Unit T EvER@Y con vERSTON Electso-chemfcal cells + consists of 2 sinote electrodes dipped te pel suttable | eraolyte and ik 1s capable of ytelding etectatetty dve to “ ch Dj er ont ppiectsotyete Cell = enteo! Feackon within the cell og capable of pecviding emiea! CreBSS Ave to passage of clectafelty -Thys these 2 types of electsochemfeal cots « gr thS electste eneagy tzansfoums {nte chertcal weacHon i per elec cie 2 Eleeteo plating pronaleaoes this, chemteal e * a - Chemfeal -ewetys- seacten prodvces electsic enesgy jdantel eel’ jal battesy cous Cell CVoltate ce) ¢ eo Daniel cet concept pote Salt Bridge : + | ae 1S @ U-tube Filed with satusated key pesmits the cussent to Flow #hS0ugh ane cell withovt) misteg the font concentsatien | ey «EMF of o Cell ? Tre potental diffesence bet fo half cens called’ electso | ) He matvse of D The natuse of e+Electsode potential ; tt ts! the ‘measuee of tendency of to loose 0% gain elecewons when te te tn pg, Ie tog, its Salt Soletfon + wif + Standosd Electsode | Potentfal + When 0 purse metal wiecteode i tn co, ths electsolyte Solution of untt concenteari OOF tig en ge Soe is cated standasd electsode potenttas 298K # Osigin OF Stogle Electsode Potential : (or) - ate Osigin of Helmholtz Electstcal Double loyes 7 ' When a metal i fm contact with Setutton ef ty gevt 8 ou fons .on€ of the Following twe Chemical seactiont rakes y,, ** C) metai passes mo the solutton 95 metal fons 1eavi "3 behing 30s the elect6ens on he metal gueface as Fellows - of M > mM + nem Coxtdation ) te 4+he metal acgqvuises a negatvi hos 4 gotve\chonge : ev (i) Positive metal tons Fscem 4he SolvHon deposits ‘en the metal electsede a5 metal gtgms aS Follows 7 Gener oS Ry eee Fo “hes, the metal acquises a postive chasge ? b paase ns ib uot The sate of oxidoxon gga gle ot teueces cee aaa etencls on the eatuse of the metal) and tempesatuse. These fos Coxtdation seaction) is. fast Coeducton seaction) the t on he Subfoce of the the negotvely chasged el of positively chosged hog 107d Salt veoh electstcal dovble laye® interface.bea | MOT + ge am re Ceeductten) ratealy dtpastiren Ceedueweny 3 , CxeduetonS ts fastes shan the Ms Mh ene Coxtdation ) sgotwton 0 tayeo ef positive chas ts. Fe a ate v hanges *s. foamed on the o) svoface atteacts o layes ‘ ae layes of negative chasses and goers 2° electetcal double tayea. Acwess this double layer) Le : ov ayes, Ss otental developed % cat! ‘ te a pe ed stagle electéode potenttat e the Nesst Equation fos a wedex seacHan ag | #2" quatios A yartitanive cotasachtp besweaagileas sete potential cad content sation of the metal fens GSE Hecate reeat! | equation tonsides o gencsal MPtag, + Of eedos seachon , +e Gtbbs Face enesgy, change da % giver bY. 58 re 2 YY. Ais -n EF om ve cond‘Hons the © seacton of the typ: spostasesus seden foo sportantors dodes the standard wertten oS , peso eniboe 3@ selaktonship between equi fb sture constant He fos of eq’ Do = AGS + RTInke Ss ond Gt pO we Know the | | Sobsttote e9°Q) feetasis aQG5O0C and og ae te above eevatto,, Dye Deotve th A = cell ee tyre > Ze porenNed siacdasd otecPeedd Wier e st tierce F > MR cou = be : teatton of metal fons. is nd. of elections J 7 [me] concen “thy west