Matrices

Matrices 5.1
Questions from Previous Years’ AIEEE/Jee Main È1 0 ˘ È1 0˘
= n Í - (n - 1) Í
Examination Papers Î2 1˚
˙ ˙
Î1 1 ˚
2 2
Èa b ˘ Èa b ˘ Èa + b 2ab ˘
= È
1 0˘
1. A2 = Í ˙Í =
˙ Í ˙ Í n + 1 1 ˙ = (n + 1) A - nI
Î b a ˚ Î b a ˚ Î 2ab a 2 + b2 ˚ Î ˚
\ a = a2 + b2, b = 2ab
Thus, (c) holds.

Ê 0 0 -1ˆ Ê 0 0 -1ˆ Alternatively

2. We have A = Á 0 -1 0 ˜ Á 0 -1 0 ˜ = I
2
È0 0˘
Á ˜Á ˜ Put B = Í
Ë -1 0 0 ¯ Ë -1 0 0 ¯ ˙ and note that A = I + B and
Î1 0˚
3. As B is inverse of A, AB = I B2 = O. As I and B commute.

Ê 1 -1 1 ˆ Ê 4 2 2 ˆ An = (I + B)n = I + nB [{ B2 = O]
\ Á 2 1 -3˜ Á -5 0 a ˜ = 10 I
= n(B + I) – (n – I) I = nA – (n – I)I
Á ˜Á ˜
Ë 1 1 1 ¯ Ë 1 -2 3 ¯
6. A2 – B2 = (A – B)(A + B)
Ê10 0 5 - a ˆ Ê10 0 0ˆ
= A2 – BA + AB – B2
fi Á 0 10 a - 5˜ = Á 0 10 0˜

Á ˜ Á ˜ fi
BA = AB
Ë 0 0 5 + a ¯ Ë 0 0 10¯
fi        a = 5
Ê a 0ˆ
7. Each matrix of the form Á commutes with
A. Ë 0 a ˜¯
4. A2 – A + I = O fi I = A – A2 = A(I – A)
fi A–1 = I – A
8.     |A| = 25a fi |A2| = |A|2 = 25

5. For n = 1, all (a), (b), (c) and (d) hold good. We fi (25a)2 = 25

have 1
fi     a =

È1 0 ˘ È1 0 ˘ È 1 0 ˘ 5
A2 = Í ˙Í ˙=Í ˙
Î1 1 ˚ Î1 1 ˚ Î 2 1 ˚ Ê a bˆ
9. Let A = Á
If (a) holds for some n ≥ 1, then Ë c d ˜¯

An + 1 = AnA = [nA + (n – 1)I] A

Now, A2 = I fi det(A2) = 1

= nA2 + (n – 1)A fi (det A)2 = 1 fi det A = ± 1.

È1 0 ˘ È1 0˘ Also, A2 = I fi A = A–1
= n Í ˙ - (n - 1) Í1 1 ˙
Î 2 1 ˚ Î ˚ Ê a bˆ Ê d -b ˆ
fi Á
= det A Á
Ë c d ˜¯ Ë -c a ˜¯
2n - 1 0 ˘
= ÈÍ ˙
Î 3n - 1 2n - 1˚ If det A = 1, then
a = d, b = – b, c = – c fi a = d, b = c = 0.

È1 0˘ È1 0˘
π (n + 1) Í
˙ + nÍ ˙ = (n + 1) A + nI
Î1 1 ˚ Î0 1˚ Ê a 0ˆ
In this case A = Á
Ë 0 a ˜¯
Similarly (b) does not hold for n + 1.
For (c), |A| = 1 fi a2 = 1 fi a = ± 1.

An +1 = AnA = [nA – (n – 1)I ]A \ A = I or A = –I. A contradiction.

= nA2 – (n – 1)A Thus, det (A) = –1.

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 5.2 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

Ê a bˆ Ê d -b ˆ Ê - d bˆ 12. The matrix

\Á ˜ = -1Á =
Ëc d¯ Ë -c a ˜¯ ÁË c - a ˜¯ È1 a b ˘
Íc 1 d ˙
\ a = –d fi Tr(A) = a + d = 0
Í ˙
ÍÎ e f 1 ˙˚
\ Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is false.

where exactly one of a, b, c, d, e, f is 1 and rest
Ê a bˆ of them are zeros, is invertible.
10. Let A = Á
Ë c d ˜¯
There are six such matrices.
Ê d -b ˆ
adj A = Á È1 0 1 ˘
Ë -c a ˜¯
Also, the matrix Í 0 1 0 ˙ is invertible.
|adj A| = ad – bc = |A| Í ˙
ÍÎ 1 0 0 ˙˚
\ Statement-2 is true.

Thus, there are at least 7 such matrices which are
Ê a bˆ invertible.
adj (adj A) A = Á =A
Ë c d ˜¯ 13. Adding the first two equations and subtracting the
third from the sum, we obtain
Statement-1 is also true but Statement-2 is not a
correct reason for it. (x1 + 2x2 + x3) + (2x1 + 3x2 + x3) – (3x1 + 5x2 +
2x3) = 3 + 3 – 1
a b˘
11. Let A = ÍÈ ˙
Îc d ˚ fi0=5

Now, A2 = I fi |A2| = |I| Thus, the system of equation has no solution.

