Emerging Technologies

Chapter –Three

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence (AI)
Contents
• Introduction to AI
• What is AI
• History of AI
• Levels of AI
• Types of AI
 Applications of AI
Agriculture
Health
Business (Emerging market)
Education
 AI tools and platforms (scratch/object tracking )
 Sample application with hands on activity (simulation 2
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• AI is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence.

• Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human

intelligence processes by machines, especially computer
systems.

• Artificial defines "man-made,"

• Intelligence defines "thinking power", or “the ability to learn and

solve problems”

• Hence Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking

power."

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What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Artificial Intelligence is the development of computer systems
that are able to perform tasks that would require human
intelligence.
• Specific applications of AI include expert systems, natural
language processing, speech recognition and machine vision.
• AI programming focuses on cognitive skills that include the
following:
• Learning. This aspect of AI programming focuses on acquiring
data and creating rules for how to turn it into actionable
information.
• The rules, which are called algorithms, provide computing devices
with step-by-step instructions for how to complete a specific task.

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What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Reasoning. This aspect of AI programming focuses on choosing

the right algorithm to reach a desired outcome.

• Self-correction. This aspect of AI programming is designed to

continually fine-tune algorithms and ensure they provide the most
accurate results possible.

• Creativity. This aspect of AI uses neural networks, rules-based

systems, statistical methods and other AI techniques to generate
new images, new text, new music and new ideas.

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 What is AI(Cont…)

• We can define AI as the branch

of CS by which we can create
intelligent machines which can:
–Be have like a human,
–Think like humans, and
–Able to make decisions.

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What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)(Cont…)

• Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire

and apply knowledge.

• Knowledge is the information acquired through

experience.

• Experience is the knowledge gained through

exposure (training).

• Artificial intelligence is the “copy of something

natural (i.e., human beings) ‘WHO’ is capable of
acquiring and applying the information it has 7
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)(Cont…)
• AI exists when a machine can have human-
based skills such as learning, reasoning,
and solving problems.
• In AI you do not need to preprogram a
machine to do some work, despite that you
can create a machine with programmed
algorithms which can work with own
intelligence.
• Intelligence is composed of:
 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem Solving
 Perception 8
High-profile examples of AI include
• Autonomous vehicles (such as drones and
self-driving cars),
• Medical diagnosis,
• Creating art (such as poetry),
• Proving mathematical theorems,
• Playing games (such as chess or go),
• Search engines (such as google search),
 Online assistants, chatbot (such as Amazon
Alexa, Apple's Siri Microsoft Cortana),
 Image recognition in photographs,
 Spam filtering,
 Prediction of judicial decisions and targeting
online advertisements
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Machine learning
• Machine learning was introduced by Arthur Samuel in
1959.
• Machine Learning is an advanced form of AI where
the machine can learn as it goes rather than having
every action programmed by humans.
• ML fundamental concept of AI research since the
field’s inception, is the study of computer algorithms
that improve automatically through experience.
• Deep Learning is a subfield of machine learning
concerned with algorithms inspired by the structure
and function of the brain called artificial neural
networks.
• Deep learning is an AI function that mimics the
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Machine learning
• Machine learning is a common type of artificial
intelligence.

• Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI)

that uses algorithms trained on data sets to create self-
learning models that are capable of predicting outcomes and
classifying information without human intervention

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Difference between Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning
and Deep Learning

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Why we Need AI at this time?

1. To create expert systems that show intelligent

behavior with the capability to learn,
demonstrate, explain and advice its users.

2. Helping machines find solutions to complex

problems like humans do and applying them as
algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.

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Following are the main goals of Artificial
Intelligence:
• Replicate human intelligence
• Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
• An intelligent connection of perception and action
• Building a machine which can perform tasks that
requires human intelligence such as:
1. Proving a theorem
2. Playing chess
3. Plan some surgical operation
4. Driving a car in traffic
• Creating some system which can show intelligent
behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate,
explain, and can advise to its user.
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 Disciplines which AI
requires
• Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain
which is a combination of Reasoning, learning,
problem-solving, perception, language
understanding.
• To achieve those factors for a machine or software
Artificial Intelligence requires the following
disciplines.

