NAME: ________________

BIOLOGY Roll NO._______________

st Chapter No.4 THE CELL DATE: _________________

1 Year
1. The cells which transmit impulses are: (Dgk-GI-2016)
(A) Nerve cells (B) Blood cells (C) Kidney cells (D) Bone cells
2. Ribosomes are particles of: (Lhr-2005)
(A) Riboglycoprotein (B) Ribonucleoprotein
(C) Peptidoglycolipid (D) Riboglycolic acid
3. Cell wall of prokaryotic organisms lack cellulose, instead of cellulose its
strengthening material is: (Lhr-2008)
(A) Silica (B) Wax (C) Cutin (D) Murein
4. Cell wall is secreted by: (Guj-2014GI, 15GII)
(A) Protoplasm (B) Nucleoplasm (C) Golgi complex (D) Ribosome
5. Germ cells of Drosophila have chromosomes: (Lhr-2006)
(A) 26 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 14
6. The nucleus and cytoplasm collectively form: (Mtn-2004)
(A) Cytosol (B) A Sol (C) Protoplasm (D) A Gel
7. Secretions are formed in cells on: (Mtn-2005)
(A) Golgi apparatus (B) Lysosomes
(C) Ribosomes (D) Endoplasmic reticulum
8. Which one is self-replicating: (Mtn-2006)
(A) Mitochondria (B) Lysosomes
(C) Peroxisomes (D) Cytoskeleton
9. Most of the cell secretions are ___________ in nature: (Lhr-GII-2015)
(A) Proteins (B) Lipids (C) Carbohydrates (D) Glycoproteins
10. Tay-Sach’s disease results due to accumulation, in brain cells of: (Lhr-GI-2014)
2+
(A) Mg ions (B) Glucose (C) Proteins (D) Lipids
11. The digestive vacuoles and autophagosomes are also called: (Sgd-GI-2015)
(A) Primary Lysosomes (B) Secondary Lysosomes
(C) Endocytosis (D) All A, B&C
12. The fluid which surrounds the thylakoids is called: (Swl-GI-2016)
(A) Matrix (B) Stroma (C) Cytoplasm (D) Nucleoplas
13. Plastids are present only in: (Bwp-GI-2016)
(A) Bacteria (B) Animal cell (C) Virus (D) Plant cell
14. Ribosomal RNA is synthesized and stored in: (Guj-GI-2014)
(A) Nucleolus (B) Mitochondria (C) Nucleus (D) Chloroplast
15. A structure found attached to membranes in cell. It consists of 2 parts. Name it:
(Dgk-GII-15)
(A) Golgi Apparatus (B) Mitochondria (C) Lysosome (D) Ribosome
16. A group of ribosome attached to mRNA is known as: (Fbd-GI-2015)
(A) Lysosome (B) Peroxisome (C) Polysome (D) Glyoxisome

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17. Infoldings of inner membrane of mitochondria and called as: (Bwp-GI-2015)
(A) Cisternae (B) Cristae (C) Granum (D) Thylakoid
18. Chromoplast impart colors to the plants other than: (Ajk-GI-2015)
(A) Yellow (B) Red (C) Green (D) Blue
19. Eukaryotes have pores per nucleus:
(A) 3000 (B) 30,000 (C) 6 or 8 (D) 3 or 4
20. The size of prokaryotic ribosome is: (Sgd-GII-2015)
(A) 30S (B) 50S (C) 70S (D) 80S
21. Organelle found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: (Sgd-GI-2016)
(A) Ribosomes (B) Mitochondria (C) Chloroplasts (D) Lysosomes
22. Which statement about plastid is true: (Mtn-2008)
(A) They are surrounded by a single membrane (B) They are power house of cell
(C) They are found in all organisms (D) They contain DNA and Ribosome
23. Which statement about the nuclear envelop is not true:
(A) It has pores (B) It is a double membrane structure
(C) Its inner membrane bears ribosomes (D) RNA and some proteins pass through it
24. Which type of cell would probably be most appropriate to study lysosomes?
(A) Phagocytic white blood cells (B) Mesophyll cell of leaf
(C) Nerve cell (D) Muscle cell
25. Which of the following pairs of structure-function is mismatched?
(A) Ribosomes; protein synthesis (B) Nucleolus; ribosome production
(C) Golgi; muscle contraction (D) Lysosome; intracellular digestion

Scientists

Sr. No. Year Scientists Contributions Page No.

