Pollution

Pollution is the undesirable changes in environment due to

contamination of harmful materials that have adverse effects Types of Pollution
on living things and natural quality of environment. These
harmful materials are called pollutants. Land Pollution

Water Pollution
Pollutions are of two types.
The natural: The natural pollution is caused and produced
naturally and will not affect our environment because of its Air Pollution
regeneration ability. e.g. Thunder, Volcano eruption, Forest fire,
sand storms etc. Noise Pollution

Man Made: The Man made pollution is being made by

humans and have huge affect on our environment and public
health. e.g. Automobiles, Industrialization, sewage, solid waste etc.

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 Land / Soil Pollution
► The fertility and structure of land adversely
altered due to contamination of undesirable
materials is called as Land pollution..

► Land pollution is the demolition of Earth's

land surfaces often caused by human
activities and their misuse of land resources.

► It occurs when waste is not disposed

properly.

► We can no more manufacture a soil. The soil is a

resource for which there is no substitute.

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Causes of Land Pollution
1. Industrialization 2. Mining Activities
• The mining process can lead to the
► Plastics factories, chemical plants, oil
creation of large open spaces
refineries, large animal farms, coal-
beneath the surface of the earth
fired power plants, metals
• Heavy minerals, sulfuric acid and
production factories and other
other toxic material leak from mining
industries all contribute to land
waste into soil
pollution.

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Causes of Land Pollution
3. Agricultural Activities 4. Sewage treatment:
►Due to population rise, food is in ► Large amount of solid waste is
higher demand and so forests are leftover once the sewage has been
chopped down and turned into farmland treated.
►In addition, herbicides, pesticides, ► The leftover material is sent to landfill
artificial fertilizers, synthetic manure are site which end up in polluting the
washed into the soil and pollute it. environment.

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Causes of Land Pollution
5. Overcrowded landfills: 6. Construction activities:
► Household waste produces tones of ► Due to urbanization, large amount of
garbage each year. construction activities are taking
► Items that can not be recycled place which has resulted in large
become a part of the landfills that waste articles like wood, metal,
destroy soil quality and cause land bricks, plastic
pollution.

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Causes of Land Pollution
7. Deforestation 8. Urbanization
► In search of more land for industries, ► Urbanization refers to the population
agriculture, residence Deforestation shift from rural to urban areas
is carried out. ► It imparts additional pressure
► Land that is once converted into dry on land resources for Residence and
or barren land can never be made food production.
fertile again.

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The Negative Impact Of Land Pollution
1. Ground water poisoning 2. Water nutrient enrichment
 Chemicals, such as nitrogen, are used
► The Agricultural run off waste
frequently on farms. Only a small portion of the
water from industrial sites, and
nutrients end up benefitting the crops. The
landfills percolates through soil
remainder usually ends up in water bodies
and pollute the ground water.
populated by fish, algae, and other life forms.
The nutrient-heavy water saps up most of the
oxygen in the water, which leaves little for fish
and other life.

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The Negative Impact Of Land Pollution
3. Soil erosion 4. Shifting habitat
► Deforestation leads to exposer of ► As deforestation and soil erosion progress, animals are forced
soil to atmospheric conditions like to move to find shelter and food. For some animals, the
wind, rain which wash out top soil change is lethal. As a result, some species are at a greater risk
layer resulting in soil erosion. It of extinction.
severely affects the fertility of land.
5. Increased risk of forest fires/ wildfires
► The dry conditions created by pollutants in the soil help to
create the perfect environment for forest fires/ wildfires.

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Effects of Land Pollution on Humans
► Humans can also experience negative
consequences that can influence quality of life
and health.
► The potential consequences include birth defects,
the development of breathing disorders, skin
diseases, and cancer.
► Land pollution has also been linked to
development of children. The e - waste Chemicals
that are commonly found in contaminated soil and
water, such as lead, chromium, cadmium, arsenic
etc. can impact a child’s cognitive development
even if the exposure is very low.

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Prevention For Land Pollution

1. Proper waste disposal

► Focuses on treating waste and disposing it in
the safest possible manner.

2. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover

► Reduce the usage of non-biodegradable
materials, such as plastic shopping bags.
► Recycle the waste that can be recycled and
► Reuse the materials that can still be used to
reduce the need for harvesting of resources.

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Prevention For Land Pollution
3. Buy Biodegradable Product
► Biodegradable products can be easily decomposed
and not harmful.
4. Create Dumping Ground Away
► Dumping Ground or Landfills should be away from
residential area so that waste product will not be
seen all over the places.

5. Do Organic Garden
► Organic gardening can reduce the usage of
pesticides and insecticides. Non-gardeners can help
by buying organic food.

