
shepr
oceedsont
hel
eav
e.

 Thel
eav
edoesnotcountagai
nstt
heci
vi
l-ser
vant
's annual
leav
e.

 Leav
eaf
terpost
ingAci
vi
lser
vanti
sent
it
ledt
o3day
sleav
eaf
terpost
ing.
Mat
erni
tyl
eave
 Afemalet
eachercanbegr
ant
edmat
erni
tyl
eav
eofupt
o90consecut
iveday
swi
thf
ull
pay
.

 Thi
sisappr
ovedonl
yonceev
ery3y
ear
sforpur
posesofconf
inementbef
oreandaf
ter
del
i
very
.
Leav
egrant
 Leav
egrantshal
lbepay
abl
etoal
lempl
oyeesonl
yoncei
neachhol
i
dayy
ear
.

 I
tisbasedont
heempl
oyees'
indi
vi
dual
gradei
ntheser
vice.

 Butt
oqual
i
fyf
orpay
ment
,youar
erequi
redt
otakeatl
east7consecut
ivewor
kingday
s.

 Appl
icat
ionf
orl
eav
egr
antshal
lbemadeatl
eastt
enday
sbef
oret
hedat
eofpr
oceedi
ngon
l
eave.
Adv
ancepayment s
 Acivil
serv
antisenti
tl
edtoadvances,f
orexampl
e,educat
ionadv
ance,
emer
gencyadv
ance,
bicy
cleadvance,mot
orvehi
cleadvance.

 I
tmustbeknownt
hatt
hisi
ssubj
ectt
oav
ail
abi
l
ityoff
inances.
Al
lowances
 Civi
lser
vant
srecei
veal
l
owancesf
rom t
imet
oti
mef
orv
ari
ousr
easons.

 Theal
l
owancesar
eknownaccor
dingt
othei
rpur
poses.

 Examplesofal
lowancest
hatcivi
lser
vant
smayr ecei
vei
ncl
ude:di
stur
banceal
l
owance,
subsi
stenceal
l
owance,occasi
onalmealal
lowanceandr
uralal
l
owance.
Cl
assif
icat
ionoft
eachers'
quarter
sandr at
esofr ent
Whereahouseisprov
idedthet
eachershallpaytherentasf
oll
ows:
Cl
assI: Thequartershave:
 permanentroofandwal l
s
 aconcr
etef
loort
hroughout
 wat ersuppl
y
Therentdeducti
onis5%ofhi
s/hermont
hlysal
ary
.
Cl
assI
I: Thequarter
shaveal
lcomponentsin(
1)aboveexceptwat
ersuppl
y.
Therentdeduct
ioni
s4%ofhis/hermont
hlysal
ary.
Cl
assI
II: Thequar
ter
shav
ewat
ersuppl
ywi
thanyt
woot
hercomponent
sspeci
fi
edi
ncl
ass
1.
Ther
entdeduct
ioni
s2%ofhi
s/hermont
hlysal
ary
.

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 33 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
Cl
assI
V: Thequar
ter
shav ewatersuppl
ytoget
herwi
thanyonecomponentspeci
fi
edi
n
cl
ass1.Therentdeduct
ionisNIL.
Not
iceofr
esignati
onbyat
eacher
 Acivi
lser
v antwi
shi
ngt
oresi
gnmustgi
veanot
icei
nwr
it
ingt
other
esponsi
bleof
fi
cer
.

 Theper
iodforgi
vingnoti
ceisdeterminedbywhet
heraci
vi
lservantisaprobat
ioner
,
per
manentoffi
cerorcontr
actoff
icer,
forexampl
e,apr
obati
onergivesonl
y30day sofnot
ice
bef
orer
esigni
ng.
Ret
ir
ement
 Anempl
oyeer
eti
resonat
tai
ningt
heageof60y
ear
s.

 Thi
siscal
l
edmandat
oryr
eti
rement
.

 Thi
sagemayv
aryf
rom t
imet
oti
measgov
ernmentdeemspr
oper
.
Ot
heropt
ions
 Anemployeemayr
eti
reaf
ter20y
ear
sint
heser
vice.

 Wi
thapprov
aloft
her
esponsi
bleof
fi
cer
,anempl
oyeewhohaswor
kedf
orl
esst
han20y
ear
s
mayr
eti
re.

 Anempl
oyeemayr
eti
reonheal
thgr
ounds.

 However
,amedical
boar
dmustcer
ti
fyt
heheal
thcondi
ti
onwhet
herhe/
shecannotcont
inue
i
ntheservi
ce.
Pensi
onandgrat
uit
y
 Anemployeewhoisel
i
gibl
eforpensi
onshal
lrecei
veagr
atui
tyaf
terr
eti
rement
.

 Apartfrom maki
ngprov i
sionsonter
msandcondi t
ionsofser
vicef
orteacher
semploy
edi
n
governmentschools,
theMal awiGovernmentTeachingServi
ceRegul
ationsal
sol
aydown
rul
est hatseekt
oregulat
et hebehav
iourofteachers.

 Regul
ati
on77oft heTSRsetsoutdetai
ledl
i
stofact
sofmi sconductthati
ndicatethe
speci
fi
cresponsi
bil
it
iest
hatteacher
singover
nmentschoolsareexpectedtodischar
ge.
Scenari
o1
Mr sPakii
sav er
ypopularteacherathisschool
.Hei
sfondofjokes.Heusuall
ygreetsgir
lsand
femaleteacher
sattheschool wit
hahug.Whenshemeet sboy
sandmal eteacher
s,shegr eet
s
them wit
hapatont heback.Onegi rl
,alear
neri
nhercl
asscomplainedt
otheheadt eacherthat
Mr sPaki
’shugsandphy si
calcontact
smakeheruncomf ort
abl
e.Theheadteachercall
sMr sPaki
andadv i
seshertostopthepracti
ce.
Quest
ions:
1Whatprofessional
issueshavebeenr ai
sedinthescenar
io?
2Whatcouldbet heconsequencesfortheteacher
?
3Howi stheissueaviol
ati
onoft hecodeofconductasenshri
nedi
nregul
ati
on77?
4Whichr ul
e(s)hasbeenv i
olat
ed?

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 34 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
Scenar io2
Mi ssBay ihasjustqual i
fiedf rom coll
ege.Shehasbeenpost edtoanewschool i
nonethe
distr
ictsi nt heEasternRegi on.Shehasmadesomanyf r
iendswithintwomont hsofworking.
Shebel ongst ooneoft hegr oupsonWhat sAppinwhi choneoft hem isast af
fmemberathi s
school .Oneday ,MissBay iwr it
esherper sonali
nformat i
ononWhat sApp.Hercol l
eague,whois
alsoamemberofst affatt hatschool visi
tshersit
eandbecomesv eryconcernedbecauset here
wasast atementt hatrev ealedt hatMissBay iwasat t
ractedtomanyy oungboy sattheschool
andwasi ncont actwitht hem pr ivat
ely.Hereport
st hemat tertotheheadteacherandt hehead
teachercal lMissBay i.
Quest i
ons:
1Whatpr ofessionalissueshav ebeenr ai
sedinthescenar i
o?
2Whatcoul dbetheconsequencesf ortheteacher?
3Howi st heissueav iolationoft hecodeofconductasenshr i
nedinRegul ati
on77?
4Whi chr ule(s)hasbeenv iolated?

TOPI
C8Gui
danceandcounsel
li
ng
Backgr
oundinf
ormati
on
 Guidanceandcounsel
li
ngpr
ovi
desassi
stancet
olear
ner
sfort
hem t
omakebet
terdeci
sions
i
nthei
rdaytodayli
fe.

 Par
entssendt
heirchi
l
drentoschoolsbecausetheybel
i
evethatteacherswi
l
lassi
stt
he
chi
l
drentodev
elopasfull
yaspossibl
einallaspect
softhei
rpotenti
al.

 Theteacheri
sthereforeresponsi
blef
ort
hewel
l
bei
ng,
wel
far
e,gui
danceandsuper
visi
onof
thechi
ldr
entoattainfull
dev el
opment
.

 Manyt
imesdi
ff
erentpeopl
efi
ndt
hemsel
vesassi
sti
ngi
ndi
vi
dual
stosol
vet
hei
rpr
obl
ems.

 Teachersar
eoftenfoundi
nt hesi
tuat
ionofassi
sti
nglear
ner
s,communi
tyandorf
ell
ow
teacher
stoarr
iveatadeci
sionthatwil
lsol
veachall
enge.

