Area of a Triangle Area of a Trapezium

Where b is the base of the triangle and h is the perpendicular Where a and b are the parallel sides and h is the perpendicular
height of the triangle: height of the trapezium:
1 1
Area = bh Area = (a + b)h
2 2
7cm

1 1
Example: Area = × 12 × 7 Example: Area = × (7 + 11) × 5
2 2
7cm 5cm
= 42cm2 1
= × 18 × 5
2
= 45cm2
12cm 11cm

Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Area of a Circle Area of a Compound Shape

To find the area of a compound shape, we split it into simpler

Remember, the radius, r, is the distance from the centre to the edge shapes and find the sum of the areas of these shapes.
of the circle. It’s equal to half the diameter, d.
Area = π r 2
Example: Area = 4 × 8 + 12 × 3
m
m 4cm
1 = 32 + 36
Example: Area = π × 7.1 2 7.
= 68cm2
= π × 50.41 12cm
8cm
= 158.4mm2 (1d.p.) 3cm

Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Area of a Sector Perimeter

To find the area of a sector, divide the area of the whole circle by The perimeter of any shape is simply the sum of all the edges of the
360° then multiply by the angle, θ, in the sector. shape.
θ
Area = × πr2
360
Example: Perimeter = 4 + 10 + 4 + 3 + 3
50 4cm
Example: Area =
360
× π×5 2
= 24cm 10cm
50
=
360
× π × 25
50°
= 10.9m2 (1d.p.) 3cm
5m 4cm

Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Circumference Arc Length

To find the length of an arc, divide the circumference of the whole

Remember, the radius, r, is the distance from the centre to the edge circle by 360° then multiply by the angle, θ, in the sector. If you are
of the circle. It’s equal to half the diameter, d. asked for the perimeter, you will also need to add both radii to the
answer.
Circumference = 2π r = π d
θ θ
Arc length = × 2πr = × πd
360 360
m
1m
Example: Circumference = 2 × π × 7.1 7.
50
Example: Arc length =
360
×2× π×5
= π × 14.2
50
= 44.6mm (1d.p.) =
360
× π × 10
50°
= 4.36m (2d.p.) 5m

Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Volume of a Prism Volume of a Cylinder

A prism is a 3-dimensional shape with a constant cross-section. A cylinder is similar to a prism, but with a circular cross-section.
For example, a cuboid or triangular prism. We use the same method – we find the area of the cross-section (a
Volume = area of the cross-section × length circle with radius, r) and multiply it by the height, h.
Volume = area of the cross-section × height

Example: Volume = ( 12 × 18 × 7) × 6 = π r 2h

= 378cm3 Example: Volume = π × 4.3 2 × 12

= π × 18.49 × 12 12cm
7cm
= 697.1cm3 (1d.p.)

6cm
18cm 8.6cm
Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Volume of a Sphere Volume of a Pyramid

In the formula below, make sure you are using the perpendicular
height.

Where r is the radius of the sphere, and half the diameter:

4 3 1
Volume = πr Volume = × area of the base × perpendicular height
3 3

4 1
Example: Volume = × π × 6.23 Example: Volume = × 12 × 12 × 8
3 3
12.4cm = 384cm3 8cm
= 998.3cm3 (1d.p.)

10
cm

cm
12
12cm

Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Volume of a Cone Surface Area

The surface area of a 3-dimensional shape is simply the sum of the

In the formula below, make sure you are using the perpendicular areas of all the faces.
height, h, of the cone. You are given this formula in any question
where it’s needed.
1 2 Example:
Volume = πr h
3
Surface area = 4 × ( 12 × 10 × 13) + 10 × 10
1 = 4 × 65 + 100

cm
Example: Volume = × π × 2.52 × 6 6cm
3

6.5
= 360cm2 12cm

13
= 39.3cm3

cm

cm
10
5cm 10cm

Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Surface Area of a Cylinder Surface Area of a Sphere

The top and bottom of the cylinder will be circles with radius r. The
other face will be a rectangle with height, h, and width equal to the Where r is the radius of the sphere, and half the diameter:
circumference of the circle.
Surface area = 4 π r 2
Surface area = 2 π r 2 + 2πrh

Example:
Example:
Surface area = 4 π × 6.2 2
12cm 12.4cm
Surface area = 2 π × 4.3 2 + 2 π × 4.3 × 12
= 483.1cm2 (1d.p.)
= 440.4cm2 (1d.p.)

8.6cm

Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Surface Area of a Cone Congruent Shapes

You are given this formula for the curved surface area in any
Two or more shapes are congruent if they are exactly the same
question where it’s needed. You will need to add the area of the
shape and size. Triangles can be defined as congruent if they fit one
base to find the total surface area.
of these categories:
Curved surface area = π rl
Side-Side-Side: all three sides the same (SSS).
Area of the base = π r 2
Side-Angle-Side: two sides and the angle between them are the
same (SAS).

cm
Example: 6cm Angle-Side-Angle: two angles and the side between them are the

6.5
Surface area = π × 2.5 × 6.5 + π × 2.5 2 same (ASA).

= 16.25 π + 6.25π Right-angle-Hypotenuse-Side: a right angle, a side and the

hypotenuse are the same (RHS).
= 70.7cm2 (1d.p.) 5cm
Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Similar shapes Types of Angles

Two or more shapes are similar if one is an enlargement of the

other. We can use the scale factor to find missing sides in the
shapes.