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Water: A Precious Gift of Nature
► Water carries nutrients to all cells in our body and oxygen to our
brain.
► Water allows the body to absorb minerals, vitamins etc.
► Water flushes out toxins and waste. Water helps to regulate
body temperature.
► Drinking water, also known as potable water. It must be free from
all types of impurities.

Types of Impurities in water:

1. Suspended Impurities
2. Dissolved Impurities
3. Colloidal Impurities
4. Biological Impurities

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Types of Impurities in water

1. Suspended Impurities 3. Colloidal Impurities

The visible and floating impurities. The impurities of fine silt and clay.

2. Dissolved Impurities
The soluble salts of Ca and Mg, minerals etc 4. Biological Impurities
The invisible disease causing germs, bacteria etc.

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Water treatment Process
Need of water treatment:
► To remove the unpleasant and objectionable
taste and odors from the water.
► To remove dissolved gases and color of water.

► To remove all types of impurities present in

water.
► To kill all pathogenic germs, which are harmful to
human health.
► To make water fit for domestic, industrial, and
commercial uses.

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Flow Chart Of Water Treatment Process

Raw water
Screening Aeration Sedimentation Coagulation
collection

Distribution Disinfection Water Filtration Flocculation

of Water Softening

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Water Treatment Process: Initial Stages
1. Raw water collection:
► Raw water is collected from different water
sources like rainwater, ground water
and water from bodies like lakes and rivers.

2. Screening:
► The removal of any floating objects like leaves,
branches, fishes , weeds, etc. from the water.
► It is carried out by Bar Screening or Mechanical
Screening.

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Water Treatment Process: Initial Stages

3. Aeration:
► The process of bringing the water in intimate contact
with atmospheric air. It dissolve oxygen into the water
to remove gases, odour and taste.
► It precipitate unwanted metals like iron and manganese.
► It is carried out by Cascade and spray aerator.

4. Sedimentation:
► Removal of Suspended matters having higher
specific gravity than water and also fine suspended
matter by keeping water in stand by position for 2-3
hours.

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Water Treatment Process: Major Clean Up Stages
5. Coagulation:
► Process of addition of a coagulating agent (usually
Aluminum sulfate and/or Ferrous sulfate) to the
raw water to remove the colloidal impurities from
water by formation of flock.

6. Flocculation
► Flocculation is the gathering of colloidal particles
into a large size (Heavier than water) particles
known as flocks which can be effectively removed
by sedimentation or flotation.

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Water Treatment Process: Major Clean Up Stages
7. Filtration
► The process of passing the water through the bed
of granular materials is known as filtration.
► Gravity sand filters are used in water purification
for treating raw water to produce a potable
product.

8. Water Softening-
► The dissolved impurities of Calcium and
Magnesium ate removed by various water
softening methods like Lime soda Process, zeolite
process, and Ion exchange process.
► It makes the water fit for domestic as well as
industrial use.

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Water Treatment Process: Major Clean Up Stages

9. Disinfection:
► The process to kill the disease causing germs to obtain
Potable water is called as disinfection.
► It is carried out by treating water either with Chlorine
gas or Bleaching Powder or Chloramines called as
chlorination.
► Chlorination is carried out to kill algae that would
otherwise grow and clog the water filters.

10. Distribution of water:

► Water distribution systems provide an uninterrupted
supply of safe drinking water to all consumers.

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Standard For Safe Drinking Water

► The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) as per IS

10500:1991, has specified drinking water quality
standards in India to provide safe drinking water to the
people.
BIS Standards Set for drinking water quality
► This standard has two limits, acceptable limits and
permissible limits in the absence of an alternate source.
► If any parameter exceeds the limit, the water is
considered unfit for human consumption.

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BIS Standards Set for drinking water quality, IS 10500:1991

Parameter Acceptable limit Permissible limit

pH value 6.5-8.5 No relaxation
Turbidity, NTU 1 5
TDS, mg/l 500 2000
Total hardness as CaCo3, mg/l, Max 200 600
Shall not be
Shall not be detectable
E.coli presence/absence detectable in any
in any 100ml sample
100ml sample
Total iron as Fe, mg/l, Max 0.3 No relaxation
Fluoride, mg/l 1 1.50
Residual chorine, mg/l 0.20 1
Chloride, mg/l 250 1000
Taste Agreeable Agreeable
Odour Agreeable Agreeable

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 Conclusion

• Water is an important element to

regulate body so drinking water
should be pure and hygienic.
Otherwise, people may suffer from
various water-borne diseases.
• Thus water treatment process aims
at supply of high quality drinking
water.