 Teacher
sbynat
ureoft
hei
rjobneedsomegui
danceandcounsel
l
ingski
l
ls.

 Thishel
psthem t
oassi
stl
ear
ner
stobemor
all
yupr
ightandacqui
reaccept
abl
eet
hical
behavi
our.

 Foronetobecomeaneffect
ivecounsel
l
ort
her
eisneedt
odi
sti
ngui
shbet
weenadv
ice,
gui
danceandcounsel
l
ingservi
ces.

Dif
ferencesbetweencounsel
li
ngandguidance
Counsell
ingisahelpi
ngrel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenani ndi
vi
dualwhohasapr
obl
em and
anotherindi
vi
dualt
ryi
ngtohelpfi
ndanappropr
iat
esolut
iont
othepr
obl
em.School
counsell
ingaimsat:

 hel
pingst
udentsgai
nani
nsi
ghtint
otheorigi
nsanddevel
opmentofemoti
onal
di
ff
icul
ti
esleadi
ngtoani
ncr
easedcapaci
tytotaker
ati
onalcont
rol
everf
eel
ingsand

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 35 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 actions
 helpingaltermaladjustedbehaviour
 assistingstudents/
learner
stomov eintherightdir
ectionoff
ulf
il
li
ngthei
rpot
enti
alor
achiev eanintegr
ati
onofconf li
ctingel
ement swi t
hinthemsel
ves
 prov i
dingstudents/
learner
swi t
ht heski
lls,
awar enessandknowledgewhichwil
l
enabl ethem toconfrontsoci
alinadequacy

Guidanceont heot herhandi saprocessofhel pi

ngindiv
idual
st ounder
standthemsel
ves
andt heirworl
d.Itisalsoanon- goi
ngassistancegiventoindi
vidual
swhodonot
compl etel
yunderstandt hemselves(t
heirst
r engthsandweaknesses)aswellasthei
r
social,economic,educationalandpoli
ti
calenv i
ronment.

Learners’probl
emst hatneedcounsel l
ingandguidance
Iti
sami st
aketobel ievethatallchil
drengrowupi nlovi
nghomes.Whi l
eindeedsome
chi
ldrenlivecontentedlivesinlovinghomeswher etheygr
owi ntogoodci t
izens,
for
somet her eal
it
yist heopposite.Somechi l
drenmaygot hroughforcesi nthehome,
schoolandsoci etythatimpingeont hem andcreateemotionalcri
sissuchas
unhappiness,periodsofdepr ession,gri
ef,feel
i
ngsofguilt
y,lowself-esteem and
unwor t
hiness.Suchchi ldrenneedt obecounsel l
edandgui ded.Theirproblemsmay
ari
sebecauseof :

 brokenhomeswhenpar entshav edivorced.

 viol
enthomewher ethechi l
drenareabused, r
eject
edorpunished.
 unpleasanthomewi ththefts,assault
, hate,murderandwher etherei
snoconcernfor
thephy sicalandemoti
onal supportfort hegrowthoft hechi
ld
 i
nt heev entofHIVandAI DS, Somechi ldrenexperi
encei l
l
nessordeat hofpar
ent
s.
 manychi l
drenmayalsof acepr obl
em ofhungerandabsol ut
epov ert
y.
 othersfacepr obl
emstodeal withpuber tyandadolescence.

Thesemayl eadt osuchseri

ousprobl
emsas:
 lowacademi cachievement
 absenteeism
 dropoutf rom school
 alcoholi
sm, drugandsubstanceabuse
 teenagepr egnanciesandmarri
ages
 juveni
ledelinquencies

Teacher
st her
efor
ehav earol
etoassistlear
nersacqui
reconf
idenceandsurvi
val
ski
l
ls
suchasrisktaki
ng,asser
ti
veness,
independence,pr
obl
em sol
v i
nganddecisi
onmaki
ng.

TOPI
C9I
ncl
usi
vepr
act
icesi
nschool
s

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 36 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
Backgroundinf
ormati
on
 School smustprov
ideal
ear
ningenv
ironmentthatcat
ersf
ori
ndi
vi
dual
lear
ner
’sneedsi
fthe
ri
ghttoeducat
ioni
stobeenj
oyedbyev er
ylear
ner.

 Suchanenvi
ronmententai
l
sestabl
ishmentofpr
act
icest
hatsuppor
tpr
ovi
sionofef
fect
ive
educat
iont
othemajori
tyofchi
l
dren.

 Aschoolenv
ironmentt
hatembracesi
ncl
usi
veeducat
ioncanbeav
eryi
mpor
tanti
nst
rument
i
nbuil
dinganincl
usi
vesoci
ety
.

 However
,forschool
stoplayt
hisi
mportantrol
e,t
her
eisneedt
oaddr
essbar
ri
erst
hat
negat
escreat
ionofanincl
usi
veschool
env i
ronment
.

 Suchbar
rier
sinclude:atti
tudes,
physi
calbar
riers,
curri
cul
um, t
eacher
s,languageand
communicati
on,socio-economicfact
ors,
funding,andorgani
sati
onoftheeducati
onsyst
em.

 I
nschools,
thesebarr
ier
scanbeaddr
essedbyensuringthatl
earnerswi
thdiversel
ear
ning
needsar
esupportedthr
ought
heuseofdif
fer
entteachingandlearni
ngpract
ices.

 I
nthi
sregar
d,underst
andi
nghowlear
nerswit
hdiver
sel
ear
ningneedsl
ear
nisoneoft
he
mosti
mportantt
asksfort
eacher
stounder
take.

 Lear
ner
scanact
ivel
ypar
ti
cipat
eint
hel
ear
ningi
fthet
eacherpr
epar
est
hel
essonswel
lby
 usi
ngav
ari
etyoft
eachi
ng,
lear
ningandassessmentmet
hods;
 i
ncl
udi
ngt
heef
fect
iveuseofr
esour
ces
 seat
ingar
rangement
s(Far
rant
,1990)
.

 Lear
ner
swi
thdi
ver
seneedshav
evar
yingst
rengt
hsandar
easf
ordev
elopment
.

 Therefor
e, i
tisi
mport
antforteacher
stohaveadequateknowledgeofav ar
iet
yofeff
ecti
ve
teachi
ng,learni
ngandassessmentpract
icest
ofacil
i
tatesuccessf
ulteachi
ngandlear
ning
process.

TOPI
C10I
ndi
vi
dual
isededucat
ional
plan
Backgr
oundinf
ormati
on
 Learner
swithdi
ver
selear
ningneedsr
equi
resuppor
tfr
om school
s.

 Onewayofsupport
ingsuchlear
ner
sisthedev
elopmentofapl
ant
omoni
torandof
fert
he
muchneededsupportandi
nterv
ent
ion.

 Lear
nerdi
ver
sit
yrequi
resdi
ff
erentl
ear
ningandt
eachi
ngst
rat
egi
es.

 I
tisi
mpor
tantt
osuppor
tthel
ear
ner
saccor
dingt
othei
rindi
vi
dual
lear
ningneeds.

 Teachersneedtopl
ant
hei
rwor
kaccor
dingt
otheneedsoft
hel
ear
ner
sinor
dert
oassi
st
them ef
fect
ivel
y.

 Fort
hist
ohappen,
teacher
sneedt
opr
epar
eani
ndi
vi
dual
i
sededucat
ional
planf
orl
ear
ner
s

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 37 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 whof
acechal
l
engesi
nlear
ning.

 IEPisasyst
ematicwayofmoni
tor
ingandassessi
ngt
hepr
ogr
essofal
ear
nerwi
thspeci
al
educat
ional
needs.

 I
tisawrit
tenplanthatdescr
ibeswhattheteacherandotherpr
ofessi
onal
swi
l
ldot
omeett
he
needsofl
earnerswithspeci
aleducat
ional
needs( Pol
lowayetal
,2001).

 Dowdyetal
.(2001)pr
ovi
desf
urt
hercl
ari
fi
cat
ionofI
EPasf
oll
ows:
 Indiv
idual
isedmeansthatt
heI EPmustbeaddr
essedtotheeducat
ional
needsofa
singl
elear
nerrat
herthanaclassoragroupofl
ear
ners.
 Educati
onmeansthattheIEPisl
imitedt
othoseel
ement
soft
hechi
l
d’seducat
ion
thatar
edif
fer
entf
rom otherser
vices.
 Plan/pr
ogr
ammemeanst
hatt
heI
EPi
sast
atementofwhatwi
l
lact
ual
l
ybepr
ovi
ded
forthel
ear
ner
.