1 1665 Robert Hooke Discovery of Cell
Discovery of cell wall
Published “Micrographia”
2 1805 Lorenz Oken First scientist who used the term
vesicle for cell
3 1809 Lamarck He also anticipated the work of
Schleiden & Schwann in cell theory
4 1831 Robert brown Discovery of nucleus
5 1838, Schleiden & Proposed cell Theory
1839 Schwann
(Working
independently)
6 1855 Rudolph Virchow Gave hypothesis of biogenesis
7 1880 August Weismann Living cells have common origin
8 1898 Camillo Golgi Discovery of Golgi Complex
9 1949 De Duve Discovery of lysosomes

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10 1955 Palade Discovery of ribosomes
11 1965 De – Duve & Co- Discovered peroxisomes
workers
12 1972 Singer & Nicolson Fluid mosaic model

Questions
1. What is cell?
Ans.
A cell can defined as the structural and functional unit of life.
Cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665.
2. Describe cell theory.
OR
Write salient features of cell theory.
Ans.
The salient features of cell theory are as under:
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
New cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Cell is the basic structural as well as functional unit for all organism.
3. Who stated "Omnis cellula e cellula"? What does it mean?
Ans.
"Omnis cellula e cellula" is a Latin statement given by Rudolph Virchow in 1855. It
means that "All cells come from cells".
4. Write chemical composition of cell membrane.
Ans.
Cell membrane is chemically composed of
 Lipids Proteins 20-40%
 Proteins 60-80%
 Small quantity of carbohydrates
5. What is unit membrane concept?
Ans.
It was proposed by Robertson.
According to this model,
Plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer which is sandwiched between two protein
layer: Same type of structure is present in all biological membrane.
Recent studies do not support this concept.
6. What is fluid mosaic model?
Ans.
It was proposed by Nicolson and singer.
According to this model,

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 Plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer in which proteins molecules are embedded
in a mosaic manner. Plasma membrane also have charged pores for the exchange of
materials. It is the most accepted model.
7. Define endocytosis.
Ans.
Intake of materials by folding of cell membrane in the form of a vacuole is called
endocytosis.
This process can be observed in phagocytic cell.
Endocytosis is of two types:
 Phagocytosis
 Pinocytosis
8. Name three layer of plant cell wall. What is the chemical composition of primary
and secondary cell wall?
Ans.
Plant cell wall is composed of:
Primary cell wall made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin etc.
Secondary cell wall made up of silica, waxes, cutin, lignin etc.
Middle lamella made of calcium and magnesium pectates.
9. What roles are performed by cell wall?
Ans.
Cell wall provides:
 Shape
 Rigidity
 Protection
 Support to the cell.
It does not act as a barrier
10. Define cytosol. Give it chemical composition.
Ans.
The soluble part of cytoplasm is called cytosol.
It forms the ground substance of cytosol. In cytosol, small molecules or ions may form
true solution whereas large molecules forms colloidal solution
Chemical composition
It is composed of:
90% water
10% other organic and inorganic substances.
11. Write down two functions of cytoplasm.
Ans.
 Cytoplasm acts as a store house of vital chemicals.
 It is the site of various metabolic processes e.g. glycolysis
 It cause the movement of cell organelles e.g. mitochondria by cyclosis (Active
mass movement of cytoplasm is called cyclosis or cytoplasmic streaming).
12. Write any four function of endoplasmic reticulum.
Ans.