fi |A|2 = 1 fi |A| = ± 1.
14. The system of equations will have a non-zero solu-
tion if and only if
Suppose |A| = 1. 4 k 2
2
In this case, A = I fi A = A –1 k 4 1 =0
2 2 1
Ê a b ˆ Ê d -b ˆ
fiÁ
=
Ë c a ˜¯ ÁË -c a ˜¯ 4 1 k 1 k 4
fi4 -k +2 =0
fi    
a = d, b = 0, c = 0 2 1 2 1 2 2

fi 4(2) – k(k – 2) + 2(2k – 8) = 0

   Tr(A) = 0 fi a + d = 0
fi k2 – 6k + 8 = 0 fi k = 2, 4

fi    2a = 0 fi a = 0

15. H = wI fi H70 = w70I
Ê 0 0ˆ
In this case A = Á
Ë 0 0˜¯ But w70 = (w3)23w = w

Thus, in this case, if we assume statement-2 is true \ H70 = wI = H

then we get statement-2 is false.
16. The system of equations will have only trivial solu-
In case |A| = –1, then tion if and only if
A = – A–1
1 -k 1
Ê a b ˆ Ê d -b ˆ k 3 -k π 0
fiÁ
= fia+d =0
Ë c d ˜¯ ÁË -c a ˜¯ 3 1 -1

\ |A| = –1 fi Tr(A) = 0.
3 -k k -k k 3
¤ (1)
+k + (1) π0
1 -1 3 -1 3 1
Therefore Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is
false. fi 2(k2 + k – 6) ≠ 0 fi k ≠ –3, 2

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 Matrices 5.3
17. We have A¢ = A and B¢ = B k +1 8
But = fi k 2 + 4 k + 3 = 8k
Now, (A(BA))¢ = (BA)¢ A¢ = (A¢B¢)A¢ k k +3
fi (k – 1) (k – 3) = 0 fi k = 1, 3

= (AB)A = A(BA)
[{ matrix multiplication is associative] 8 4k
For k = 1, =
k + 3 3k - 1
fi A(BA) is symmetric.

8 8 4 4k 3
Similarly, (AB) A is a symmetric matrix and for k = 3, = = and =
k +3 6 3 3k - 1 2
Also, (AB)¢ = B¢A¢ = BA
Thus, there is exactly one such value of k.
Note that AB is symmetric if and only if AB = BA.
22. Adding first two equations and subtracting from
Thus, both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true
third, we get
but Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for the
statement-1. (a – 8)x3 = b – 15
If a ≠ 8, we get value of x3, and substituting in
18. P3 = Q3 and P2Q = Q2P gives first two we get values of x1 and x2. When a ≠ 8,
   P3 – P2Q = Q3 – Q2P we get the system has a unique solution.
fi P2(P – Q) = – Q2(P – Q)
Thus, a = 8 and hence b = 15.
fi (P2 + Q2) (P – Q) = 0
When a = 8 and b = 15, we solve first two equa-
tions in terms of x3 to obtain infinite number of
If det (P2 + Q2) ≠ 0, then P2 + Q2 is invertible and solutions.
hence P = Q. Therefore, det (P2 + Q2) = 0. 23. 3p + 3q + 2r = 3 (i)
19. We have 4p + 2q = 0 (ii)
Ê 1 ˆ Ê 0ˆ Ê 1 ˆ
p + 3q + 2r = 1 (iii)
A(u1 + u2 ) = Au1 + Au2 = Á 0˜ + Á 1˜ = Á 1˜
Á ˜ Á ˜ Á ˜ From (i) and (iii) 2p = 2 or p = 1
Ë 0¯ Ë 0¯ Ë 0¯
When p = 1, q = –2 [from (ii)]
We solve the above equation for u1 + u2.
Now, 2p + q – r
We consider the augmented matrix
1
= 2 p + q - [1 - p - 3q ]
Ê 1 0 0 1ˆ 2
( A / B) = Á 2 1 0 1˜
1
Á ˜ = 2(1) + ( -2) - [1 - 1 - 6] = -3
Ë 3 2 1 0¯ 2

Applying R3 Æ R3 – 2R2 + R1 and R2 Æ R2 – 2R1, 24. As the system of equation has a unique solution.
we get 1 a 0
D= 0 1 a π0
Ê 1 0 0 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ
a 0 1
( A / B)  0 1 0 -1 fi u1 + u2 = Á -1˜
Á ˜
Á ˜ Á ˜
Ë 0 0 1 -1¯ Ë -1¯ Using C1 Æ C1 + C2 + C3, we get

1 a 0
20. |P| = |A|2 = 16
D = (1 + a ) 1 1 a
fi (1) (0) – a (4 – 6) + (3)(4 – 6) = 16

1 0 1
fi 2a – 6 = 16 fi a = 11

Using R2 Æ R2 – R1, R3 Æ R3 – R1, we get
21. As the system of equations has no solution
1 a 0
k +1 8 4k
= π D = (1 + a ) 0 1 - a a
k k + 3 3k - 1 0 -a 1

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 5.4 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
= (1 + a) (1 – a + a2) = 1 + a3 Ê d -b ˆ Ê a b ˆ
( -1) Á =
D ≠ 0 fi a ≠ –1 [{ a Œ R]
Ë -c a ˜¯ ÁË c d ˜¯

a bˆ fi a + d = 0 fi tr(A) = 0

25. Let A = ÊÁ ; a, b, c Œ {0, 1, 2}.
Ë c a ˜¯ Thus, Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is correct
|A| = a – bc 2 reason for it.
28. BB¢ = (A–1A¢ )(A–1A¢ )¢
When a = 0, bc ≠ 0 fi b, c Œ {1, 2}
= (A–1A¢ )[(A¢ )¢(A–1)¢]
There are four such values of b, c, viz. (b, c) =
(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1) and (2, 2) = A–1(A¢A)(A–1)¢
= A–1(AA¢ ) (A¢ )–1
When a = 1, both b and c cannot be 1. In this case
there are 8 such pairs of (b, c). = (A–1A)[A¢(A¢)–1]