 AnIEPi
sdev elopedbyateam ofpeoplesuchasthelearner,
teacher
s,par
entsorguardi
ans,
ot
herpr
ofessionalssuchasmedicaldoctor
s,speechtherapi
stsandphysi
other
apist
s.

 AnI
EPi
ncl
udes:
 adescr
ipt
ionoft
hedi
ff
icul
ti
esf
acedbyt
hel
ear
ner
 apl
anofact
iont
oov
ercomet
hedi
ff
icul
ti
es
 cl
eargoal
sfort
hel
ear
nert
oachi
eveandat
imef
ramewi
thi
nwhi
cht
heywi
l
lbe
achi
eved
 speci
fi
cact
ivi
ti
esandact
ionst
ohel
pthel
ear
nerachi
evet
hegoal
s
 way
stoev
aluat
ethel
ear
ner
'spr
ogr
ess
I
mport
anceofIEP
AnI
EPisimport
antasiti
denti
fi
es:
 potent
ial
s(str
engths)f
orthel
ear
nerandhowt
osuppor
tthem
 t
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningst
rat
egi
est
hatwi
l
lsuppor
tthel
ear
ner
’sneeds
 r
esour
ces,
suchasassi
sti
vet
echnol
ogy
,thatwi
l
lbeused
 whowi
l
lbewor
kingwi
tht
hel
ear
nerandhowt
heycanbestsuppor
tthel
ear
ner
 howpar
ent
scansuppor
tlear
ningoft
hel
ear
nerathome
 way
stocheckwhet
hert
hel
ear
neri
smaki
ngpr
ogr
ess
Whoshoul
dhaveanI
EP?
 I
tisi
mport
antt
oknowthatnotal
ll
ear
ner
swoul
dneedanI
EP.

 Thel
ear
ningneedsofmanylear
nerscanbemetbyexist
ingclassandschool
-wi
dest
rat
egi
es
orpr
act
ices.I
EPisf
orl
earnerswhorequi
respeci
alandr
elat
edservices.

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 38 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
SuccessfulIEP
AsuccessfulIEPwi l
lhelpy
ouasat eachert
o:
 seet helearnerasanactiv
ecapablelear
ner(wheretheschool
progr
ammeadaptt
ofi
tthe
learnerratherthanthel
earneradapt
ingt
ofittheschool
)

 dev
elopi
nat
rul
ycol
l
abor
ati
veway

 i
dent
if
yef
fect
iveway
sofadapt
ingt
hecur
ri
cul
um
I
EPsshouldhav etar
get
swhichf
ocuson:
 Thelearner’
sneedsandmayrel
atet
ocommuni
cat
ion,
li
ter
acy
,mat
hemat
ics,
behav
iouror
physi
cal ski
l
ls.

 Thelear
ner’
sstrengt
hsandsuccesseswhi
chshoul
dbeSMARTt
hati
s,speci
fi
c,measur
abl
e,
achi
evabl
e,rel
evantandt
imebound.

ContentsofanI EP
Therearediffer entIEPf ormatandt hemaj orpar
tsi
ncl
ude:
1preambl e
2learner’
spr ofile
3currentlevel ofper f
or mance
4assessmentst andar ds(annualgoals)
5successcr iteria(shor tt
er m obj
ecti
ves)
6teachingappr oachesandmet hodology
7teaching,l
ear ni ngandassessmentr esour
ces
8specialeducat i
onandr elatedserv
ices
9evaluati
onpr ocedur es

WhyanI
EPisr
evi
ewed?
 TheI
EPcanberev
ieweddependi
ngont
hesev
eri
tyofdi
sabi
l
ityandpr
ogr
essoft
hel
ear
ner
.

 TheI EPi srevi

ewedi nor der:
1.t oevaluatet heprogressofthel
earner
2.t ogiveparent sachancet oprov
idetheirv
iewsonhowt heyhavebeensuppor
tingthe
learner
3.t oassesst hel ear
ner’svi
ews
4.t odiscusst heef f
ecti
venessoftheIEP
5.t omapt hef utureactionandwhetheranotherI
EPisnecessar
y
Pr
ogressr ecords
Af
terevaluati
on,theteachershoul dkeepthelear
ner’
sprogr
essrecordasshowninthetable:

Dat
e Ski
llar
eat
est
ed Resul
ts Recommendat
ion

25/
01/
17 Readi
ngvoicel
essconsonant
s Readonl
ysingl
e Prov
ideinst
ruct
ion
andconsonant
sblends voi
cel
essconsonant
s onconsonantbl
ends

Asampl
eIEP

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 39 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
Learner
:RachelMondo Dateofbirth:15/ 06/2012
Sex:Female Address:Mwami Vil
lage,Box320,
NenoSchool:Dzal amtengo Class:St andard1
Placement:Mainstream school Teacher :Ms.Ny ony
o
Instr
uct
ionalar
ea:Or ient
ati
onandmobi
l
ity
DateofIEPmeet ing:10/06/2017
Dateservi
cesbegi n:15/06/2017

Learnerprofi
le:RachelMondoi sasecondbor ndaughteri
naf ami
lyoffour,t
woboy sandtwo
gi
rl
s.Sheliveswithherdivorcedmot herwhohasasmal lscal
ebusinessapartfr
om farmi
ng.
Rachel’
sgrandmot heri
sblind.Attheageoftwomont hs,Rachelwasdiagnosedwithredeyesat
ahospitalwhi
chl edtolossofvisi
on.Shefail
stowalkanddoherdai l
ylivi
ngskil
lssuchas
bathi
ng,eati
ngandt oil
eti
ng.
Currentl
evel
ofperfor
mance:Rachel
isabl
etostandupandwal kwi
tht
hewall
.Shei
sabl
eto
speaktoexpresswhatshewant
s.However
,shecannotsoci
ali
zewit
hherpeer
sandmost
ly
remainsi
ndoor.
Assessmentstandards:Bytheendoft
hisschoolsessi
on,
Rachel
shoul
dbeablet
o:1Wal
kon
herown2Perform dail
yliv
ingski
ll
swit
houtprobl
ems3Soci al
i
sewit
hherf
ri
ends
Successcri
teri
a:Rachelmustbeableto:1walkar
oundthehouseal
one2wal
ktoschoolusi
nga
whit
ecane3bat honherown4got otoil
etal
one5eatanddri
nkonherown6int
eractwi
thher
peersandothersfr
eely
Teachingmethodsandadaptat
ion:Rachel
wil
ll
earnbet
terwit
htheinv
olv
ementofpeersdur
ing
ori
entati
onandmobil
it
yinfor
m ofplay.Someofthemater
ial
swhichcanassi
stherar
ewhite
caneandwhistl
es.
Relatedser
vices:Aseri
esofext
racurr
iculum act
ivi
ti
eshavebeenplannedforRachel
todoin
ordertowalkandperfor
m dai
lyl
ivi
ngskil
ls.Theseincl
udejumping,
singingandf
reewalki
ng.The
acti
viti
eswi
llalsoassi
sthert
osti
mulatemuscl esforbodyphy
sicalf
itness.
Evaluati
on:Conti
nuousandsummat iveassessmentswill
beusedt omeasureRachel’
sabi
li
ti
es
andachievementsonhercour seofi
nter
venti
on.Theteacherwillal
soobser
veandrecordher
progresssothatref
lect
iveandinf
ormededucational
decisionscanbemade.Testresul
tsand
observati
oncheckli
stwil
lbekeptinaportf
oli
oforevaluat
ion.
Revi
eweddate:23/ 12/3017
Membersofthet eam Si
gnat
ure
JohnMbewe( t
eacher ) …………………………………………………………….
LymondNgozo( Medi calAssi
stant
)
…………………………………………………………….
Mari
aPhir
i(Parent) …………………………………………………………….

TOPI
C11Benef
it
sofi
ncl
usi
veeducat
ion

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 40 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
Backgr
oundinfor
mation
 Aschoolwithincl
usi
veori
entat
ioncanhav
eafarreachi
ngimpactont
hel
argersoci
etyi
n
t
ermsofcreat
ingawelcomingandaccommodat
ingsociet
y.

 Thi
scanbeachi
evedifst
akeholder
swithi
ntheschoolsyst
em under
standt
hebenef
it
sof
i
ncl
usi
veeducat
ionandsupportschool
sincreat
inganincl
usi
vesoci
ety.