Equ applied te the cell Neost Equation con olde be apr Senge 86h cotha of the type ¢ 4 a Sy ou Zor" + Cu ye 5 Zhai Feeu = Eten — 0.0591 109, L207 ieee taeh 5 [ew AY an # Classifications of vanic cells Gelvanie colle ase zn | 2nt* cw) ill Canode)pervs HE Veost Cavan Aaey cel! Bed canes ig wy? mag GEM BE Uke. omeon madisPonowedlcaiod fede pases, | cen > Ecamede ~ Earede a, | °° fan R seca st Equatfon Fes, the cath 7 S Aveta ees 5 Bistces eb o cathode. Sencha} M ° ae eee z0 E = Eo + O59 ing CMI —= © pesst Equation fas the Anodic side pe anode, &) 5 egsbo oe Hating @2@) on jo the EME of the cell teagan on surstioting e2 and @ © 9 2a stb le get ~ Nesahy s Z ? Eee © ) 6402054) rapt - ) 0x08 1 fog CM mple a pletely i je Ece-> O105U tog, Lvtad ot, 218K. a Crd is NE oa Sega eater worere My > My eae Note! : f etl @ £2 + 0.0591 tog, [MJ ae iislabhaausaie.4 =Tina 2m am] © cai eter ~1-089 solite jn 4 te Types OF Blectsodes.! a toe impos ') Metal —/ metal ton clectsod es Shee He metal $3 dtggeoume z Exomp © . 26 | zo?* fonsamZales flecttode, + These are / vrata! fns0tob yp whene the ear Cg 1 Hg.Cl. ) Ag Page) S\ Mgt, - i) don Selective ElceteodeS 7 mete ore the electecdes cre potenKal of Nout ose sensttte FO pakrvlar fen spectes and ety enentde fon. Fen - an forte solvtfon oat Example + ¢ 2 . EMM pepecseoratts BN seers Clectsodes + =e : mah use harlennep des ,whih oat uted fo Jeu Ente aiame aides quetede potential of otter olecteades and ace alo called agg) Erecttede seett Bald clectacdes | calomel evecter classtfved Pnto dao ty pest depending on # fy] Patwosy Reference Electaode t Examples SHE qoren ft acts 95 Reference Electoode 2 ¢ campia: Calomel Electing: Stives _ Electiede gre dthhteuibes of Hydoogen sleereode thg Stondoad Refeccace pelesente ctecteodey ace acts 9 (4) Seco nolas Fy (2% 3 eshen To ovescome pes Revesstble omen electsades which o€ standas dizeh wating bydeogen ctecisede ase called Sécondasy Refesente Blectsedtes Nesst Equatt 4 + Constouction, Wosking acd ApplicaHens oF- BOO Een gO sisin 9 fe oe ee Calorel electsode : Constsvcton ; It consists of a glass 4 ste o gis tube att oxstde, Mescvsy 7 plated of Me bottom ‘gf tte tobe A. $ mesivsy dnd meecvoous chloxide ¢s placee e The aemaining past of the tube fs Srued gotental of the chs 7th KCl solotion , Plotrom wise is immeosedl tayeo fod the cloctsic Contact dhe of KCI solution atts a5 G Salt Beidge| satusated ve ae! KCl Soluten. : ia galt @etdge A paste of co | Hg | aga | = pupeteeHal of cater eae a : ef ptectacdel Geant utateuetcaet " proatde fon'> Fos Satveated ict Sonacey tH, Cane tee hae VY ae af shea da. n ice ESaicenasewas 4, v i fos 1 eee sa _ N kel Sel. ‘catamet 20. 282 ne 5 Eiectoode sea ction’ falomel etecteode cao act (05 Anode as wel as Cathode cher depending en He natuse of the / clectsode olen O8 Sa 2 Hg + 2c1” 9 gets + 2e7 rode, i " a By nen octs 99 Cethodes — +19,cl, Seema ii ode 9 > = wet Revesstble ceacton i east Ege fowee to electeode *S concenteato nr,E qulvddtes eeu -tKe? Enc sip, ew wages. 