When a = 2, both b and c cannot be 2. In this case = (I)(I) = I

also, there are 8 such pairs of (b, c). 29. As B2 = 0, Br = 0 " r ≥ 2.
È1 2˘ È 1 2˘ È 9 - 4˘ Now, (I + B)50 = I + 50
C 1B + 50
C 2B 2 + º +
26. A2 = Í ˙ Í ˙=Í ˙
Î 4 - 3˚ Î 4 - 3˚ Î - 8 17 ˚ 50
C50 B50
A2 + 4A – 5I
= I + 50B         [{ Br = 0 " r ≥ 2]
fi (I + B)50 – 50B = I

È 9 - 4˘ È 4 8˘ È - 5 0 ˘
=Í ˙ +Í ˙+Í ˙
   Î - 8 17 ˚ Î16 - 12 ˚ Î 0 -5˚ fi det(I + B)50 – 50B = 1

È8 4 ˘ È2 1˘ 30. Applying C2 ´ C3, we get

   = Í ˙ = 4Í ˙
Î8 0 ˚ Î 2 0˚
È1 3 2˘ È0 1 0˘
a bˆ A Í0 3 2˙ = Í1 0 0˙
27. Let A = ÊÁ Í ˙ Í ˙
Ë c d ˜¯ ÍÎ 0 1 1 ˙˚ ÍÎ 0 0 1 ˙˚
A2 = I fi det (A)2 = 1
Applying C1 ´ C2, we get
fi det (A) = ± 1.
È3 1 2 ˘ È1 0 0 ˘
Now, A = I fi A 2 –1
=A A Í3 0 2 ˙ = Í 0 1 0 ˙
Í ˙ Í ˙
ÍÎ1 0 1 ˙˚ ÍÎ 0 0 1 ˙˚
Ê d - bˆ Ê a b ˆ
fi det( A) Á
= (1)
Ë -c a ˜¯ ÁË c d ˜¯ È3 1 2 ˘
If det (A) = 1, then fi A-1 = Í3 0 2 ˙

Í ˙

a = d, –b = b, –c = c ÍÎ1 0 1 ˙˚
fi a = d, b = 0, c = 0.

È6 ˘
2
31. AB = Í ˙
\ det (A) = 1 fi a = 1 fi a = ± 1.
Î8 ˚
Thus, in this case A = I or A = –I. fi y + 2x + x = 6

But A π I, –I. 3y – x + 2 = 8
fi
3x + y = 6
Therefore det(A) = –1.
–x + 3y = 6
fi Statement-2 is true.

fi
3x + y = –x + 3y
Now, from (1) fi
y = 2x

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 Matrices 5.5
32. Let C = AB – BA, then Ê cos a sin a ˆ
37. P = Á where a = p/6
C¢ = (AB – BA)¢ = (AB)¢ – (BA)¢ Ë - sin a cos a ˜¯
= B¢A¢ – A¢B¢
= (–B)A – A(–B) Ê cos a - sin a ˆ
P¢ = Á
Ë sin a cos a ˜¯
= –BA + AB = C
fi AB – BA is symmetric.
Ê 1 0ˆ
We have PP¢ = Á
33. AAT = 9I Ë 0 1˜¯
–1
fi P¢ = P
È 1 2 2 ˘ È1 2 a ˘ È1 0 0˘ Thus, Q = PAP–1 fi P–1QP = A
fi 2 1 -2 2 1 2 = 9 Í 0 1 0 ˙

Í ˙ Í ˙
Í ˙Í ˙ Í ˙ fi A2 = (P–1QP)2 = P–1Q2P
ÍÎ a 2 b ˙˚ ÍÎ 2 -2 b ˙˚ ÍÎ 0 0 1 ˙˚
fi A3 = P–1Q3P
È 9 0 a + 4 + 2b ˘ È 9 0 0 ˘
Í ˙ Continuing like this we get,
fiÍ 0 9 2a + 2 - 2b ˙ = Í 0 9 0 ˙
  Í ˙ A2015 = P–1Q2015P = P¢Q2015P
Í a + 4 + 2b 2a + 2 - 2b a 2 + 4 + b 2 ˙ ÍÎ 0 0 9 ˙˚
Î ˚ Ê 0 1ˆ
We have A = I + B where B = Á
fi a + 2b = –4, a – b = –1, a2 + b2 = 5
Ë 0 0˜¯
fi (a, b) = (–2, –1)
Ê 0 1ˆ Ê 0 1ˆ Ê 0 0ˆ
Also, B2 = Á ˜ Á ˜ = Á
34. |5 adj A| = 5 Ë 0 0¯ Ë 0 0¯ Ë 0 0˜¯

fi 53 |adj A| = 5
Ê 0 0ˆ
fi Br = Á "r≥2
fi |adj A| = 1/25
Ë 0 0˜¯
Ê 1 2015ˆ
fi |A|2 = 1/25 fi |A| = ± 1/5
Thus, A2015 = I + 2015B = Á
Ë0 1 ˜¯
2 È 0 -1˘ È 0 -1˘
35. A = Í ˙Í ˙ = -I 38. Let B = A2016 – 2A2015 – A2014
Î 1 0˚ Î 1 0˚
= A2014 (A2 – 2A – I)
    
fi A3 = –A and A4 = I

4 2 = A2014 (A – ( 2 + 1)I)(A + ( 2 – 1)I)
    