 Thi
stopi
cwi
l
lhel
ptounder
standt
hebenef
it
sofi
ncl
usi
veeducat
ion.

 Thi
sknowledgeisimport
antinmobili
singt
hemuchneededsuppor
tfr
om st
akehol
der
sint
he
cr
eati
onofaninclusi
veschoolenv
ironment.
TOPI
C12Bar
ri
erst
oincl
usi
veeducat
ion
Backgroundinf
ormati
on
 Mal awi i
smovingfr
om excl
usi
onofsomelear
ner
stoi
ncl
usi
onofal
ll
ear
ner
sinmai
nst
ream
schoolsacr
ossthecountr
y(UNI
CEF,2012)
.

 Thus,
Malawii
smov i
ngtowar
dstheendofsegr
egat
ionforsomelear
ner
sont
hebasi
sof
di
sabi
li
ty,
heal
thst
atus,
soci
aleconomi
cstat
usandotherfact
ors.

 Howev er
,real
i
sat
ionofi
nclusi
veeducati
oninMal
awiisfarf
rom achi
evi
ngitsobj
ect
ives
becauseofmanychall
engesfacedi
nt heimpl
ement
ati
onofincl
usiveeducat
ion.

 Someoft
hechal
l
engesi
ncl
ude:
Cur
ri
cul
um whi
chdoesn’
tmeett
heneedsofalll
ear
ners
 Thecur
ri
cul
um coul
dbeabarr
iert
olear
ningf
orsomespeci
fi
clear
ningneedsofchi
l
dren.

 Acurri
culum i
sanat i
onwidegui
del
i
neonassessmentst
andar
dsandsuccesscr
it
eri
awhi
ch
eachchil
dhast oachiev
e.

 Thecur
ri
cul
um i
smai
nlyaddr
essi
ngt
hel
ear
ningneedsofav
eragel
ear
ner
s.

 Somechil
drenwi
thspeci
aleducat
ional
needsmi
ghtneedmor
eti
met
oachi
evet
hesuccess
cr
it
eri
a.

 Someti
mesthereisevenneedtoadaptthecurr
icul
um tot
hel
earni
ngneedsandstate
i
ndi
vidual
successcri
ter
iaforspeci
fi
clear
nersl
ikeiti
sdonei
ntheIndi
vi
dual
isedEducat
ional
Pl
an.

 Havi
ngthesuccesscr
it
eri
anotaccor
dingt
otheachi
evementl
evel
sresul
tindemot
ivat
ionof
somelear
ners.

 Ther
efor
e,i
tisi
mpor
tantt
ohav
eachi
evabl
eobj
ect
ivesf
oral
ll
ear
ner
s.

Chal
lengeswi
thcl
assr
oom management
 Teachersi
nmainst
ream school
sfi
ndi
tchal
l
engi
ngt
omanageacl
asswi
thl
ear
nerdi
ver
sit
y.

 Thechal
l
engesar
emai
nlyduet
othef
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors:
 absenceofpr
opergui
del
i
nesf
oref
fect
ivecl
assmanagement

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 41 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
  absenceofcl
assr
oom managementt
rai
ningi
nref
erencet
oincl
usi
veeducat
ion
 out
dat
edcl
assr
oom managementt
echni
ques
 poorf
ocusoncl
assr
oom management
 noni
ncl
usi
vecl
assr
oom i
nfr
ast
ruct
ure
Chal
lengeswi t
ht eachi
ngandlear
ningr esources
 Anot herbarr
iertoreal
i
sat
ionofinclusiveeducat
ioni
sthequal
i
tyoft
eachi
ngandl
ear
ning
r
esourcesusedi nmainst
ream schools.

 Mostteacher
shavechal
lengesi
nidenti
fyi
ngandusi
ngteachi
ngandlearni
ngr
esour
ces
sui
tabl
eforadiv
ersi
tyoflear
ner
sinthei
rclassr
ooms(UNESCO,2009).

 Thechal
l
engesar
isef
rom poorexper
ti
sei
ndev
elopi
ngt
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningr
esour
ces.

 Theyal
soar
isef
rom unav
ail
abi
l
ityoft
her
esour
ces.

 I
naddit
ion,
theyari
seduetopoorusergui
del
i
nesf
orusi
ngt
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningr
esour
ces
wi
thi
ntheexist
ingcur
ri
cul
um.
Chall
engesconcer
ningassessmentandev aluat
ion
Assessmentinanincl
usiv
emai nst
ream schooli
sachallengeast
her
ear
enopr
opergui
del
i
nes
suggest
inghowteacher
scanadmi nist
erassessments.
I
mplementat
ionoflegi
slat
ionsandpol
ici
es
 Thecountryhasvar
iouspoli
cygui
deli
nesr
egar
dingeducat
ion,
speci
alneedsandot
her
vul
nerabl
echildr
en(UNICEF2012)
.

 Thel
egi
slat
ionsandpol
i
ciesi
ncl
ude;
 TheConsti
tut
ionoftheRepubli
cofMalawi,Sect
ion20.Thesecti
oncl
earl
yguarant
ees
prot
ect
ionofchil
drenwi
thdisabil
i
tiesf
rom di
scr
iminat
ioninpubl
icpl
acessuchas
school
s.
 TheDi
sabi
l
ityAct(
2012)
 TheChi
l
dCar
e,Pr
otect
ionandJust
iceAct(
2010)
 Uni
tedNat
ionConv
ent
ionsont
heRi
ght
sofPer
sonswi
thDi
sabi
l
iti
es(
UNCRPD)
 Nat
ional
Pol
i
cyonEqual
i
sat
ionofOppor
tuni
ti
esf
orPer
sonswi
thDi
sabi
l
iti
es
 Nat
ional
Str
ategyonI
ncl
usi
veEducat
ion2017-
2021
 Nat
ional
Pol
i
cyonEar
lyChi
l
dhoodDev
elopment
 Nat
ional
Pol
i
cyonOr
phansandOt
herVul
ner
abl
eChi
l
dren

 From t
heabov
elegi
slat
ionsandpoli
ci
es,
iti
scl
eart
hatMal
awi
isgear
edt
owar
dst
he
real
i
sati
onofi
ncl
usi
veeducation.

 Howev
er,
itshoul
dal
sobenot
edt
hatt
het
ermi
ncl
usi
veeducat
ioni
snotcl
ear
lydef
inedi
nthe

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 42 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 l
egi
slat
ionsandpol
i
cies.

 Inaddit
ion,thecountr
yappearstohavechall
engeswit
himplementati
onofsuchlegi
slati
ons
andpoliciesei
therbecauseoflackofcommitmentort
hroughinef
fecti
veadmini
str
ati
v e
proceduresandlackofpr epar
ati
on(UNICEF,
2012).

 Addit
ionall
y,mostfamil
i
esoflear
ner
swi t
hdisabil
i
tiesi
nMalawiarenotawar
eoft
he
l
egisl
ations,pol
i
ciesandther
ight
softhei
rchil
drentoatt
endschool.

 Asar esult
,mostfamili
esdonotexpectthei
rchi
l
drent
obenef
itf
rom at
tendi
ngmai
nst
ream
schoolsinthei
rlocal
i
ty(UNI
CEF2012) .
I
naccessi
blel
earni
ngenv i
ronmentandschoolr
elat
edfact
ors
 Learner
swithdisabi
l
iti
eshavechal
lengesi
naccessi
ngeducat
ioni
nthei
rlocal
communi
ti
es.

 Forinst
ance,
teacher
sinmainstr
eam schoolsdonotknowhowt omodi
fyoradaptthe
teachi
ngmethodsandthecurri
cul
um inordertomeetthedi
ver
seneedsofl
earners.

 Inaddi
ti
on,manyteacher
sdonothavesignl
anguageskil
ls,
accesst
oBr
ail
l
e,l
argepr
int
s,t
he
assi
sti
vedevi
cesandmanyotherresour
ces(Pur
i,2004)
.

 Fur
ther
,thephysi
calenvi
ronmenti
nmostmai
nst
ream school
sisnotaccessi
blef
orl
ear
ner
s
wit
hsomedi sabi
l
iti
es.

 Not
abl
y,t
oil
etf
aci
l
iti
esmaypr
eventaccessandl
ear
ningf
orchi
l
drenwi
thphy
sical
disabi
l
iti
es

 I
naddi
ti
on, al
ear
ningenvi
ronmentwi
thpoorl
i
ghtmaypr
evental
ear
nerwi
thpar
ti
alsi
ght
(
lowvi
sion)fr
om l
earni
ng.