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Sources Of Water

Sources Of
Water

Surface Ground
water water

Lake Ponds Rivers Sea Open wells Tube wells Bore wells

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 Sources Of Water
Surface water: Water on the surface of the planet such as in a river, lake, wetland, or ocean.
Lake Rivers

Sources Of Water

Ponds Sea

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Sources Of Water

Ground water: Water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of
rocks

Open wells Tube wells

Bore well

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Water Pollution

Water pollution occurs when

harmful substance like
chemicals or microorganisms
contaminates a stream, river,
lake, ocean, or water bodies,
degrading water quality and
rendering toxic effects to
humans or the environment.

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Sources of Water Pollution
► Domestic waste :-
► Residential waste containing disposable
materials generated by households containing
waste food, detergent, soap water, flushes
from sink, bathrooms. As it contains
pathogens, disease producing microbes it is
very harmful.
► Industrial waste:-
► Industrial waste is the waste produced by
industrial activity which includes any material
that is rendered useless during a
manufacturing process. This waste contains
toxic chemicals and pollutants.

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Sources of Water Pollution
► Accidental Oil leakage:-
► Oil spill from ships in sea causes adverse effects on
local marine wildlife such as fish, birds because oil
do not get dissolve with water.
► Marine dumping:-
► Garbage such as plastic, paper, aluminum, food,
glass, or rubber are deposited into the sea. These
items take weeks to hundreds of years to
decompose, and thus they are a major cause for
water pollution.

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 Sources of Water Pollution
► AGRICULTURE
► Agriculture has an impact on water
pollution. The chemicals such as fertilizers,
pesticides, fungicides, herbicides or
insecticides used in farming run off with
water and pollute nearby water bodies.
► RADIOACTIVE WASTE
► Waste generated by power plants and
uranium mining can pollute the water and
environment for thousands of years

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 Effects of Water Pollution
► On The Environment
► Water pollution truly harms biodiversity and
aquatic ecosystems.
► Thermal pollution, defined by a rise in the
temperature of water bodies, contributes
to global warming
► The main problem caused by water pollution
is that it kills fish, crabs, birds, sea gulls,
dolphins, and many other animals that
depends on these water bodies.

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Effects of Water Pollution
► On Human Health
► Water pollution has very negative effects on
public health.
► A lot of diseases result from drinking or being
in contact with contaminated water, such as
diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, dysentery or skin
infections.
► In zones where there is no availability of
drinking water is subjected to the high risk of
dehydration.

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Prevention of Water Pollution
1. Wastewater treatment
► Wastewater treatment consists of removing
pollutants from wastewater through a
physical, chemical or biological process.
2. Green agriculture
► Globally, agriculture depends on water
resources, so it is essential to have climate-
friendly crops, efficient irrigation that
reduces the need for water and energy-
efficient food production.

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Prevention of Water Pollution
3. Air pollution prevention
► It has a direct impact on water contamination
as human induced CO2 emissions are
absorbed by oceans. This pollution causes a
rapid acidification of our oceans, and
threatens marine life and corals.
4. Plastic waste reduction
► 80% of plastic in our oceans is from land
sources. In order to reduce the amount of
plastic entering our ocean, we need to reduce
our use of plastic globally and to improve
plastic waste management.

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Water Conservation
►Rapid population growth and increasing
water consumption for agriculture, industry
and domestic purposes have strained the
world’s fresh water resources.
►Hence, there is immediate need of Water
conservation.
1. Domestic conservation
► Verify taps at your home is leak free.

► Use waste water in flush.

► Keep overflow valve in the overhead tank.

► Use sprinkle irrigation in your garden.

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Water Conservation
2. Industrial conservation
► Install waste water treatment plant in the factory.

► Reuse cooling water for gardening or irrigation.

► Develop new techniques which require less water.

3. Agricultural conservation
► Improved methods of irrigation like drip irrigation
and sprinkler irrigation must be used.
► Reducing losses from canals.

► By constructing structures like: check dames, khet

talawadi, pala, gully plugging etc.

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 Generation of wastewater
► The liquid waste generated from domestic and
industrial facilities is called as wastewater.
► Water bodies can be polluted by a wide variety of
substances, including pathogenic microorganisms,
organic waste, toxic chemicals, sediments, oil and
grease, solid waste etc.
► Such polluted water is called as waste water or
sewage.

Types of Sewage:
1. Domestic sewage 2. Industrial sewage
3. Sanitary sewage 4. Storm sewage

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Types of Sewage:
1. Domestic sewage
► It carries used water from houses and apartments.

► It is the primary source of pathogens (disease

causing microorganisms)
► A lot of diseases result from being in contact with
sewage water, such as diarrhea, cholera, typhoid,
dysentery or skin infections.
► Domestic sewage contains excess of nitrates and
phosphates which promote the growth of algae.