Now, A – I = O = A + I
and A3 – I = –A – I = –A + A2 = A(A – I) -4 -1
We have |A| = = –1
3 4
and A + I = –A + I = A – A = A(A – I) 3 3 1
But A2 + I = O and A(A2 – I) = – 2A.
-4 - ( 2 + 1) -1
\ A2 + I ≠ A(A2 – I).
|A – ( 2 + 1)I| =
3 1 - ( 2 + 1)
36. We know A(Adj A) = |A|I2
\ AA¢ = |A|I2 = (–4 – ( 2 + 1)(1 – ( 2 + 1) + 3

È5a -b ˘ È 5a 3˘ È1 0 ˘ = ( 2 + 1)2 + 3( 2 + 1) – 1 = 5 + 5 2
fi Í ˙ Í ˙ = (10a + 3b) Í ˙
Î 3 2 ˚ Î -b 2 ˚ Î0 1 ˚
-4 + ( 2 - 1) -1
È 2 2 ˘ È1 0 ˘ |A + ( 2 – 1)I| =
fi Í25a + b 15a - 2b ˙ = (10a + 3b) Í ˙ 3 1 + ( 2 - 1)
Î 15a - 2b 13 ˚ Î0 1 ˚
fi 25a2 + b2 = 10a + 3b, 15a – 2b = 0, 10a + 3b = (–4 + ( 2 – 1))(1 + ( 2 – 1)) + 3
= 13 = ( 2 – 1)2 – 3( 2 – 1) – 1
45
Now, b = (15/2)a 100 + a = 13 = 5 – 5 2
2
fi a = 2/5, b = 3  (–1)2014 (5 + 5 2 )(5 – 5 2 )
Thus det (B) =
\ 5a + b = 2 + 3 = 5 = –25

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 5.6 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
39. A2 – 5A = 7I = O 1
43. We know A–1 = adj A
fi 7I = A(5I – A) = (5I – A)A | A|
I = AB = BA fi |A|A–1
= adj A
1 fi adj(adj A) = adj(|A|A–1)

where B = (5I – A)
7
= |A|2 adj(A–1)
1
\ A–1 = B = (5I –A) = |A|2(|A–1|(A–1)–1)
7
= |A|A
fi Statement-1 is true.
1
We have Also, (adj A)–1 = adj(adj A)
| adj A|
A3 – 2A2 – 3A + I
1
= A(5A – 7I) – 2(5A – 7I) – 3A + I = adj(adj A)
| A|2
= 5A2 – 7A – 10A + 14I – 3A + I
fi adj(adj A) = |A|2 (adj(A))–1
= 5(5A – 7I) – 20A + 15I
Thus, adj(adj A) = |A|(adj A)–1
= 25I – 35I – 20A + 15I is not necessarily true.
= 5(A – 4I) 44. A + B = 2B¢(1)
Thus, Statement-2 is also true. 3A + 2B = I3(2)
40. Eliminating x, we get From (1), (2), we get
A¢ + B¢ = 2B(3)
(a – 1)y = 0
and 3A¢ + 2B¢ = I3(4)
(b – a)y + (1 – a)z = –a From (1) and (3)
If a π 1, then y = 0 and z = –a/(1 – a). A – A¢ + B – B¢ = 2(B¢ – B)
In this case, the system has a unique solution fi A – A¢ = 3(B¢ – B)(5)
\ a = 1 and (b – 1)y = –1 From (2) and (4)
For system to have no solution, b = 1 3(A – A¢) + 2(B – B¢) = 0 (6)
From (5) and (6)
2 Ê 2 -3ˆ Ê 2 -3ˆ Ê 16 -9ˆ
41. A = Á ˜ Á =Á 9(B¢ – B) – 2(B¢ – B) = 0
Ë -4 1¯ Ë -4 1¯ Ë -12 13˜¯
˜
fi (B¢ – B) = 0 fi B¢ = B
Ê 16 -9ˆ Ê 2 -3ˆ fi From (1) we get A = B
\ 3A2 + 12A = 3Á ˜ + 12 Á
Ë -12 13¯ Ë -4 1˜¯ and from (2) A = B = I 3
1
5
Ê 72 -63ˆ
=Á Now, 5A + 10B = 15A = 3I3 π 2I2
Ë -84 51˜¯
10A + 5B = 15A = 3I3
Ê 51 63ˆ It is easy to check (c), (d) are not true.
\ adj A = Á
Ë 84 72˜¯ 45. x + 8y + 7z = 0 (1)
42. From first two equations 9x + 2y + 3z = 0 (2)
x -y z x + y + z = 0 (3)
= = = k (say ) From (2), (3)
8+l 2
4 + 4 l 2 l - 16
x -y z
Putting the values of x, y, z in the third equation, = =
2-3 9-3 9-2
we get
k[l(8 + l2) – 2(4 + 4l) + 2(2l – 16)] = 0 fi
x y z
= = = k (say)
3
fi l + 4l – 40 = 0 (1) -1 -6 7
Let f(l) = l3 + 4l – 40 fi x = –k, y = –6k, z = 7k
As f ¢(l) = 3l2 + 4 > 0 " l Œ R Note (–k, –6k, 7k) satisfies (1)
Thus, (1) has exactly one real root. Let a = –k, b = –6k, c = 7k
As (a, b, c) lies on x + 2y + z = 6