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  It helps in the transport of materials.
 It provide mechanical support to cell.
 Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is involved in protein synthesis.
 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in the transmission of nerve
impulse.
 SER is also involved in detoxification of harmful drugs.
 SER also helps in lipids biosynthesis.
13. What are cisternae?
The spherical or flattened sacs that form endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of a
cell are called cisternae (sign. Cisterna)
Golgi cisternae are involved in the processing of cell secretions. The cisternae of
endoplasmic reticulum act as channels for transport of materials.
14. Define polysome.
Ans.
A group of ribosomes attached to same strand of mRNA is called polysome.
15. Define autophagy.
Ans.
Autophagy is defined as the self-eating process of a cell.
During this process old worn out part of cells e.g. mitochondria are digested. This helps
in re-cycling of organdies. Autophagy also helps in degeneration of cells e.g. in
developmental process of frog.
16. What are lysosomes? Write their function?
Ans.
These are the single membrane bounded sacs containing enzymes like acid phosphatases
and other hydrolytic enzymes. They are the cytoplasmic organelles.
Functions
Lysosomes are involved in:
 Digestion of phagocytosed food.
 Autophagy
 Self-degeneration of cells (Autolysis)
 Export of extracellular enzymes for digestion.
17. What are storage diseases? Give examples.
Ans.
The congenital diseases which are caused by the deficiency of lysosomal enzymes are
called storage diseases.
It occurs due to mutation in genes that specify lysosomal enzymes.
Examples
Glycogensosis type II: It is a storage disease due to accumulation of glycogen. It occurs
when enzymes for glycogen breakdown are absent.
Tay-Sachs disease: It is a storage disease due to accumulation of lipids. It occurs when
enzymes for lipids breakdown are absent.
18. What are peroxisomes? Why they are named so?
Ans.

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 These are single membrane bounded sacs which contain enzymes such as catalase
glycolic acid oxidase, peroxidases etc.
They are named so because they are involved in formation and decomposition of H2O2.
(peroxi for "hydrogen peroxide" and soma means "bodies").
19. What are the functions of vacuole?
Ans.
 It helps to make cell turgid.
 It expands the cell without diluting cytoplasm.
 It stores cell products, water, wastes etc.
20. Write a short note on cytoskeleton?
Ans.
Cytoskeleton is the fabric present in a cell. It consists of three components:
 Microtubule
 Microfilament
 Intermediate filaments
Functions
Cytoskeleton is involved in:
 The formation of cilia, basal bodies etc.
 Formation of spindle fibers
 Maintaining cell shape
 Integration of cellular compartments
21. Write functions of intermediate filaments?
Ans.
 They maintain cell shape.
 They help in integration of cellular compartment
22. What is the role of centrioles in cell?
Ans.
They help in the formation of cilia.
 Before cell division they reach the opposite poles and spindle fibers are formed
between a them.
 They help in location of furrowing during cell division.
23. What are Fl particles are cristae?
Ans.
Fl particles
Small knob-like structures present on inner mitochondrial membrane are called F1
particles. They are involved in synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis.
Cristae
Inner membrane of mitochondria infolds into matrix and forms finger-like projections
called cristae. e.g. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are self-replicating organelles.
24. Give the functions of mitochondria.
Ans.
Mitochondrial matrix is the site of many vital metabolic processes like Krebs cycle,
aerobic respiration, fatty acid metabolism etc. Because of these metabolic processes the

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 mitochondria extract energy from different components of food and convert it in the form
of ATP. This energy is used for various cellular activities. That is why it is called power
house of cell.
25. What are plastids? Name different types of plastids.
Ans.
Plastids are membrane bounded organelles present in plant cells only. They mostly
contain pigments.
They are of three types.
 Chloroplasts
 Chromoplasts
 Leucoplasts
26. What are chromosomes? What is the composition of chromosomes?
Ans.
Chromosomes are thread-like structures found inside the cell nucleus. They are
chemically composed of:
 DNA
 Proteins
A typical chromosome has two arms called chromatids held together by centromere or
primary constriction. Centromere has a circular disc-like structure called kinetochore.
27. What is the role of nucleolus in a cell?
Ans.
It synthesizes rRNA (Ribosomal RNA).
It also stores rRNA.
A Ribosomes are assembled in nucleolus, and ate exported out via nuclear pores. That is
why nucleolus is called the factory of ribosome.
28. What will happen if a chromosome loses its centromere?
Ans.
If a chromosome loses its centromere, it will not be able to attach to spindle fibers during
cell division. Therefore, it will be lost in the cell resulting in an unequal distribution of
genetic material in daughter cells.

IMPORTANT SHORT QUESTION

Microtubules Microfilaments
Tubulin protein Actin protein
They are slender and unbranched filaments. They are more slender.