 Furt
her,anoisyenv
ironmentmaypr
evental
ear
nerwi
thpar
ti
alhear
ing(
resi
dual
hear
ing)
fr
om learni
ng.

 Mostmainstr
eam school
sinMalawidonotr
ecei
veanyf
orm ofsuppor
tfr
om r
esour
ce
cent
resorspeci
aleducat
ioncent
reswhi
charecl
osetot
hem.

 Ini
nstanceswher
eresour
cecentresexi
st,
thecent
resdonothav
eadequat
est
afft
opr
ovi
de
supportt
oallmai
nst
ream school
sinthei
rarea.
Negati
veatt
it
udeofteachers,parent
sandot herstakehol
ders
 Somet eacher
s,par
entsandot herstakehol
dersintheeducat
ionsect
orshav
enegat
ive
per
spect
ivest
owardslearnerswithdisabi
li
ti
es.

 Asar
esul
t,t
heydonotcar
eaboutpar
ti
cipat
ionandl
ear
ningoft
hesel
ear
ner
sinschool
s.

 Exampl
esofnegat
iveper
spect
ivesi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
 Di
sabi
l
ityi
sat
ool
forscar
ingchi
l
dren
 Peopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
esar
eusedf
orbeggi
ng.
 Peopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
esar
eidi
otsandst
upi
d.
Del
ayedi
dent
if
icat
ionandi
nter
vent
ion

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 43 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 Somel
ear
ner
shav
edi
sabi
l
iti
eswhi
chot
her
wisecoul
dhav
ebeenpr
event
ed.

 Accordingt oUNESCO( 2009),fai

lur
etorecei
veearlyi
nter
venti
onser v
icesof t
enr esul
tsin
pr
ev entablesecondarydi sabi
li
ti
essuchasdiminishedmentalcapacit
y,throughlackof
st
imul ati
onandi r
reversiblephysi
caldamage,suchasmusclecont r
actures,whichseriousl
y
l
imitthechi l
d’
sfuturepot enti
aldevel
opmentandabi l
i
tytobenefi
tfrom school atalater
st
age.
Lear
nerf
act
ors/
natureoft
hedisabil
it
y
 Thesear
efactor
sthatmayaffectl
ear
ninganddev
elopmentofal
ear
ner
.

 Thef
act
orsi
ncl
ude:
 Thenatur
eoft
hei
mpai
rment
,fori
nst
ance,
gener
alment
aldi
sabi
l
ityorspeci
fi
clear
ning
di
ff
icul
ti
es.
 Whet
hert
hedi
sabi
l
ityofal
ear
neri
sami
l
d,amoder
ateorasev
ereheal
thpr
obl
em.
 Alearnermightbeoutofschool
oft
ent
oseekmedi
cal
att
ent
ionandt
hismayaf
fect
hi
s/herperf
ormance.

TOPI
C13I
nter
vent
ionsi
nincl
usi
veeducat
ion
Backgroundinf
ormati
on
 Duet oexist
enceofbar
ri
erstoi
ncl
usiv
eeducat
ion,somelear
ner
sinMalawicont
inuet
o
experi
enceexcl
usi
onfr
om andwit
hinthemai
nstr
eam school
s(UNESCO,2012)
.

 Exampl
esoft
hesel
ear
ner
sincl
ude:
 chi
l
drenwi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es,
 chi
l
drenf
rom poorf
ami
l
ies,
 or
phans,
 chi
l
drenont
hest
reet
s,
 chi
l
drenwhoheadhousehol
ds,
 chi
l
drenwi
thext
remeheal
thcondi
ti
ons,
 chi
l
drenl
i
vingwi
thandaf
fect
edbyHI
V/AI
DS,
 gi
ft
edchi
l
dren,
and
 chi
l
drendi
spl
acedbynat
ural
cal
ami
ti
essuchasdr
ought
sandf
loods.

 Tomeett hedi
verseneedsoftheselear
ners,
teacher
si nmainst
ream school
sneedtohave
knowledgeandexpert
isei
nplanningint
erv
entionswhichcanbeusedt opromotei
nclusi
ve
educati
on.

 Commonexampl
esoft
hei
nter
vent
ionsf
ori
ncl
usi
veeducat
ioni
ncl
ude:

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 44 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
  r
esour
cer
ooms,
 I
ndi
vi
dual
i
sedEducat
ionPl
ans(
IEPs)
,
 school
impr
ovementpl
ans,
 school
act
ionpl
ans,
 school
feedi
ngpr
ogr
amsand
 ot
herpr
oject
sdesi
gnedt
opr
omot
eincl
usi
veeducat
ion.
I
dent
if
yingdi
ver
seneedsofl
ear
ner
sinacasest
udi
es
A.Thepl i
ghtofAngellah
Angellahisa15y earoldgirlwhoisinStandard8atNalingul
alaPr i
marySchool.Shelosther
parentsattheageof12.Shei stheeldestinaf amil
yof4chil
dr en.Asanel destchi
ld,sheis
responsi
bleforprovi
dingfoodandot herbasicneedsforhersiblings.Shelacksbasicthi
ngslike
foodandsoap.Shei salway sdir
tywhengoi ngtoschoolandbecauseoft hissheisoftenteased
byotherlearner
s.Inaddit
ion,shefi
ndsitchallengi
ngtobuylear ningmaterial
ssuchas
notebooksandpens.Wi ththesechall
enges, Angel
lahr
arel
yattendscl asses.
B.Pili
ranidropsoutofschool
Pil
ir
ani,Iam nei
thergoi
ngtoschoolnortootherpeople’shomes.Iam happyandcomf ortableto
stayathome.Ihat egoi
ngtoschoolortootherpeople’
shomebecausepeopl et
alkunkindly
aboutmyshor tl
eg.Somef ri
endssaythatIam adisabledpersonandwillnotbefr
iendswi thme.
Thesecomment shurtme.Aft
eral
l,i
t’
snotmyf aultt
hatIhav eashortl
eg.Iwasbor nli
ket his.
Questi
ons
1Ident
ifydiver
seneedshi
ghli
ghtedinthecasestudi
es.
2Refl
ectony ourdai
l
yexper
iencesinrel
ati
ontothecasest
udi
es.
3Sharey ourfi
ndi
ngs.

TOPI
C14Rol
esofv
ari
ousst
akehol
der
sini
ncl
usi
veeducat
ion
Backgroundi
nformation
 Ef f
ecti
vereal
isat
ionofi
ncl
usi
veeducat
ionent
ail
sinv
olv
ementofdi
ff
erentst
akehol
der
sin
i
nclusi
veeducati
on.

 Ther
eali
sat
ionofincl
usi
veeducat
ioninMalawir
equi
resnotonl
ythei
nvol
vementoft
eacher
s
i
nschool
sbutalsoofmanyotherstakehol
der
s(UNESCO,2009)
.

 I
trequi
resinv
olv
ementofst
akehol
der
ssuchast
heMal
awiGovernment
,headt eacher
s,
t
eachers,
lear
ners,
thecommuni
ty,
par
ent
sandNon-
Gover
nmentalOr
ganisat
ions( NGOs)
.

 Involv
ementofv ari
ousst
akehol
dersatdi
ff
erentl
evel
sensur
eseff
ecti
ver
esource
mobi l
isat
ion,
sustai
nabi
li
tyofi
nter
vent
ionprogr
ammes,andeff
ect
ivemoni
tor
ingand
evaluati
on.

 Thi
sensur
est
hatt
her
e’saj
ointef
for
tinpr
omot
ingi
ncl
usi
veeducat
ion.

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 45 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
TOPIC15Polici
esoni nclusi
veeducat
ion
Backgr
oundinformati
on
 Polici
esoninclusi
veeducationpr
ovidegui
dancetoschoolsonhowt heycanpr
ovi
deser
vices
t
hatcanrespondtot heneedsofchil
drenwi
thdiv
erselear
ningneeds.

 Thet
opi
cwi
l
lexami
nekeypol
i
ciesandl
egal
inst
rument
sfori
ncl
usi
veeducat
ioni
nMal
awi
.

 Suchpoli
ciesandlegal
inst
rument
sareli
nkedt
oint
ernat
ional
agr
eement
s,char
ter
sand
covenant
s,towhichMalawiisasi
gnat
ory.