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 Matrices 5.7
we get, Ê cos q sin q ˆ
51. A-1 = Á = B (say )
–k – 12k + 7k = 6 fi k = –1 Ë - sin q cos q ˜¯
\ a = 1, b = 6, c = –7
Ê cos 2q sin 2q ˆ
Now, 2a + b + c = 2 + 6 – 7 = 1 B2 = Á
Ë - sin 2q cos 2q ˜¯
46. Eliminating y from first two equations, we get
Ê cos 3q sin 3q ˆ
2 B3 = Á
2x – 5z = 0 fi z = x Ë - sin 3q cos 3q ˜¯
5
Putting in the third equation, we get Continuing in this way, we get
6 4 Ê cos(50q ) sin(50q )ˆ
4y = –2x + 3z = –2x + x = - x A–50 = B50 = Á
5 5 Ë - sin(50q ) cos(50q )˜¯
1
fi y = - x p p
5 When q = , 50q = 4p +
12 6
xz ( 2 / 5) x 2
Thus, = = 10 Ê Êpˆ Ê p ˆˆ Ê 3 1ˆ
y 2
( -1/ 5) 2 x 2 cos Á ˜ sin Á ˜ ˜ Á
Á
fi A-50 = Á
Ë 6¯ Ë 6¯ 2 2˜
˜ =Á ˜
È1 2˘ Èa 0 ˘ Á - sin Ê p ˆ Êpˆ Á 3˜
47. A Í ˙=Í ˙ (1) ÁË ÁË ˜¯ cos Á ˜ ˜˜ Á - 1 ˜
Î0 3˚ Î 0 a ˚ 6 Ë 6 ¯¯ Ë 2 2 ¯
108 52. det(A) = et e–t e–tD
Also |3A| = 108 fi |A| = = 12
9 1 cos t sin t
Taking determinant in (1), we have where D = 1 - cos t - sin t - sin t + cos t
1 2 1 2 sin t -2 cos t
|A| = a2 fi a2 = 36 fi a = ±6
0 3 Using R2 Æ R2 – R1, R3 Æ R1, we get
-1 1 cos t sin t
È1 2 ˘ 6 È 3 -2˘
Also A = ± 6 Í ˙ = ± 3 Í0
Î 0 3 ˚ Î 1˙˚ D = 0 -2 cos t - sin t -2 sin t + cos t
0 2 sin t - cos t -2 cos t - sin t
È 3 -2˘ È 3 -2˘ È9 -8˘ È36 -32˘
fi A2 = 4 Í Í = 4Í = = (2 cos t + sin t)2 + (cos t – 2 sin t)2
˙ ˙ 1˙˚ ÍÎ 0 4 ˙˚

Î0 1˚ Î0 1˚ Î0
= 5(cos2 t + sin2 t) = 5
48. Eliminating x, we get
Thus, det(A) = 5e–t π 0 " t
(2 Рa)y + z = 3 fi A is invertible for all t ΠR.
and (5 – a)y + 2z = b – 3 53. Multiply the first equation by 2 and then add all
As the system has no solution the equations to obtain
2-a 1 3 2g + h + k = 0
= π
5- a 2 b-3 54. Eliminating x, we get
fi 4 – 2a = 5 – a and b – 3 π 6 y + 2z = 4
fi a = –1, b π 9 y + (a – 3)z = b – 9
49. As the system of equations has no solution As the system has infinitely many solutions
k+2 10 k 1 2 4
= π = =
k k + 3 k -1 1 a - 3 b -9

fi k2 + 5k + 6 = 10k and 10k – 10 π k2 + 3k fi a – 3 = 2, b – 9 = 4
fi (k – 2)(k – 3) = 0 and (k – 2)(k – 5) π 0 fi a = 5, b = 13
\ k = 3 55. As the system has a non-trival solution
That is, there is exactly one value of k. 1 3 7
50. From 2nd and 3rd equations -1 4 7 =0
(a2 – 3)z = a – 4
sin(3q ) cos( 2q ) 2
when |a| = 3 , LHS = 0, RHS π 0
sin3q + 2cos2q – 2 = 0

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 5.8 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
fi 3sinq – 4sin3q + 4sin2q Using R1 Æ R1 – R3 and R2 Æ R2 – R3, we get
2
fi 3 – 4sin q = 4sinq[{ 0 < q < p] 1 0 -1
fi 4 = (2sinq + 1)2 0 1 -1 π 0

2sinq + 1 = 2 [{ 0 < q < p] a b 2

fi sinq = 1/2 fi 2+a+bπ0
p 5p \ required ordered pair is (2, 4)
fi q = , Œ(0, p )
6 6
60. Write P = I3 + A where
\ there are two values of q.
È0 0 0 ˘
Ê 0 2q rˆ Ê 0 p pˆ
Á ˜ Á A = Í 3 0 0 ˙˙
Í
56. I 3 = AA¢ = p q - r 2q q - q ˜
Á ˜Á ˜ ÍÎ9 3 0 ˙˚
Ë p -q r ¯ Ë r -r r¯
Ê 4q 2 + r 2 2q 2 - r 2 -2q 2 + r 2 ˆ È0 0 0 ˘ È0 0 0 ˘
Á
= Á 2q 2 - r 2 2
p +q +r 2 2 ˜
p2 - q 2 - r 2 ˜ fi A = Í0 0 0 ˙ , A = Í0 0 0 ˙˙
Í 2 ˙ 3 Í

