CHAPTER-1
QUALITIES OF MEASURMENT
INSTRUMENT
It is a device for determining values or magnitude of a quantity or variable
through a given set of formulas.
MEASUREMENT
It is a process of comparing an unknown quantity with an accepted standard
quantity.
ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION
It is the branch of Electronics which deals with the study of measurement and
variations of different parameters of various instruments.
➢ Why measurement of parameters and study of variations for a particular
instrument are required?
The measurement of parameters and its variations for a particular instrument is
required because it helps in understanding the behavior of an instrument.
CONDITION FOR A MEASURING INSTRUMENT
The measuring instrument must not affect the quantity which is to be measured.
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
The performance of the measurement system/instruments are divided into two
categories.
• Static Characteristics
• Dynamic Characteristics
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTRUMENT
These are those characteristics of an instrument which do not vary with time and
are generally considered to check if the given instrument is fit to be used for
measurement.
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The static characteristics are from one form or another by the process called
Calibration. They are as follows:-
• ACCURACY
It is defined as the ability of a device or a system to respond to a true
value of a measure variable under condition.
• PRECISION
Precision is the degree of exactness for which an instrument is design
or intended to perform.
• REPEATABILITY
The repeatability is a measuring device may be defined as the closeness
of an agreement among a number of consecutive measurements of the
output for the same value of the input under save operating system.
• REPRODUCIBILITY
Reproducibility of an instrument is the closeness of the output for the
same value of input. Perfect reproducibility means that the instrument
has no drift.
• SENSITIVITY
Sensitivity can be defined as a ratio of a change output to the change
input at steady state condition.
• RESOLUTION
Resolutions the least increment value of input or output that can be
detected, caused or otherwise discriminated by the measuring device.
• TRUE VALUE
True value is error free value of the measure variable it is given as
difference between the Instrument Reading and Static error.
Mathematically,
True value= Obtained Instrument reading – static error
Note: %Error = Standard Reference Value –Obtained Reading * 100
Standard Reference Value
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DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTRUMENT
The Dynamic Characteristics are those which change within a period of time that
is generally very short in nature.
• SPEED OF RESPONSE
It is the rapidity with which an instrument responds to the changes to
in the measurement quantity.
• FIDELITY
It is the degree to which an instrument indicates the measure variable
without dynamic error.
• LAG
It is retardation or delay in the response an instrument to the changes
in the measurement.
ERROR
The deviation or change of the value obtained from measurement from the
desired standard value.
Mathematically,
Error = Obtained Reading/Value -Standard Reference Value.
There are three types of errors & they are as follows:-
• GROSS ERRORS
This are the error due to humans mistakes such as careless reading
mistakes in recoding observation incorrect application of an
instrument.
• SYSTEMATIC ERROR
A constant uniform deviation of an instrument is as systematic error.
There are two types of systematic error.
a) STATIC ERROR
The static error of a measuring instrument is the numerical different between the
true value of a quantity and its value as obtained by measurement.
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b) DYNAMIC ERROR
❖ It is the different between true value of a quantity changing with
and value indicated by the instrument.
❖ The Dynamic Errors are caused by the instrument not responding
fast enough to follow the changes in the measured value.
• RANDOM ERROR
The cause of such error is unknown or not determined in the ordinary
process of making measurement.
TYPES OF STATIC ERROR
i. INSTRUMENTAL ERROR
Instrumental errors are errors inherent in mastering instrument because of the
mechanical construction friction are bearing in various moving component. It
can be avoided by
• Selecting a suitable instrument for the particular measurement.
• Applying correction factor after determining the amount of
instrumental error.
ii. ENVIROMENTAL ERROR
Environmental error are due to conditions external to the measuring device
including condition al in the area surrounding the instrument such as effect of
change in temperature , humidity or electrostatic field. it can be avoided by
• Providing air conditioning.
• Use of magnetic shields.
iii. OBSERVATIONAL ERROR
The errors introduced by the observer. These errors are caused by habits of the
observers like tilting his/her head too much while reading a “Needle - Scale
Reading”.
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