They help in formation of centrioles, spindles, cilia They help in internal cell motion
and flagella
Chromoplast Leucoplast
Colors other than green Colorless plastids
Presents in petals, fruits etc. Present in underground and storage areas.
Help in pollination Involved in storage of food

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 Characteristics Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
Nuclear membrane Absent Present
True chromosomes No. Yes.
Single, composed only of Multiple, composed of nucleic acid and protein.
nucleic acid.
Membranous Absent Present
organelles
Mitochondria Absent, but same function Present
performed by plasma
membrane.
Photosynthetic May contain chlorophyll Chlorophyll when present, contained in
apparatus which is scattered in chloroplast.
cytoplasm.
Ribosomes Small in size 70S. Large in size 80S.
Microtubules Absent Present
Cytoplasmic Does not occur May occur
streaming
Cell wall Contains murein Plants (cellulose), Fungi (Chitin).
Parenchyma cells Sclerenchyma cells
These cells store food. These cells provide support to adult plant body.
Some of them are photosynthetic. They never carryout photosynthesis as they are
dead cells.
Active transport Diffusion
The movement of solute from lower potential to The movement of a substance from region of high
higher potential across a membrane at the concentration to region of low concentration is
expense of energy is called active transport. called diffusion.
It occurs at the expense of energy (ATP). It occurs without expenditure of energy.
It is uphill transport. It is downhill transport. It is a type of passive
transport.
e.g., Uptake of glucose in our intestine. e.g., Plants take up Co2
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
Intake of solid material by the cell is called Intake of liquid material by cell is called
phagocytosis. pinocytosis.
It is also called cell’s eating process. It is also called cell’s drinking process.
It is a type of endocytosis. It is also a type of endocytosis.
e.g., Amoeba takes in bacteria by phagocytosis. e.g., Our RBC’s takes in liquid materials by
endocytosis.
Bacterial cell wall Plant cell wall
It is composed of peptidoglycan or murein. It is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin,
lignin etc.
It has no such layers. It has three layers:
 Primary
 Secondary
 Middle lamella
Cytoplasm Nucleoplasm
The portion of protoplasm between nuclear The soluble sap present inside the nucleus is called
membrane and cell membrane is called cytoplasm. nucleoplasm.
It is a site of various metabolic processes. It contains chromatin network.
It is also involved in cyclosis or cytoplasmic It is not involved in cyclosis.

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streaming.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic
It does not contain ribosomes It contains large no. of ribosomes.
It helps in lipid biosynthesis. It helps in protein synthesis.
It helps in detoxifying harmful drugs in liver cells. It is not involved in detoxification.
It also helps in transmission of nerve impulse. It is not involved in transmission of nerve impulse.
It helps in transport of materials. It also helps in transport of materials.
It provides support to cell. It also provides support to cell.
Forming face Maturing face
Outer convex surface of Golgi apparatus is called Inner concave surface of Golgi body is called the
the forming face. maturing face.
Blebs form ER merge into forming face and form Cisternae break up into vesicles from the maturing
new cisternae. face and form Golgi vesicles.
Primary lysosomes Secondary lysosomes
These are small vesicle-like structures, budded off These are formed when phagocytic vacuoles or
from the Golgi apparatus. cell’s own organelles fuse with primary lysosomes.
They contain digestive enzymes. They contain both the enzymes and material being
digested.
These are of two types:
 Autophagosomes
 Digestive vacuoles
Autophagosome Digestive vacuole
When a primary lysosome engulfs cell’s own When a primary lysosome fuses with phagocytic
organelles (e.g., mitochondria), the resulting vacuole (e.g., food vacuole), the resulting structure
structure is called autophagosome. is called digestive vacuole.
It is a type of secondary lysosome in which It is a type of secondary lysosome which
elements of a cell’s own cytoplasm are digested. endocytosed materials are digested.
Peroxisomes Glyoxisomes
These are single membrane bounded sacs These are also single membrane bounded sacs
containing enzymes i.e., catalase, peroxidase, containing enzymes i.e., catalase, glycolic acid
glycolic acid oxidase. oxidase and also enzymes for glyoxylate cycle.
They are found in plant cells, animal cell, protozoa They are found in plant cells i.e., young seedlings.
and yeast cells.
They are involved in formation and decomposition They are involved in glyoxylate cycle.
of H2O2 in cell.

IMPORTANT LONG QUESTION

1. Write a note on structure and function of plasma membrane
2. Explain the role of cytoplasm in continuation of life of a cell.
3. Write a note on Golgi apparatus.
4. Write a note on lysosome & storage diseases.
5. Differentiate between prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell.
6. Compare mitochondria with chloroplast.