Á ˜ ÍÎ9 0 0 ˙˚ ÍÎ0 0 0 ˙˚
Ë -2q 2 + r 2 p2 - q 2 - r 2 p2 + q 2 + r 2 ¯
Thus, P5 = (I3 + A)5 = I3 + 5A + 10A2
fi 4q2 + r2 = 1, 2q2 – r2 = 0,
p2 – q2 – r2 = 0, p2 + q2 + r2 = 1 È 1 0 0˘
= Í 15 1 0 ˙˙
Í
1
fi 2p2 = 1 fi | p| = ÍÎ135 15 1˙˚
2
57. Add first and third equation and subtract from 2nd. È 0 0 0˘
58. det(ABA¢) = 8 fi Q = I3 – P = Í 15 0 0 ˙˙
Í 5

fi det(A) det(B) det(A¢) = 8

ÍÎ135 15 0 ˙˚

fi (det(A))2 det(B) = 8
(1) q21 + q31 15 + 135
\ = = 10
Also, det(AB ) = 8 –1 q32 15

det( A) 61. As the system has a non-trivial solution

fi = 8 (2)
det( B ) 1- l -2 -2
det( A) 1 2-l 1=0
From (1), (2) we get (det(A))2 =8
8 1 1 l

(det(A)3 = 82 = 43
fi (1 – l)(2 – l)l – 2 – 2
det(A) = 4
 + 2(2 – l) – (1 – l) + 2l = 0
1
From (2), det(B) = fi l3 – 3l2 + 3l – 1 = 0 fi (l – 1)3 = 0 fi l = 1
2
Now, det(BA–1B¢) 62. As the system has non-trivial solution
= det(B) det(A–1) det(B¢) 1 -c -c
c -1 c = 0
Ê 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ 1
=Á ˜Á ˜Á ˜ = c c -1
Ë 2 ¯ Ë 4 ¯ Ë 2 ¯ 16

59. As the system of equations has a unique solution Using R1 Æ R1 + R2 and R2 Æ R2 – R3 to obtain
1+ a b 1 1 + c -(1 + c ) 0
a 1+ b 1 π0 0 -(1 + c ) c + 1 = 0
a b 2 c c -1

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 Matrices 5.9
Using C1 Æ C1 + C2 + C3, we get 1
\ n(n + 1) = 78 fi n = 12
0 -1 0 2
-1 È 1 -12 ˘
2
(1 + c ) 0 -1 1 = 0
fi An = Í
2c - 1 c -1 Î0 1˙˚

(1 + c)2(2c – 1) = 0 fi c = –1, 1/2 Ê1 ˆ 1
66. A¢A = 3I3 fi ÁË A¢˜¯ A = I 3 fi A-1 = A¢
So the greatest value of c is 1/2. 3 3
fi AA¢ = 3I3
Ê cos q - sin q ˆ Ê cos j - sin j ˆ
63. Since Á
Ë sin q cos q ˜¯ ÁË sin j cos j ˜¯ Ê 4 y2 + 1 2 y2 - 1 -2 y 2 + 1ˆ Ê 3 0 0ˆ
Á ˜
Ê cos(q + j ) - sin(q + j )ˆ fi Á 2 y 2 - 1 4 x 2 + y 2 + 1 4 x 2 - y 2 - 1˜ = Á 0 3 0˜
=Á Á ˜
Á ˜
Ë sin(q + j ) cos(q + j )˜¯ Ë -2 y 2 + 1 4 x 2 - y 2 - 1 4 x 2 + y 2 + 1¯ Ë 0 0 3¯
   
fi 4y2 + 1 = 3, 2y2 – 1 = 0
Ê cos(32a ) - sin(32a )ˆ Ê 0 -1ˆ
\ A32 = Á =
Ë sin(32a ) cos(32a )˜¯ ÁË 1 0˜¯ 4x2 + y2 + 1 = 3, 4x2 – y2 – 1 = 0

fi cos(32a) = 0, sin(32a) = 1 fi y2 = 1/2, x2 = 3/8

fi a = p/64 1 3
fi y = ± ,x=±
64. Eliminating y, we get 2 2 2
5x + (k + 2)z = 5 Thus, there are four such matrices.
5x + (–k + 1)z = 5 67. From first third equation
This system will have a solution if x y z
=- =
k + 2 = –k + 1 ¤ k = –1/2 3-1 2 + 2 -2 - 6
3 2 x y z
Thus, x = 1 - z, y = - z fi = =
10 5 1 -2 -4
x - 1 -3z /10 3 From the second equation, we get
fi
= =
y -2 z / 5 4 1 – 2k + 8 = 0 fi k = 9/2

fi 4x – 4 = 3y
fi 4x – 3y – 4 = 0 x y z 1 1 9 1
Thus, + + +k =- + -4+ =
y z x 2 2 2 2
È1 k ˘
65. Let Ak = Í ˙ , then 68. Eliminating x, we get
Î0 1 ˚
y + z = 1
È1 l ˘ È1 m ˘ y + (l – 2)z = m – 6
A lA m = Í ˙Í ˙
Î0 1˚ Î0 1 ˚ As the system has infinite number of solutions
È1 l + m ˘ 1 1 1
=Í = Al +m = =
Î0 1 ˙˚ 1 l - 2 m - 6
fi l – 2 = 1, m – 6 = 1
È1 78˘ fi l + m = 3 + 7 = 10
Now, Í ˙ = A 1A 2A 3 … A n
Î0 1 ˚ 69. Eliminating x, we get
= A 3A 3A 4 … A n (l – 4)y + (–l – 4)z = l – 26
= A 6A 4 … A n and –y – 7z = –23
=… As the system has infinite number of solutions
= Ar l - 4 l + 4 l - 26
= =
1 -1 7 -23
where r = n( n + 1)
2 fi l = 3, which is a root of
l2 – l – 6 = 0

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 5.10 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

È2 3˘ 4. As A – aI is invertible for all a Œ R.

