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Introloops Forloop

The document provides an introduction to programming structures, including sequential, selection, and iterative structures. It explains how to implement these structures in C++ with examples, focusing on loops such as for, while, and do-while loops, as well as counter-controlled and sentinel-controlled loops. Additionally, it includes practice problems for further understanding of the concepts presented.

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5 views21 pages

Introloops Forloop

The document provides an introduction to programming structures, including sequential, selection, and iterative structures. It explains how to implement these structures in C++ with examples, focusing on loops such as for, while, and do-while loops, as well as counter-controlled and sentinel-controlled loops. Additionally, it includes practice problems for further understanding of the concepts presented.

Uploaded by

sultanameer008
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to

Programming (CS-102)
Maham Shuja
[email protected]
Programming Structures

 Sequential Structure

 Selection/Conditional Structure

 Iterative / Repetitive Structure


Sequential Structure
 All statements are executed once.
 Problem: Take a number from user and display it.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int num;
cout<<"Enter a number: ";
cin>>num;
cout<<"You have entered "<<num;
return 0;
}
Selection/Conditional Structure
 Execute or skip statements on the basis of condition.
 Problem: Display the number if the entered number is greater than 5.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int num;
cout<<"Enter a number: ";
cin>>num;
if(num>5)
cout<<num<<" is greater then 5";
return 0;
}
Suppose you have to repeat the
previous problem for 100 times

Iterative / Repetitive Structure


Iterative / Repetitive Structure

 A type of control structure that repeats a statement or set of statements is


known as looping/ iterative/ repetitive structure.

 The statement or set of statements are executed repeatedly until some


condition is satisfied.

 Examples:
 User may display his/ her name for 10 times
 Display set of natural numbers from 1 to 10
Counter-Controlled & Sentinel- Controlled Loops

 Counter-Controlled Loops
 We can determine before loop execution exactly how many loop repetitions will
be needed to solve the problem.
 Example: Set of first five natural numbers

 Sentinel- Controlled Loops


 Depends on a special value known as sentinel value.
 Loop terminate when sentinel value is encountered.
 Iterations depends on the user’s input.
 Example: Loop terminates when user enters -1
Types of loops

 for loop
 while loop
 do - while loop
for loop

 for loop executes one or more statements for a specified number of times.
This loop also called counter- controlled loop.

Syntax:

for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement)


{
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
.
.
Statement N;
}
Parts of for loop

 Initialization
 It specifies the starting value of counter variable. One or many variables
can be initialized in this part. To initialize many variables, each variable is
separated by comma.
 Condition
 The condition is given as relational expression. The statement is executed
only if condition is true.
 Increment/Decrement
 This part specifies the change in counter variable after each execution of
the loop.
 Statements:
 Instructions that are executed when the condition is true.
Example
Flow Chart

Initialization

Increment/decrement

True
Condition Loop body

False
Example

count count <= 5 Print


1 1 <= 5 Hello
2 2 <= 5 Hello
3 3 <= 5 Hello
4 4 <= 5 Hello
5 5 <= 5 Hello
6 6 <= 5 ----
Example
x y x <= 4 Print
#include<iostream>
0 4 0 <= 4 0 4
using namespace std;
int main() 1 3 1 <= 4 1 3
{
2 2 2 <= 4 2 2
int x, y;
for(x=0, y=4; x<=4; ++x, --y) 3 1 3 <= 4 3 1

cout << x << “ “ << y << '\n'; 4 0 4 <= 4 4 0


return 0;
5 -1 5 <= 4 -----
}
Output
Example

Write a C++ program that display following output using for loop:
6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6

i i >= -6 Print
#include<iostream> 6 6 >= -6 6
using namespace std; 4 4 >= -6 4
int main() 2 2 >= -6 2
{ 0 0 >= -6 0
for(int i=6; i >= -6; i = i-2) -2 -2 >= -6 -2
cout << i << ' '; -4 -4 >= -6 -4
return 0; -6 -6 >= -6 -6
-8 -8 >= -6 ----
}
Example

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
123 is sentinel value
int x;
for(x=0; x != 123; )
{
cout << "Enter a number: "; x x != 123 Print
cin >> x; 0 0 != 123 Enter a number: 12
} 12 12 != 123 Enter a number: 8
cout<<"Exit"; 8 8 != 123 Enter a number: 123
return 0; 123 123 != 123 Exit
}
Output
Example
Write a program to print first ten even numbers using for loop.

#include <iostream>
Using namespace std;
int main()
{
int count;
for (count = 2; count <= 20; count = count +2)
cout<<count<< “ “ ;
return 0;
}

Write the output of above program …………


Practice Problems

 Write a program to calculate sum and average of ten numbers. The


program should take numbers from user as an input.
 Write a program to display table of 5 using for loop.
 Write a program to calculate factorial of a number.
Reference

Gary J. Bronson , Program Development and Design using C++, 2nd Edition.
(Chapter 5)

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