An acute angle is less than 90°. A right angle is equal to 90°.

Example:
B Q
3
scale factor =
6
3cm
1
=
2 6cm
1 R
PR = 8 × P
2 An obtuse angle is A reflex angle is
= 4cm between 90° and 180°. larger than 180°.
A 8cm C

Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Angle Facts Angles in Parallel Lines

y a
a m x
b c
m
x y x b
y

Angles on a Angles around Vertically Alternate Corresponding Co-interior

straight line add a point add opposite angles angles are angles are (or allied) angles
up to 180°. up to 360°. are equal. equal. equal. add up to 180°.

Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Angles in Polygons Pythagoras’ Theorem

This links three sides of a right-angled triangle. If the hypotenuse,

the longest side, has length c and the two shorter sides have length
The exterior angles in a polygon always add up to 360°. a and b then:
The interior angles in a polygon with n sides add up to (n – 2) × 180°. c2 = a2 + b2

Example: Example: 292 = 21 2 + x2

The sum of the interior angles in a hexagon (6-sided polygon): 29cm
841 = 441 + x2
x
(6 – 2) × 180 = 720° x2 = 400
x = 20cm 21cm

Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Trigonometry Vectors

SOHCAHTOA is the most common way to remember the

relationships for the 3 trigonometry ratios. Vectors are a way of giving magnitude and direction.

( ab ): a is the distance travelled to the right and b is the distance

O A O travelled up. If it’s a negative value, we go in the opposite direction.
We can add vectors and multiply them by a scalar.
S H C H T A

(-27 ) = (28
Example:
-8
)
4 ( -23 ) can be drawn as:
21
( ) + ( ) = ( )
Example: cosθ = 29cm 3 1 4
29
H -4 2 -2
θ = cos -1 (21
29 )
O

θ
= 43.6° (1d.p.)
A
21cm
Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Exact Trigonometric Values Key Vocabulary and Notation

You need to memorise these values

Congruent: two or more shapes that are the same size and shape.
Edge: a line that joins two vertices.
0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
Face: a flat surface of a 3-dimensional shape.
1 2 3
sin 0 2 1 Parallel: two lines that are always equidistant; they never meet.
2 2
Perpendicular: two lines that meet at a right angle.
3 2 1
cos 1 2 0 Similar: – two or more shapes that are an enlargement of one
2 2
another.
3
tan 0 1 3 undefined Vertices: – the point at which two or more lines or edges meet.
3

Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Formulae to Learn Enlargement

When describing an
volume of a prism = area of cross-section × length enlargement, you need 7

to give the centre of 6

1
volume of a pyramid = × area of base × height enlargement and scale
3 5
1 factor.
area of trapezium = (a + b)h 4
2 (0, 3)
Example: The 3
area of circle = π r2 A
transformation that maps B
2
circumference = π d = 2 π r shape A onto shape B is
1
an enlargement, scale
Pythagoras' theorem: c = a + b
2 2 2
factor 2 and centre (0, 3). 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Translation Reflection

Use vectors to describe

translations.
7 7

( )
a
b
: a is the distance
6
When describing a
reflection, you just need 6
travelled to the right and
5 to give the equation of 5
b is the distance travelled
A the line the shape has
up. If it’s a negative value, 4 4
been reflected in.
we go in the opposite 3
6
3

direction. B Example: Shape A has B A

2 -2 2
been reflected in the line
Example: Shape A has 1 1
x = 5 to give shape B.
been translated by the
(-2 )
6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
vector to give shape B.

Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Rotation Plans and Elevations
The plan view is from directly above, the front elevation is from the
front and the side elevation is from the side.
When describing a
rotation, you need to
7 Example:
give the angle and 6
A
direction as well as the 5

centre of rotation. 4
Plan View
Example: Shape A 3 B
has been rotated 90° Side Elevation
2
clockwise around the (3, 2)
1
point (3, 2) to give
shape B. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Front Elevation
Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Loci Bearings

There are 4 types of loci.

Bearings are measured from north, measured clockwise and

always given as 3 digits.
A fixed A fixed
The bearing of A from B should be measure at B.
distance distance
from a point. from a line.
Example:
A
Equal The bearing of B from A is 072°.
Equal 108°
B
distance 360 – 108 = 252°
distance from from two B
The bearing of A from B is 252°. 72°
two points or non-parallel
parallel lines. lines. A
Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry
Types of Quadrilaterals Types of Triangles

Square Rectangle Isosceles

Kite Equilateral
4 equal sides 2 pairs of equal, 2 pairs of equal, 2 equal sides
3 equal sides
4 right angles opposite sides adjacent sides 2 equal angles
1 line of symmetry 3 equal angles
4 lines of 4 right angles 1 line of symmetry
3 lines of symmetry
symmetry 2 lines of symmetry

Rhombus Parallelogram Right-Angled

Scalene
4 equal sides 2 pairs of equal, Trapezium 1 right angle
opposite sides 3 different sides
2 pairs of equal, 1 pair of A right-angled
2 pairs of equal, 3 different angles triangle is also either
opposite angles parallel sides
opposite angles No lines of symmetry scalene or isosceles.

Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry

Types of Polygons Parts of a Circle

Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon

5 sides 6 sides 7 sides

chord radius diameter tangent

Octagon Nonagon Decagon

8 sides 9 sides 10 sides
circumference arc sector segment

Foundation: Geometry Foundation: Geometry