 Thepoli
ciesandlegal
inst
rument
s,whichar
eatnati
onal
,regi
onal
,i
nter
nati
onal
andglobal
l
evel
spr ovi
dealegalf
rameworkfort
heimplement
ati
onofincl
usi
veeducati
onprogr
amsand
act
ivi
ti
es.

 Thetopicwil
lhel
ptoeval
uatekeyl egi
slati
ons,pol
ici
es,
convent
ionsanddeclar
ationsfor
i
nclusi
veeducati
on,andt
hei
rrelevancyt oincl
usiv
eeducat
ioninMalawisothattheycanbe
eff
ecti
velyusedi
nteachi
ngandl earni
ng.

 Legi
slat
ionsandpol
i
ciesr
elev
antf
ori
ncl
usi
veeducat
ioni
nMal
awi

 Atnati
onal
level
,Mal
awihasr
elev
antl
egi
slat
ionsandpol
i
ciesf
ort
her
eal
i
sat
ionofi
ncl
usi
ve
educat
ioni
nthecount
ry.

 Theselegal
inst
rument
spr
ovideanenabl
i
nglegal
framewor
kfort
hecar
e,pr
otect
ionand
devel
opmentoflear
ner
swit
hdiver
seneeds.

 Rel
evantl
egi
slat
ionsandpol
i
ciesf
ori
ncl
usi
veeducat
ioni
nMal
awi
incl
ude:
 Const
it
uti
onoft
heRepubl
i
cofMal
awi
 Educat
ionAct(
2013)
 Chi
l
dCar
e,Pr
otect
ionandJust
iceAct(
2010)
 Di
sabi
l
ityAct(
2012)
 Mal
awi
Growt
handDev
elopmentSt
rat
egyI
I
 Nat
ional
Pol
i
cyonEqual
i
sat
ionofOppor
tuni
ti
esf
orper
sonswi
thDi
sabi
l
iti
es
 TheNat
ional
Pol
i
cyonEar
lyChi
l
dhood
 Nat
ional
Pol
i
cyonOr
phansandot
herVul
ner
abl
eChi
l
dren
 Nat
ional
Incl
usi
veEducat
ionSt
rat
egy(
2017-
2021)
 Mal
awi
Nat
ional
Educat
ionSt
andar
ds(
May
,2015)
Keyl
egi
slat
ionsf
ori
ncl
usi
veeducat
ioni
nMal
awi
TheConsti
tut
ionoftheRepublicofMalawi
 Theconstit
uti
onoft heRepubli
cofMalawiguarant
eestheright
sofpersonswithdisabil
i
ties
i
nli
newithint
ernat
ionall
egalfr
ameworkssuchasUNconv enti
onsanddeclar
ations.
 Forinst
ance,Secti
on20oft heconst
it
uti
onclearl
yguar
anteestheprot
ectionofchildr
enwi t
h

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 46 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 di
sabili
ti
esfrom discri
mi nati
on.
 I
naddi t
ion,Secti
on13( g)demandssuppor tforpersonswithdisabi
l
iti
esbyensur
ingt
hat
peoplewithdisabi
lit
ieshav egreat
eraccesstopubl i
cplaces.
 Furt
her,Secti
on25guar anteesall
personstherighttoeducati
on.

TheChil
dCar e,Prot
ecti
onandJust i
ceAct(2010)
 TheActdemandsal ldi
str
ict
/town/muni
cipal
/cit
yassembli
estokeepar
egi
sterofchi
l
dren
wi
thdisabil
i
tieswit
hint
heirdi
stri
ct/
town/munici
pal
/cit
yassembl
ies.

 I
naddit
ion,itdemandstheassembli
est oprov
idelearnerswithdi
sabi
l
iti
eswit
hassistance
wher
epossi bl
e,hencehelpt
heconcernedchil
drent oberaisedupwit
hdigni
tytoget
herwith
ot
herchil
drenanddev el
opthei
rpot
entialandself
-rel
iance.
Educati
onAct( 2013)
Secti
on4, subsecti
on1( a)oftheActgi
vespower
stotheMinist
erofEducati
ontopr omote
equalaccesstoeducati
onf orall
peopl
einMalawir
egar
dlessofdisabi
l
ity
,gender
,race,et
hnici
ty
andanyot herchar
acter
isti
cs.
TheDisabi
li
tyAct(
2012)
TheActguarant
eespersonswit
hdisabi
l
iti
estheri
ghtt
oaccesssoci
alserv
icessuchas
educat
ion,
healt
handrehabil
i
tat
ionandotherpubl
icpl
acesi
nthecountr
y.
Mal
awiGrowt
handDevel
opmentStrat
egyI
I
 Thi
sisamedi
um t
erm nat
ional
devel
opmentst
rat
egyt
obei
mpl
ement
edf
rom 2017t
o2022.

 Thestrat
egyemphasiseson“Educati
onthatf
aci
li
tat
esskil
l
sdevel
opmentwhi
chprov
ides
economicempowermentfordif
ferentgr
oupsofpeoplei
ncl
udi
ngwomen,they
outhand
personswit
hDisabi
l
ity”
.
Keypol
ici
esf
ori
ncl
usi
veeducat
ioni
nMal
awi
Nat
ionalPoli
cyonEqualisat
ionofOpport
uni
ti
esforPer
sonswithDi
sabi
li
ti
es
 Thepur poseofthepoli
cyist
opr omot
etheri
ght
sofpersonswi
thdi
sabi
li
ti
esandenabl
e
them toplayafull
rol
einsociet
y.

 I
tal
sodemandsacti
onswhichwil
lenableper
sonswithdisabil
i
tiest
oaccesst
hesame
f
undament
alr
ight
sandresponsi
bil
i
tiesasanyotherper
soni nMalawi.

 I
nat
tempt
ingt
oachi
evei
tspur
poses,
thepol
i
cydemandst
hef
oll
owi
ng:
 i
ntegr
ati
ngdi
sabi
l
ityi
ssuesi
ntoal
lgov
ernmentdev
elopmentst
rat
egi
es,
plansand
pr
ogrammes
 i
ntegr
ati
ngandcoor
dinat
ingmanagementsy
stemsofpl
anni
ng,
impl
ement
ati
onand
monit
ori
ngatal
ll
evel
s
 bui
ldi
ngcapacit
yofal
ldi
sabil
i
tyactorsandmount
ingnat
ionwi
depubl
i
ceducat
ionand
awarenesscampai
gnsaboutdisabi
l
ity
Nat
ionalI
nclusi
veEducat
ionSt
rat
egy(NI
ES2017-
2022)
 Thef i
ve-
yearst
rat
egywasdevel
opedt
opromotei
ncl
usi
veeducat
ion.

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
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ES 47 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 I
toper
ati
oni
segovernmentpoli
cyonincl
usi
veeducat
ionasenshr
inedi
nsomel
egal
and
pol
i
cydocument
sliketheEducati
onAct.

 Someofthest
rat
egi
esi
ntheNI
ESt
obeusedi
nthepr
omot
ionofi
ncl
usi
veeducat
ion
i
ncl
udes:
 Support
ingestabli
shmentsandpreser
vat
ionofspeci
alschool
sandresourcecent
resand
usethem asar esour
ceinthepr
omot i
onofincl
usi
veeducati
onincol
labor
ationwi
th
mainstr
eam schools,
 I
ncreasi
ngt
henumberandcapaci
tyofspeci
ali
standr
egul
art
eacher
stoef
fect
ivel
y
r
espondtol
ear
nerdi
versi
ty
 Enhanci
ngaccommodat
ionofl
ear
ner
swi
thdi
ver
sel
ear
ningneedsi
nschool
s
 I
mpr
ovi
ngschool
andcol
l
egeenv
ironmenti
nor
dert
omaket
hem i
ncl
usi
ve
 I
mpr
ovi
ngi
nfor
mat
ionmanagementsy
stem i
nschool
sforl
ear
ner
swi
thdi
ver
seneeds

 Thr
oughtheNIES,
iti
sexpectedthatenr
olmentr
ateofmar
ginal
i
sedchi
l
drenwi
l
lincr
ease
andthei
rdr
opoutr
atewil
lreduce.
Nat
ionalPoli
cyonEarlyChi
ldhoodDevel
opment(
ECD)(2006)
 Thepolicydecl
aresthat
,“Ever
ychi
l
dhastheri
ghtt
odevelopt
ohi
s/herf
ull
pot
ent
ial
”.