9 t ae arestty Serneeanen oF (Me cathodbS lore Me ple of: Tap Tod, £¢2 ve ierecrratenpotseyay ° saweardil ealomel «pm oheeS , S ghan concentrates of chloetde 94h OY Atgn t aceon a Ran o atg > =D mtgh Jeco0as oy getters shih o ne -eonststing Of 2 28 206 Gragg pane: “ge stetes (ovo pasattsl os eth. The che gus conceered & one erecgy stored she bariery &S convested Into electetaa) go’ fe o is ever* ereiy as ond be sequteed , tresefort the convent of ieee getfestactes fo vebicles 7 possible. exoh , zotté A cet! and Battery pe cen ts made ue ot anode, catheg + BE Hep Asatiyte ans roetees ss potential wheceas she Gam ei itve Reis tae 0s Ore *aiaaae connected fn sep (de DB) verter pottery 06 pasaliel te paeduce hig hee potential . the Ende 4 e Baste Components battesy t The batte by componendy Ie sotected posed on the following poopestes , to del @ pnode mateofal : J ovet « Ease of oxfdation ie Dis! « Good vonductvity + Ease of fobsicatten ; + Less wetght , N Examples “Ltthier (~ 4.05 y > SRPLE THe MNghtest metal i f eopulasty used aS anode mateatal #5 modeen bate stes Do: “} sev commonly used o$ ) cathode motestal : * Base af seduction + wood conduc Huity + Righ’ selistance to, Cleciaey Example 2 > aeaphite | read | @ * Geod tonic condoct'yity bUe te pscvert tho frteonal ‘Shi + Safety dusting handling + Resistance to eclecttodeample t Acths Aimarts Sales , asatox Pleateritty Shek telin masses tS the tuo es eae mtatng of OmMPONENntS 4 Sepasares eiectende i tatestals dreetsically to ! © feteenal ‘ “ane Shost: ctacults | geome’ Polymer a&hin layer, je bottery Opesattons ‘se ’ athe battesy epesatens fh FS 7 . nvelves atschaage > cacites ng powers) and wechaege (in case of Secondary "ea D ee pattety, “Duvtng Dischacge the acMve matecvals at anode od cathode undes. t Re ° “ go oxtdaten and seducito, seactions 7” dottves POSES, When ahve mateerals or electsodes get | eves | by wechoxging- pischarge ceactfons they can bé beought hack ot “wespectve eectwodes ore: , Ant Qlas= GoRrdaihien y) 7 Me Aade SOM cathode: om?* +e — Reduction Yo At : : i During rethaoge the powes Bey ey teres! Bel source to being the chemical rea Revel eete:: fho se doing, secha gtcechion +0 the seduchon takes Place ot ar plots at Cathade . D4 Gartery chase a Atl pattestes db sot watery shee ceoishics Find 1A Commonty ors orguisements such as posta bil ave wrrestve ond tnexpens/4s Soma: fog DoBto-Pt, pe choo mana 9 bottesy fos commescialage eB g Batte an gett) GH. wetenses te 7 ory battery. the voltage of ony Sottery depen 1 eeatton Yodes have to be selected 30 hot the thie electasde shout seduce cattly aad a elncende rit! oxtdtae very enstiy..teadtng to averny esaton with Mgh nephtve renersy onenge : fe get sepeteed ish voltage {15 the ‘etectevdes ace slared ard elecreciyies used should have bt (OIE He dBieteme Im ae atdndatd ¥EdecMOn rsren, th mose, hishee ts the Cm of the cell, Dicapedty' CO b 2 ihe chaeiian aemarnat ieier that way be obtained faow the battery. Ani fm ampeee hovrs According to Bocadays vel dererds 2m the size of the battery, 0975 the wontght oF abe achive ‘% . este Mm FS HE motecving mass of a he Omovat of active mate dischesge determines she cop vortoton of the battery var fr the Stquce, The length of be fad’ ese of the ca pactty of the cveve bettorSitag AErEIE AE betteey the Gots crest eS ated SHEEP Na Teseates , “ jay Goetay ERE G 2 cats dateaad wt