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 Advantages of
• AIfewer errors
High Accuracy with
• High-Speed: fast-decision making
• High reliability: same action multiple times with
high accuracy
• Useful for risky areas: e.g. defusing a bomb,
exploring the ocean floor
• Digital Assistant: e.g. E-commerce website
• Useful as a public utility
• e.g. self driving car,
• facial recognition for security ,
• Natural language processing (search engines, for
spelling checker)
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• The following are some advantages of AI.
• Good at detail-oriented jobs. AI has proven to be just as good, if not better than
doctors at diagnosing certain cancers, including breast cancer and melanoma.
• Reduced time for data-heavy tasks. AI is widely used in data-heavy industries,
including
 banking and securities,
 pharma and insurance,
 to reduce the time it takes to analyze big data sets.
 Saves labor and increases productivity. An example here is the use of warehouse
automation, which grew during the pandemic and is expected to increase with the
integration of AI and machine learning.
 Delivers consistent results. The best AI translation tools deliver high levels of
consistency, offering even small businesses the ability to reach customers in their
native language.
 Can improve customer satisfaction through personalization. AI can personalize
content, messaging, ads, recommendations and websites to individual customers.

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 Disadvantages of
AI
• High Cost: The HW and SW requirement of
AI is very costly
• Can't think out of the box: as the robot will
only do that work for which they are trained,
or programmed.
• No feelings and emotions.
• Increase dependence on machines: losing
their mental capabilities
• No Original Creativity

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• The following are some disadvantages of AI.

• Expensive.

• Requires deep technical expertise.

• Limited supply of qualified workers to build AI tools.

• Reflects the biases of its training data, at scale.

• Eliminates human jobs, increasing unemployment

rates.

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20
Levels of AI

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 Types of AI
• Mainly AI can be classified in to two types which
are based on capabilities and functionally.

Capabilities Functionally

Fig. Types of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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 Types of AI Based on
1. Capabilities
Weak AI or Narrow AI:
1. Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to
perform a dedicated task with intelligence.
2. Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or
limitations, as it is only trained for one specific
task.
3. Hence it is also called as weak AI.
4. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it
goes beyond its limits.
5. e.g. Apple Siri, Google translate, playing
chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce
sites, self-driving cars, speech recognition,
and image recognition. 23
 Types of AI Based on Capabilities
2.(Cont…)
General AI:
1. General AI is a type of intelligence that
could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.
2. The idea behind the general AI to make
such a system that could be smarter and
think like a human on its own.
3. Currently there is no such system
existing which could come under general
AI and can perform any task as perfect as
human.
4. The worldwide researchers are now
focused on developing machines with 24
 Types of AI Based on Capabilities
3. Super AI (Cont…)
• Is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines
could surpass human intelligence, and can perform any
task better than a human with cognitive properties.
• This refers to aspects like general wisdom,
problem solving and creativity.
• It is an outcome of general AI.
• key characteristics of strong AI include capability
include
 the ability to think,
 to reason solve the puzzle,
 make judgments, plan, learn, and
 communicate on its own.
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 Types of AI(Based on the
functionality )
1. Reactive Machines
• Purely reactive machines are the most basic
types of Artificial Intelligence.
• Such AI systems do not store memories or
past experiences for future actions.
• These machines only focus on current scenarios
and react on it as per possible best action.
• Example: IBM's Deep Blue system, Google's
AlphaGo

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Types of AI Based on the functionality(Cont…)
2. Limited Memory
• Limited memory machines can store past
experiences or some data for a short period of
time.
• These machines can use stored data for a
limited time period only.
• E.g. Self-driving cars.
• These cars can store the recent speed of nearby
cars,
• the distance of other cars,
• speed limits, and
• other information to navigate the road.
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 functionality(Cont…).
Types of AI Based on the
3. Theory of Mind
 Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions,
people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like
humans.
 This type of AI machine is still not developed, but
researchers are making lots of efforts and improvements
for developing such AI machines.
4. Self-Awareness
 Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
 These machines will be super intelligent and will have
their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-
awareness.
 These machines will be smarter than the human mind.