 Inaddi
ti
on,i
tdecl
arest
hat,
“Nochi
ldshal
lbediscr
imi
nat
edorabusedont
hebasi
sofage,
sex,r
acefr
om ECDservi
cesbyanyor
ganisat
ion”
.
Nat
ionalPoli
cyonOrphansandOtherVulnerabl
eChil
dren(
2003)
 Thepolicysuppor
tsandprot
ect
sv ul
nerablechi
l
dren.

 Thepolicydef
inesavul
nerabl
echildas“ someonewhohasnoabl epar
entsandguar
dians,
stayi
ngaloneorwit
helder
lygrandparentsorli
vesinasi
bli
ngheadedhousehol
dorhasno
care,mater
ial
andpsychol
ogicalcare,educat
ionandhasnoshelt
er”
.
Mal
awiNat
ionalEducati
onStandar
ds( May2015)
NESpr
omotesincl
usiv
eeducati
onthroughequalaccesst
oeducat
ionpr
ovi
sions(
NES23)
.
Convent
ionsandDeclarat
ionsinSupportofIncl
usi
veEducat
ion
 Inter
nati
onal
ly
,therearerel
evantl
egalfr
ameworksinsuppor
tofi
ncl
usi
veeducat
ion.

 Thesef
ramewor
ksar
eUni
tedNat
ions(
UN)conv
ent
ionsanddecl
arat
ions.

 UNconvent
ionsanddeclarat
ionsweredevel
opedandapprov
edbysev er
alcount
ri
eswit
hthe
ai
m ofpr
omot i
nganenablingenvi
ronmentforl
ear
nerswit
hdisabi
l
iti
esandothervul
ner
abl
e
chi
ldr
eninr
egularschool
s.

 Rel
evantUNconv
ent
ionsanddecl
arat
ionshi
ghl
i
ght
edi
nthi
stopi
cincl
ude:
 Uni
tedNat
ionsConv
ent
ionagai
nstDi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nEducat
ion(
1960)
 Uni
tedNat
ionsConv
ent
ionont
heRi
ght
soft
heChi
l
d(1989)
 Uni
tedNat
ionsConv
ent
ionont
heRi
ght
sofPer
sonswi
thDi
sabi
l
iti
es(
2006)

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 48 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
  Uni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s(1948)
 Wor
ldDecl
arat
iononEducat
ionf
orAl
l(1990)
 TheSal
amancaSt
atement(
1994)
KeyUni
tedNat
ionsConv
ent
ionsi
nsuppor
tofi
ncl
usi
veeducat
ioni
ncl
ude
Uni
tedNat i
onsConv enti
onagai nstDiscri
minationinEducati
on(1960)
 Theconv enti
onsuppor t
sinclusiv
eeducat ionbydemandingcountri
esadoptt
hef ol
l
owi
ng
measur es:
 Firstl
y,ensuringt hatcountr
iesprov i
derightofaccesstoeducati
onandtoquali
tyof
educat i
on,
 Secondl y,ensur i
ngeliminat
ionofdi scr
iminationi
neducati
on,
 Thi r
dly,adoptingmeasur esai medatpr omot i
ngequali
tyofopport
unit
yandtr
eatmenti
nthe
fiel
dofeducat ion.
Uni
tedNationsConvent
ionontheRi
ghtsoftheChi
ld(1989)
 Theconv enti
ondemandsri
ghtt
ofreeandcompulsorypr
imaryeducat
ionwit
houtanytypeof
discri
minati
on.
 Italsoputsemphasi
sonchil
dwell
-bei
nganddevelopmentandmeasurestosupportchi
ld
care.
Uni
tedNationsConv ent
ionont heRight
sofPer sonswi t
hDi sabi
li
ties(2006)
 Arti
cle24oft heconventionisagainstexclusionoflearnersintheeducati
onsystem ont
he
basisofdisabil
it
y.
 Formor edetail
saboutt heUni t
edNat i
onsConv ent
ionont heRightsofPersonswit
h
Disabil
i
ties(UNCRPD) ,arti
cle24.
 Youcansear chandr eadt hi
sont heinter
net.
Worl
dDecl ar
ati
ononEducat i
onforAll(1990)
Thedeclar
ati
onstatest
hat,“
ever
yper sonwhetherchi
ld,y
outhoradul
t,shal
lbeabl
etobenef
it
fr
om educati
onaloppor
tuni
ti
esdesignedtomeett hei
rbasicl
ear
ningneeds”
,
Sal
amancaStat
ementandFr
ameworkforAct
ion(1994)
 Thestat
ementdemandst
hei
ncl
usionforl
ear
nerswit
hdi
sabi
l
iti
esi
nregul
arschool
s.

 Fori
nst
ance,
del
egat
esatt
heSal
amancaconf
erencepr
ocl
aimedt
hat
:
 “everychi
ldhasafundament
alri
ghtt
oeducati
on,andmustbegi
vent
heoppor
tuni
tyt
o
achieveandmaint
ainanaccept
ablel
evel
oflear
ning”
 “
Ever
ychi
l
dhasuni
quechar
act
eri
sti
cs,
int
erest
s,abi
l
iti
esandl
ear
ningneeds.
”
 “
Educat
ionsyst
emsshoul
dbedesignedandeducat
ionalprogr
ammesimpl
ement
edt
o
t
akeint
oaccountt
hewidedi
ver
sit
yofthesechar
acteri
sti
csandneeds”
,
 “Thosewi
thspecial
educati
onal
needsmusthaveaccesstoregul
arschoolswhichshould
accommodatethem wi
thinachi
ldcent
redpedagogycapabl
eofmeetingtheseneeds”,

EDUCATI
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ES 49 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
TOPI
C16Genderi
neducat
ion
Backgr
oundinf
ormation
 Genderequali
tyi
ssomet
hingt
hatmanycount
ri
esv
alueandst
ri
vet
oachi
eve.

 Almostev
erycount
ryi
ntheworl
dacceptsthati
ncl
usi
onofmenandwomeni nissuesof
devel
opmenti
sacatal
ystf
orsoci
o-economicgr
owthandtheachi
evementofsust
ainabl
e
devel
opment.

 However,i
nsomesocieti
es,i
tist
radi
ti
onal
l
yper
cei
vedt
hatmal
esandf
emal
eshav
edi
ff
erent
st
atusesandpl
aydi
fferentr
oles.

 Suchbel
ief
sleadtodi
ffer
ent
ial
treat
mentbet
weenboy
sandgi
rl
satschool
,i
nfami
l
ies,
at
workandeveninchur
chesandmosques.

 I
nMal
awi
ansoci
eti
es,
menandwomencanbeassi
gneddi
ff
erentr
oles.

 Thi
smayal
sohappeni
nschool
s.

 Thi
sdi
ff
erent
ial
treat
mentmaybeconsi
der
edt
obedi
scr
imi
nat
ory
.

 Genderi
sast
atus.

 I
trepr
esent
sasetofsoci
ologi
cal
dif
fer
encesbet
weenboy
sandgi
rl
s(Kui
j
setal
,2001)
.

 Thesocietyi
nwhichmenandwomenl
iv
einf
luenceswhatr
oles,
behav
iour
s,t
rai
tsand
responsi
bil
it
iesmal
esandf
emal
esdi
spl
ay.

 Forexample,
character
ist
icssuchasaggr essi
on,dominance,
brevi
tyandint
ell
i
genceare
l
inkedtomenwher eassubmissiveness,
gent l
enessandhumili
tyar
echaract
eri
sti
csli
nkedt
o
womeni nourcul
ture.

 Genderi
sal
soi
dent
if
iedt
hroughoccupat
ionr
oles.

 Forexample,i
nsomesoci
eti
es,
doct
orsar
ethoughtt
obemal
ewhi
l
enur
sesar
ethoughtt
o
befemales.

 Si
mil
arl
y,cooki
ngi
sregar
dedasaf
emal
erol
ewhi
l
efi
shi
ngi
sconsi
der
edasamal
erol
e.

 However
,expect
ati
onschangeov
ert
imeandaccor
dingt
osi
tuat
ionsandv
arybet
ween
cul
tur
es.
Genderi
ssuesineducat
ion
 TheMi ni
str
yofEducati
onhascomeupwi t
hgendersensi
ti
veandr
esponsi
vecur
ri
cul
afor
pr
imary,
secondar
yandteachereducat
ion.

 Thesecur
ri
cul
arai
msataddr
essi
nggenderi
mbal
ancesi
neducat
ion.