erect dosteg dNAaNE So Roveg a eequined avstg charging ar depends on the eFtictency of the clesieadér! aad) Ybteraf guage and dfscha eye aea tions. : fj ABE EERE T aoe es wf charge and wieder Met nc eetbie betose a fatture of 9 sevondlary batteny ied cee YTS 5 cyile. c0r8 er Vanes) SemeRe aE Meteors! cores atch entra tboHen of active matestals tm jhe bat sen tallers of a pottery 65 beens Nectsodts , sheud’n) Bf ote mateeta grectsodes srosting between the elertecdes cee ta gorwth and changes & mosphologykat ade modesn babtes! 7 whol apfee whe egelente tes bos Sopese ase the batter late biok. batter Me ah ynes’ Hen vostage Linsen batters 5 capacity mG As Me) rape 3 / = vce WE C6 60 ston { proviem assesctated wlth Zhe vse of evsey ebay ebyerts coscoston, gusting of tron ,-$9eMtSbing Cf copper ase examples asen fog cos costen except Me noble metals eceov in naire fq he form of shete compomds gvch 04 enldes .sciphives chlosti | “> cee borates, these ace Meduted to thete metalitc state from 4, A¢ coted vatng the extSCtHon PEBCES using tonstdecable qFraunt of ‘ oe we Focm of Neat eon siguenity sure metals stil Ke) 1a ntent than Mhete teenesponding oses, beste oa aqiheor cadency ¢0 Sevest back to cambtoed gate \icus Seeivave nalvenl by combining th she contents af h® goutoon ment guch OF sds ,sootstoses ete eohen exposed (This % the bas gases .09 6 fos metals to undesge| | ceceoston —% RR Pan tic gees | Detter Metali’c Cossostonyam ae | A stow ond | weovert pnd alleys theough aiyecte bys onvicon med te expla’ the methanisee a chemtcal theosy (U) Elect theosy Plett mod +Reoky .© based of Flectsachemtcal Theocy Be evtns °* ar be explated om the basts of clectachent- || A messy O8%Dg ANeaE asd cathode Feacten, At gnedie \ ee . contdatien > athod 0 t Ze7 #10, “> ZON™ Cuedectfon) fo | este deeper \ nga the. cathadse FBytens weaets sith oe oN hss § pide tuprneniite go oatatetoy cervpontae 15 conuseved) Tato! braun okt 5 Wnteed ony geos ‘ae dalaabieas oe as follows 5 when noe 639 cooteatt ard Ate clectrtairy fMees cincde nites emote ene Senertiente open ie \ inattected . te cxtent of corres a jetetin depends open. tow fer the anede ord wethedé ag | wete? Gi J ered atectoochemfea! estes. Lasgee the tf ference fh ye ae worm fe porerital: mose eth be the corsoston ae cxanplest-Beosstaps 6 \ Bo steel otpes ori lsor. cossgded being onode “a Hf) eicheci=scx015S-ttice treidhishe ae paced eateoed wee Semis UMM oye sorte certoded fh sco watee tard Bolt made of Same metal ts peefeescd to avetd a ferential mero! coe ston 1 leads antimony teldes ger wssoded when eppes ts soldegad oa) Ditteceo Hal sa Kon Qseustod f+ 2 the mose concent eation cell eoe60ston in thts when too ditteren 1° Come moral seposed to 400 Itefceent azz concentsphion , eo aa Intense congeston C itne water > Leon cc steel tank ai ton : less ©, Canede ) SUE] vote: Give Reason r esate - Ung Corse sk ‘ °7 Toten se Gossosten takes place at tne of watet I The etecteens Itbesated at Jhe ctose 42 the tego cathode Mine of wotec art very aces and they ase guictly consumed by the cathode wheseas the electaons Iterated at the bottoms of the tank wit) fale Hime 4o get thyelve fm tho cathodic teachbn 2, Pletieg cossoston