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Motivation For OOP

Object-oriented programming (OOP) was developed to address limitations found in structured programming, particularly regarding unrestricted access to global data and poor modeling of real-world entities. OOP encapsulates data and functions into objects, allowing for better organization and interaction, mirroring real-world objects with attributes and behaviors. This approach enhances program safety and maintainability by restricting direct access to data.

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10 views13 pages

Motivation For OOP

Object-oriented programming (OOP) was developed to address limitations found in structured programming, particularly regarding unrestricted access to global data and poor modeling of real-world entities. OOP encapsulates data and functions into objects, allowing for better organization and interaction, mirroring real-world objects with attributes and behaviors. This approach enhances program safety and maintainability by restricting direct access to data.

Uploaded by

ayeshanoor777325
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Why we need OOP

Procedural languages/Structured Programming


Problems with Structured Programming
Object Oriented Approach

Motivation for OOP

For Detailed Reading, Consult


Object-Oriented Programming by Robert Lafore, 4th Ed. Chatper-1
Why We Need OOP

Object-oriented programming was developed


because limitations were discovered in earlier
approaches to programming
Structured Programming
Procedural Languages
C, Pascal, FORTRAN, and similar languages are
procedural languages.

 For very small programs


 No other organizing principle (often called a
paradigm) is needed

 For large programs


 Division into functions

Dividing a program into functions and modules is one of the


cornerstones of structured programming
Structured Programming
Problems with Structured Programming

 There are two related problems

 Functions have unrestricted access to global data

 Unrelated functions and data, provide a poor


model of the real world.
Structured Programming
Problems with Structured Programming
Unrestricted Access

 In a procedural program, there are two kinds of


data
 Local data
 Global data

 hidden inside a function


 is used exclusively by the function
 safe from modification by other functions
Structured Programming
Problems with Structured Programming
Unrestricted Access

 In a procedural program, there are two kinds of


data
 Local data
 Global data

 When two or more functions must access the same data


then the data must be made global
 Global data can be accessed by any function in the
program
Structured Programming
Problems with Structured Programming
Unrestricted Access

 In a procedural program, there are two kinds of


data
 Local data
 Global data
Structured Programming
Problems with Structured Programming
Unrestricted Access

In a large program, there are many functions and many global


data items. The problem with the procedural paradigm is that
this leads to an even larger number of potential connections
between functions and data
Structured Programming
Problems with Structured Programming
Unrelated Functions and Data

 Arrangement of separate data and functions


does a poor job of modeling things in the real
world
 In the physical world we deal with objects such
as people and cars
 Objects aren’t like data and they aren’t like
functions
 Real-world objects have both attributes(Data)
and behavior(Functions).
Modeling the Real world
 Real world objects has
 Attributes
 Behavior

Examples of attributes (sometimes called characteristics) are:


 For people
 Eye color
 Job title
 For Cars
 Horsepower
 Number of doors

Attributes in the real world are equivalent to data in a program


Modeling the Real world
 Real world objects has
 Attributes
 Behavior
Behavior is something a real-world object does in response to
some stimulus:
 If you ask your boss for a raise, she will generally say yes or
no
 If you apply the brakes in a car, it will generally stop

Behavior is like a function: you call a function to do something


and it does it

So neither data nor functions, by themselves, model real-


world objects effectively
The Object Oriented Approach
 The fundamental idea behind object-oriented languages is to
combine into a single unit both data and the functions that
operate on that data.
 Such a unit is called an object.

 Data and its functions are said to be encapsulated into a single


entity

 An object’s functions, called member functions in C++,


typically provide the only way to access its data.
 You can’t access the object’s data, called attributes or instance
variables, directly. The data is hidden, so it is safe from
accidental alteration
The Object Oriented Approach
A C++ program typically consists of a number of
objects, which communicate with each other by
calling one another’s member functions

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