70. A + B = Í ˙
Î 5 -1˚    det (A – aI) ≠ 0 " a Œ R.
È2 5˘ fi (a – a)(d – a) – bc ≠ 0
" a ΠR.
fi Í ˙ = (A + B)¢ = A¢ + B¢ = A – B
Î 3 -1˚ fi a2 – (a + d)a + ad – bc ≠ 0 " a Œ R.

È4 8˘ È2 4˘ Therefore
\ 2A = Í ˙ fi A= Í ˙
Î 8 -2˚ Î4 -1˚ (a + d)2 – 4(ad – bc) < 0
È0 -1˘ fi     (a – d)2 + 4bc < 0

and B = Í ˙
Î 1 0˚ Therefore, bc < 0.
È 4 -2˘ Also, a2 + d2 – 2ad + 4bc < 0
Thus, AB = Í ˙
Î-1 -4 ˚ fi 0 £ a2 + d2 < 2ad – 4bc

71. AB = I3 fi det(AB) = 1
fi bc < 1 ad .

fi det(A)det(B) = 1 2
1
fi det(B) = –1 Thus, bc < min ÊÁ 0, ad ˆ˜
Ë 2 ¯
fi –10 + 2a2 – 2a – 15 = 0
fi 2a2 – 2a – 25 = 0 5. Statement-2 is false as
Thus, sum of required values of a is 1. adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
Questions from Previous Years' B-Architecture ≠ (adj A) (adj B)

Entrance Examination Papers But Statement-1 is true as
1. adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A) [See Theory] A(adj A) = |A|I2.
[See Theory]
2. A = I + B 6. det (A) = ad – bc
È0 1 0˘ Note that det (A) can take value –1, 0 or 1. We
where B = Í 0 0 0 ˙ have
Í ˙
ÎÍ 0 0 0 ˙˚ det(A) = 1 ¤ ad = 1, bc = 0

Note that B2 = O. ¤ a = 1, d = 1 or (b = 0, c = 0, b = 0; c = 1;

b = 1, c = 0)
A2 = (I + B)2 = I2 + 2IB + B2
and det(A) = –1 ¤ ad = 0 or bc = 1
= I + 2B
This is also possible in 3 cases.
A3 = AA2 = (I + B)(I + 2B)
\ A–1 exists in 6 cases.

= I2 + BI + 2(IB) + 2B2
a b ˘ Èa b ˘
= I + 3B  [{ B2 = O] 7. A2 = ÈÍ ˙Í ˙
Thus, 2A2 – A3 = 2(I + 2B) – (I + 3B) Îc d ˚ Îc d ˚
= I + B = A. È a 2 + bc b(a + d ) ˘
=Í ˙
3. Statement-2 is true. [See Theory] 2
   ÍÎ c(a + d ) bc + d ˙˚
tr(AB – BA) = tr(AB) – tr(BA) = 0
È a 2 + bc 2b ˘
But tr(I) = 2. =Í ˙
2
   Í
Î 2 c bc + d ˙˚
\ AB – BA ≠ I.

Thus, both statements are true and Statement-2 is Èa 2 - 2a + bc 0 ˘
\ A2 - 2 A = Í ˙
a correct explanation for Statement-1.
ÍÎ 0 a 2 - 2d + bc ˙˚

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 Matrices 5.11
Since A¢ = A2 – 2A, we get È b1 b2 ˘ È10 100 ˘ È 1 -10 ˘
fi Í
= +
2 Îb3 b4 ˙˚ ÍÎ 0 10 ˙˚ ÍÎ 0 1 ˙˚
È a c ˘ È a - 2a + bc 0 ˘
Íb d ˙ = Í ˙
Î

˚ ÍÎ 0 2
a - 2d + bc ˙˚ È11 90 ˘
      = Í ˙
Î 0 11 ˚
fi b = 0, c = 0, a = a2 – 2a, d = d2 – 2d

fi b1 = b4 = 11, b2 = 90, b3 = 0,

fi a(a – 3) = 0 and d(d – 3) = 0

\ b1 + b2 + b3 + b4 = 112

fi a = 0 or a = 3 and d = 0 or d = 3

10. |adj A| = |A|2 = 36
But then a + d cannot be 2.
1 -2 4
\ S=f

fi 4 1 1 = 36

Ê 1 2ˆ -1 k 0
8. S2 = Á = I + B where
Ë 0 1˜¯
-2 4 1 4
Ê 1 0ˆ Ê 0 2ˆ fi (–1) –k = 36
I =Á ˜ and B = Á 1 1 4 1
Ë 0 1¯ Ë 0 0˜¯
[Expanding along R3]
2 r
Note that B = O, therefore, B = O " r ≥ 2.
fi (–1)(–2 – 4) – k(1 – 16) = 36
n n
Thus, (S2) = (I + B) = I + nB
fi 6 + 15k = 36 fi k = 2
È 1 2n ˘ 11. Multiply the first equation by 2 and subtract second
=Í ˙
  Î0 1 ˚ equation from it to get