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 How Humans think
• Observe and input the information or
data in the brain.

• Interpret and evaluate the input that

is received from the surrounding
environment.

• Make decisions as a reaction towards

what you received as input and
interpreted and evaluated. 29
 Activity
• Is it possible to map the way
of human thinking to
artificial intelligence
components? If your answer
is yes, how? 30
How human think Mapping human thinking to AI
.
components or layers
Observe and input the sensing layer, which perceives
information or data in the information from the surrounding
brain based on human organs environment.
such as eyes, ears, such as voice recognition for sensing
voice and visual imaging recognition for
sensing images.
Interpret and evaluate the interpretation layer, that is, reasoning
input that is received from and thinking about the gathered input
the surrounding environment. that is acquired by the sensing layer.

Make decisions or taking interacting layer taking action or

action as a reaction towards making decisions.
what you received as input E.g. Robotic movement control and
and interpreted and speech generation.
evaluated.
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 Influencers of AI

• Big data: Structured data versus

unstructured data.
• Advancements in computer
processing speed and new chip
architectures
• Cloud computing and APIs.
• The emergence of data science .

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 Big Data
• Big data refers to huge amounts of data.
• Big data requires innovative forms of information
processing to draw insights, automate processes,
and help decision making.
• Big data can be structured data that
corresponds to a formal pattern, such as
traditional data sets and databases.
• Also, big data includes semi-structured and
unstructured formats, such as
 word-processing documents,
 videos, images, audio, presentations,
 social media interactions, streams, web pages,
and many other kinds of content. 33
 Structured data versus unstructured
data
• Structured data: information with an organized
structure, such as a relational database that is
searchable by simple and straightforward search
engine algorithms or SQL statements.
 But, real-world data such as the type that humans
deal with constantly does not have a high degree of
organization.
 For example, text that is written or spoken in
natural language (the language that humans speak)
does not constitute structured data.
 Unstructured data is not contained in a regular database
and is growing exponentially, making up most of the data in
the world.
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 Application of AI

• Artificial Intelligence has various applications

in today's society.
• It is becoming essential for today's time
because it can solve complex problems.

• in an efficient way in multiple industries,

such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance,
education, etc.

• AI is making our daily life more comfortable

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 Application of AI(Cont…)
AI in agriculture
• Agriculture is an area that requires various
resources, labor, money, and time for the
best result.
• Now a day's agriculture is becoming
digital,
• Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture
robotics, solid and crop monitoring,
predictive analysis.
• AI in agriculture can be very helpful for
farmers.
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 Application of AI(Cont…)

AI in Healthcare
Healthcare Industries are applying AI
to make a better and faster diagnosis
than humans.

AI can help doctors with diagnoses

and can inform when patients are
worsening so that medical help can
reach the patient before
hospitalization. 37
 Application of
AI in educationAI(Cont…)
• AI can automate grading so that the
tutor can have more time to teach.
• AI chatbot can communicate with
students as a teaching assistant.
• AI in the future can be work as a
personal virtual tutor for students,
which will be accessible easily at any
time and any place
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 Application of
AI in: AI(Cont…)
Gaming
Finance and E-commerce
 Data Security
Social Media
Travel &Transport
 Robotics
 Entertainment
Automotive Industry

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 AI tools and
Platforms

Reading
assignment

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 k y o u ! ! ! ! !
t h a n
e s t i o n ? ? ?
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