 Youshal
lanaly
sesomegenderi
ssuesi
neducat
ionandt
ryt
ocomeupwi
thst
rat
egi
est
o
addr
esstheseissues.
Cur
ri
culum cont
ent,
met hodsandst
rat
egies
 Inst
ruct
ionalmater
ial
sforpri
mar
y,secondar
yandt
ert
iar
yeducat
ionhav
ebeeni
ncor
por
ated

EDUCATI
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ONSTUDI
ES 50 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
 wi
thgendersensi
ti
vei
nfor
mat
ion.

 TheGenderAppropr
iat
eCur r
iculum UnitattheMalawiInst
it
uteofEducat
ionensuresthat
contenti
nthei
nstr
ucti
onalmat eri
alshavewor ds,
stat
ement s,
examplesandil
lust
rati
onsthat
aregenderbal
anceandthatportrayposit
iveimagesforbothmalesandfemales.

 Furt
hermore,pri
mar
yandsecondar
yschool
text
bookshav
ebeenr
evi
sedt
omaket
hem
gendersensi
tiv
e.

 I
nadditi
on,stakehol
der
si nbookpubli
cat
ionchai
nhav
ebeent
rai
nedi
nthepr
oduct
ionof
gendersensi
tiv
eschooltextbooks.

 Thet r
aini
nghasal
soext
endedt
oPri
mar yEducati
onAdv
iser
s,Di
str
ictEducat
ionManager
s,
teachertr
aini
ngt
utor
sandsomeser
vingteacher
s.

 Again,t
her ev
isedcur r
icul
aforpri
mary,secondaryandteachert
rai
ningemphasi
zesmuchon
part
ici
patorymet hodology
,theuseofteachingandlear
ningresour
cesthatar
egender
sensit
ive,
andi ncl
usionofcrosscutt
ingissuesli
kegender.

 Lif
eskil
lshasal
sobeenint
roducedasasubj
ecti
npr
imar
yandsecondar
yschool
asaway
ofdev
elopi
ngli
fesav
ingski
l
lsinlear
ner
s.

 However,
notal
lteacher
shav
ebeent
rai
nedonhowt
oteacht
henewcur
ri
cul
ainagender
sensi
ti
veappr
oach.

 Assuch,t
herei
sagapi
nthei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
hecur
ri
cul
awheni
tcomest
ogender
sensi
ti
vi
ty.

 Consequently,manyteacherssti
l
l usetradi
ti
onalapproachesoft
eachi
ng,
whichi
nclude
unequalassigningofcl
assroom tasksandr esponsi
bil
it
iesbet
weenboysandgi
rl
s,withboy
s
gett
ingmor eattent
ionthangir
ls,(Kadzamil
aandChi bwana1999).

 Unequal
treat
mentofboysandgi
rl
sinclassi
soneoft
her
easoncont
ri
but
ingt
ogi
rl
s’
under
perf
ormancei
nclassascomparedtoboys.
St
rat
egi
est
oaddr
essgenderi
ssuesinschool
s
 Ther
ear
emanystr
ategi
esthathav
ebeenformul
atedt
oaddr
essgenderi
ssues.

 Minist
ryofEducat
ionhascomeupwi
thpol
i
ciest
oaddr
essi
ssuesofgenderequal
i
tyi
n
schools.

 Forexample,
thepol
icyoff
reepri
mar
yeducat
ionai
msati
ncr
easi
ngaccesst
opr
imar
y
educati
onbybothboysandgir
ls.

 Anot
herpol
i
cyt
hatpr
omot
esequal
accesst
oeducat
ioni
stheuni
for
m abol
i
tionpol
i
cy.

 Atschool
lev
el,
ther
ear
eal
sost
rat
egi
esf
ocusi
ngonaddr
essi
nggenderi
ssues.

Glossar
y
abstr
act:notconcr
ete;
wit
hnor
epr
esent
ati
onal
qual
i
ties

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
ES 51 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
adol
escent:chi
l
dwhoi
sbet
weent
heper
iodofpuber
tyandadul
thoodi
nhumandev
elopment
(12-
17years)
ar
gument
ati
veal
ter
nat
ivecommuni
cat
ion:
met
hodofcommuni
cat
ingt
hroughpi
ctur
es
assessment:wayofobser
vingandcol
l
ect
ingi
nfor
mat
ionandmaki
ngdeci
sionsbasedont
he
i
nformati
oncol
lect
ed
audi
ologi
st:per
sonwhot
est
shear
ingl
oss,
treat
sinf
ect
ionandassessespr
ovi
sionofhear
ing
ai
ds
audi
ologyser
vices:checki
ngt
heeari
nfect
ionandt
reat
mentorhear
ingl
oss
audi
ology:st
udyofhear
ingandhear
ingl
oss
Br
ail
l
e:asy
stem ofwr
it
ingl
ett
ers,
wor
dsandnumber
susi
ngr
aiseddot
s
chargesyndr
ome/downsy
ndr
ome:di
sor
der
sofgenesi
nthepr
ocessoff
oet
usdev
elopment
duri
ngpregnancy
cl
assi
fi
cat
ion:gr
oupi
ngobj
ect
sint
ocat
egor
ies
cogni
ti
vedevel
opment:gradual
order
lychangesbywhi
chment
alpr
ocessesbecomemor
e
complexandsophi
sti
cat
ed
compensat
ion:
pri
nci
plet
hatchangesi
nonedi
mensi
oncanbeof
fsetbychangesi
nanot
her
di
mension
concr
eteoper
ati
ons:ment
alt
askst
iedt
oconcr
eteobj
ect
sandsi
tuat
ions
deaf:nothear
ingcompl
etel
y
devel
opment:or
der
ly,
adapt
ivechangest
hathumans(
orani
mal
s)got
hroughf
rom concept
ion
todeath
di
sabi
l
ity:l
ossorr
educt
ionoff
unct
ional
abi
l
ityofani
ndi
vi
dual
duet
oimpai
rment
di
scr
iminat
ion:treatonepersonorgr
oupnegat
ivel
y,usual
l
ybecauseofpr
ejudi
ceaboutr
ace,
et
hni
cit
y,age,r
eli
gionorgender
di
versi
tyofl
earners:rangeofdi
ff
erentl
ear
ner
s(di
ff
erenti
nter
msofcul
tur
e,soci
al-
economi
c
backgr
ound,sex,abi
l
iti
esetc)
excl
usi
on:r
emov
ingsomegr
oupsf
rom t
hecommuni
ty
handi
cap:li
mit
ati
oni
mposedont
hei
ndi
vi
dual
byenv
ironment
aldemands;
consequencesofa
di
sabi
li
ty.
har
dofhear
ing:hav
ingpar
ti
alorr
esi
dual
hear
ing
hypot
hesi
s:suggestedexpl
anat
ionf
oragr
oupoff
act
sorphenomenaei
theraccept
edasa
basi
sforf
urt
herver
if
icat
ion
i
mpair
ment:damaget
oapar
toft
hebody
,ei
thert
hroughacci
dent
,di
sease,
genet
icf
act
orsor
ot
hercauses

EDUCATI
ONFOUNDATI
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ES 52 ©SOKODNEDAPPDOWADNS2020
i
ntel
l
ect
ual
dev
elopment:ment
alorcogni
ti
vedev
elopment
l
ear
ner
-cent
redmet
hods:l
ear
ningappr
oachest
hatpr
omot
elear
nerpar
ti
cipat
ioni
nal
esson
l
ear
nerdi
ver
sit
y:r
angeofdi
ff
erentl
ear
ner
s
l
earnerpr
ofi
le:i
tisageneraldescr
ipt
ionofal
ear
neratschool
int
ermsofacademi
c
per
formanceandper
sonali
ty
l
owv
isi
on:hav
ingpar
ti
alorr
esi
dual
sight
mai
nstream school
:school
thataccommodat
esal
ll
ear
ner
sincl
udi
ngt
hosewi
thdi
ver
se
l
ear
ningneeds
marginal
isat
ion:negat
iveact
ionsandt
endenciesper
ceivi
ngot
herpeopl
e’
sfunct
ionsar
ebel
ow
desi
redlevel
s.Peopl
eareexcl
udedandside-
li
nedfrom t
hesoci
eti
es.
mar
kingscheme:wri
tt
endocumentwi
thmodel
answer
sandscor
esormar
ksf
orapar
ti
cul
ar
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ght

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ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
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uneducabl
e:consi
der
edasnotabl
etobet
aught
/educat
ed

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ONFOUNDATI
ONSTUDI
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