-1 Ê 1 -k ˆ 2(a – 1)x + 3y + 7z = 1
Also, Sk = ÁË
0 1 ˜¯ Also 3y + 7z = 1 [3rd equation]

Ê 1 2 nˆ Ê 1 - k ˆ \
2(a – 1)x = 0 (1)
\ ( S2 ) n ( Sk ) -1 = Á
Ë 0 1 ˜¯ ÁË 0 1 ˜¯ For a π 1, x = 0 and we can solve

2y + 5z = 1
Ê 1 2n - k ˆ
      = Á = S2n - k
Ë0 1 ˜¯ y + 3z = 1
3y + 7z = 1
È0 1˘
9. Let A = I + C where C = Í ˙ To obtain y = –2, z = 1
Î0 0˚
\ For all a π 1, the system of equations is consist-

AS C2 = O, we get Cr = 0 " r > 2. ent.
Now, For a = 1, (1) is satisfied each x ΠR.
A = (I + C) 10 10 We choose a value of x and solve

= I + 10C + 10
C2 (C2) + … + 10
C10(C10) y + 3z = 1 – 2x
3y + 5z = 1
È1 10˘
= I + 10C + O = Í ˙ To obtain values of y and z.
Î0 1 ˚
Thus, the system of equations is consistent for each
È 1 -10 ˘ a Œ R.
fi Adj( A10 ) = Í ˙
Î0 1 ˚ 12. Using R2 Æ R2 – 2R1, R3 Æ R3 – 3R1, we get

b b2 ˘
As È 1
2 52 152
Íb = 10 A10 + adj( A10 ) , we get
Î 3 b4 ˙˚ det( A) = 0 2 54
0 6 164

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 5.12 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
Using R3 Æ R3 – 3R2, we get fi det(A) = 29 as det(A) > 0

2 52 152 fi 27abc + abc + abc – 3(a3 + b3 + c3) = 512

det( A) = 0 2 54 = 8 fi 3(a3 + b3 + c3) = 29 – 512 = –483
0 0 2 fi a3 + b3 + c3 = –161

det[adj(2A)] = det[4(adj A)] = 43 det(adj A) = 43(82) 17. Add all the equations to obtain
= 4096 (a + 2)(x + y + z) = 5
13. Eliminating z, we get For a = –2, LHS = 0, RHS > 0
lx – 2y = 51
18. (I2 – A)2 = I 22 - 2 A + A2 = – 3A
2lx + 5y = 10
fi (I2 – A)4 = 9A2 = 9(–I2 – A)
If l = 0, y = –51/2 and y = 2
fi (I2 – A)6 = 27(A + A2) = –27I2
Not possible.
For l π 0, we must have adj(I2 – A)6 = –27I2

l -2 51 fi det(adj(I2 – A)6) = 36
= =
2l 5 10 19. Eliminating x we get
Not possible –y + 2z = 2 + b
\ S = j –3y + 6z = a + 2b
x
14. =a As the system has infinitely many solutions
y+z
1 2 2+b
x+ y+z 1 y+z = =
fi 1+ a =
fi = 3 6 a + 2b
y+z 1+ a x + y + z
fi a + 2b = 6 + 3b
1 z+x 1 x+ y
Similarly, = , = fi a – b = 6
1+ b x + y + z 1+ c x + y + z
fi (a, b) π (–3, 3)
1 1 1
fi
+ + =2 20. x + 5y = 2, 3x + y = 1
1+ a 1+ b 1+ c
3 5
1 È0 2 ˘ fi x = ,y=
15. B -1 = - Í 14 14
2 Î 1 -2˙˚
3 5
1 È 2 -4 ˘ \ a= ,b=
B -2 = Í 14 14
4 Î-2 6 ˙˚
The equation becomes
–1 –1 –1 –2
Now A B = B fiA =B 3 2 10 8
–2 –1 x + x- =0
\ kB
= 2B + I2 14 14 14
k È 2 -4 ˘ È0 2˘ È1 0 ˘ È 1 -2˘ or 3x2 + 10x – 8 = 0
fi
Í ˙ =-Í ˙+Í ˙=Í ˙
4 Î-2 6 ˚ Î 1 -2˚ Î0 1 ˚ Î-1 3˚ 10 8
fi a + b = - , ab = -
È 2k -4 k ˘ È 4 -8˘ 3 3
fi Í
=
Î-2k 6 k ˙˚ ÍÎ-4 12˙˚ 1 1 5
+ = , ab = -
8
fi
fi k=2
a b 4 3
16. As A is a symmetric matrix, 1 1
\ Equation whose roots are + and ab is
2 a b
AA¢ = 64I3 fi A = 64I3
fi det(A ) = det(64I3)2 Ê 5ˆ Ê 8ˆ
ÁË x - ˜¯ ÁË x + ˜¯ = 0
4 3
fi (det(A))2 = (26)3
or 12x2 + 17x – 40 = 0

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 Matrices 5.13
21. A = I2 + B, where 22. From the equations, we get
y = 0, z = 3x
È0 1˘
B=Í ˙ x y z
Î0 1˚ fi = = = k (say )
1 0 3
Note that Br = B " r ΠN fi x = k, y = 0, z = 3k
Thus, A20 = (I2 + B)20 Now, x2 + y2 + z2 £ 81 fi 10k2 £ 81
= I2 + (220 – 1)B fi k2 £ 8.1
fi a = 1, b = 220 – 1, c = 0, d = 220 As k is a non-negative integer, k = 0, 1, 2
\ a + b + c + d = 2(2 ) = 2 20 21 \ number of solutions is 3.

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