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Types of Sewage:
2. Industrial sewage
► It is the used water from various processes in
the industries.
► Industrial waste include dirt and gravel,
masonry and concrete, scrap metal, oil,
solvents, chemicals, scrap lumber, even
vegetable matter from restaurants etc.
► The biomedical waste and e - waste when
enters in waste water its effects becomes
more dangerous.

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Types of Sewage:

3. Sanitary sewage:
4. Storm sewage:
Sanitary sewage includes liquid
The surface runoff developed during
waste from domestic and
and immediately after rainfall over the
Industrial places. This sewage is
connected area which is collected in
extremely foul and requires to
the form of sewage is called as storm
be disposed off very carefully.
sewage.

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Impacts of waste water
Impacts of waste water on the environment
► Creates nuisance- Bad smell.

► Pollutes water resources,

► Air pollution,

► Land / soil pollution,

► The most immediate effect of

wastewater on the environment is
destruction of natural habitats of aquatic
wildlife like fishes, crabs, birds, tortoise
etc. due to exposure to harmful chemicals

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Impacts of waste water
Impacts of waste water on
Human Health
► Pathogens in waste water spreads water-
borne diseases like Typhoid, Cholera,
Paratyphoid Fever, Dysentery, Jaundice
and Amoebioasis.
► Chemicals in the water also have negative
effects on our health. Pesticides can
damage the nervous system and
cause cancer .

Hence Sewage must be treated before released into

water bodies

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Sewage Treatment Process
► Sewage treatment is the process of removing
pollutants from both domestic and industrial
waste water.
► The objective of sewage treatment is to
produce a safe disposable effluent without
polluting the surrounding environment.

Steps in Sewage Treatment

1. Primary Treatment,
2. Secondary Treatment, and
3. Tertiary Treatment

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Flow chart of Sewage Treatment Process

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Membrane
Bioreactor

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Primary Treatment
Primary treatment removes materials that can be easily collected
from the raw sewage
1. Suspended debris removal by Bar Screening
► The influent sewage water passes through a bar screen to
remove all large objects like cans, sticks, plastic packets etc.
carried in the sewage stream.
2. Grit Removal in sand and grit channel
► The velocity of the incoming sewage is adjusted to allow the
settlement of sand, grit, stones and broken glass.
3. Sludge removal by Primary Clarification in sedimentation tank
► The effluent is kept undisturbed Primary sedimentation tank.
The settled and floating materials are removed and the
remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary
treatment.
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Secondary Treatment

► Secondary treatment removes dissolved and

suspended biological matter.
► Secondary treatment is typically performed
by a membrane bioreactor with water-
borne micro-organisms in a managed
habitat.
► This Biological films of bacteria, protozoa
and fungi form on the membrane eat or
reduce the harmful organic content from
waste water.
► It includes Aeration and Secondary clarifier.

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Tertiary Treatment
► The purpose of tertiary treatment is to raise the effluent
quality before it is discharged to the water bodies.
1. Filtration
► Sand filtration removes much of the residual suspended
matter. Filtration over activated carbon, also called carbon
adsorption, removes residual toxins.

2. Sludge removal by secondary Clarification in sedimentation

tank
► Liquid sludge is separated and subjected for further
treatment to make it suitable for final disposal . Typically,
sludge's are thickened (dewatered) to reduce the volumes for
disposal.

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Tertiary Treatment
3. Chlorination
► —Chlorination is a water treatment that
destroys disease-causing bacteria, parasites
and other organisms. Chlorination also
oxidizes iron, manganese and hydrogen
sulfide so they can be filtered out.
4. Removal of plant nutrients
► The phosphates and Nitrates promote the
growth of algae and the eutrophication of
lakes, can be removed by chemical
precipitation. A method called nitrification-
denitrification can be used to remove the
nitrates.

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CPCB Norms of sewage discharge
► Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) have issued the following standards for treated sewage
discharge in accordance with provision of section 17(1)(g) of the Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974.
SR. Parameters Inland surface Public sewer Land irrigation
No. water
1 pH 5.5- 9.0 5.5- 9.0 5.5- 9.0
2 BOD, (mg/lit) 30 350 100
3 COD,(mg/lit) 250 - -
4 SS, (mg/lit) 100 600 200
5 Ammonical- 50 50 -
Nitrogen(mg/lit)
6 Total Nitrogen(mg/lit) 100 - -
7 Oil and Grease, mg/l 10 20 10
7 Bio-assay test 90% survival of 90% survival of 90% survival of
fish after 96 hours fish after 96 hours fish after 96 hours
in 100% effluent in 100% effluent in 100% effluent

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