10.

1 Application Layer Protocols

The Application Layer provides the interface to the network.

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Application Session and Presentation
Application Layer

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How Application Protocols Interact with End-User Applications
Peer-to-Peer Networks

Both devices are considered equal in the communication

The roles of client and server are set on a per request basis.
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How Application Protocols Interact with End-User Applications
Peer-to-Peer Applications
Client and server in the same communication

Both can initiate a communication and are considered equal

in the communication process
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How Application Protocols Interact with End-User Applications
Client-Server Model

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How Application Protocols Interact with End-User Applications
Client-Server Model

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Common Application Layer Protocols
HTTP and HTTPS
• Developed to publish
and retrieve HTML
pages
• Used for data transfer
• Specifies a
request/response
protocol
• Three common
message types are
GET, POST, and PUT
• GET is a client
request for data
• POST and PUT are
used to send
messages that upload
data to the web
Presentation_ID
server
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Common Application Layer Protocols
SMTP, POP, and IMAP
• Typically use an application
called a Mail User Agent
(email client)
• Allows messages to be sent
• Places received messages
into the client's mailbox
• SMTP - Send email from
either a client or a server
• POP - Receive email
messages from an email
server
• IMAP - Internet Message
Access Protocol
• Email client provides the
functionality of both
protocols within one
application

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Common Application Layer Protocols
SMTP, POP, and IMAP

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Common Application Layer Protocols
SMTP, POP, and IMAP (Continued)

Simple Mail Transfer

Protocol (SMTP)
§ transfers mail
§ message must be
formatted properly
§ SMTP processes
must be running on
both the client and
server
§ message header
must have a properly
formatted recipient
email address and a
sender
§ uses port 25

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Common Application Layer Protocols
SMTP, POP, and IMAP (Continued) Post Office Protocol
(POP)
§ enables a workstation
to retrieve mail from a
mail server
§ mail is downloaded
from the server to the
client and then
deleted on the server
§ uses port 110
§ POP does not store
messages
§ POP3 is desirable for
an ISP, because it
alleviates their
responsibility for
managing large
amounts of storage
for their email servers

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Common Application Layer Protocols
SMTP, POP, and IMAP (Continued)

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

• Transfers mail reliably and efficiently

Post Office Protocol (POP)

• Enables a workstation to retrieve mail from a mail server
• With POP, mail is downloaded from the server to the
client and then deleted on the server

Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)

• Another protocol that to retrieves email messages
• Unlike POP, when the user connects to an IMAP-capable
server, copies of the messages are downloaded to the
client application
• Original messages are kept on the server until manually
deleted
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Providing IP Addressing Services
Domain Name Service

A human legible
name is resolved
to its numeric
network device
address by the
DNS protocol

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Providing IP Addressing Services
Domain Name Service

A human legible
name is resolved
to its numeric
network device
address by the
DNS protocol

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Providing IP Addressing Services
DNS Hierarchy

Examples top-
level domains:

.au - Australia

.co - Colombia

.com - business
or industry

.jp - Japan

.org - non-profit
organization

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Providing IP Addressing Services
nslookup
• Operating system utility called nslookup allows the user to manually
query the name servers to resolve a given host name
• Utility can be used to troubleshoot name resolution issues and to verify
the current status of the name servers

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Providing IP Addressing Services
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
§ DHCP allows a host to
obtain an IP address
dynamically
§ DHCP server is
contacted and address
requested - chooses
address from a
configured range of
addresses called a pool
and “leases” it to the
host for a set period
§ DHCP used for general
purpose hosts such as
end user devices, and
static addressing is
used for network
devices such as
gateways, switches,
servers and printers
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Providing File Sharing Services
File Transfer Protocol
• FTP allow data
transfers between a
client and a server
• FTP client is an
application that runs
on a computer that is
used to push and pull
data from a server
running an FTP
daemon
• To successfully
transfer data, FTP
requires two
connections between
the client and the
server, one for
commands and
replies, the other for
the actual file transfer
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Providing File Sharing Services
Server Message Block
• Clients
establish a long
term connection
to servers
• After the
connection is
established, the
user can
access the
resources on
the server as if
the resource is
local to the
client host

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Move It!
The Internet of Things

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Move It!
Message Travels Through a Network

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Move It!
Message Travels Through a Network

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Move It!
Message Travels Through a Network

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Move It!
Getting the Data to the End Device

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Move It!
Getting the Data through the Internetwork

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Move It!
Getting the Data to the Right Application

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