Electrical

Alright! Let’s start with Part-A answers one by one:

PART-A

What is the difference between a generator and a motor?

A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

A motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

What do you mean by the slip of the induction motor?

Slip is the difference between the synchronous speed and the actual speed of the
rotor, expressed as a percentage of the synchronous speed.

Formula:

\text{Slip} (s) = \frac{N_s – N_r}{N_s} \times 100

What do you mean by Torque?

Torque is the rotational force produced by the motor to perform work. It is the
product of force and the distance from the axis of rotation.

What do you mean by a rotating magnetic field?

A rotating magnetic field is a magnetic field that rotates in space, produced by the
balanced three-phase currents in the stator of an AC motor.

What do you mean by synchronous speed?

Synchronous speed is the speed at which the rotating magnetic field rotates.

Formula:

N_s = \frac{120f}{P}

What do you mean by semiconductor?

A semiconductor is a material whose electrical conductivity lies between that of a
conductor and an insulator. Example: Silicon, Germanium.

Define PN Junction.

A PN junction is formed when a p-type semiconductor is joined with an n-type

semiconductor, creating a diode that allows current to pass mainly in one direction.

Discuss about BJT.

BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) is a current-controlled semiconductor device used

for amplification and switching. It has three regions: emitter, base, and collector.

Discuss the biasing of diodes.

Biasing a diode means applying a voltage across it:

Forward Bias: Positive terminal to p-side, Negative to n-side — allows current flow.

Reverse Bias: Positive terminal to n-side, Negative to p-side — blocks current.

What do you mean by rectifier?

A rectifier converts AC (Alternating Current) to DC (Direct Current).

What do you mean by inverter?

An inverter converts DC (Direct Current) to AC (Alternating Current).

Explain about the MCB.

MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) is an automatic electrical switch designed to

protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.

What is LT switchgear?
LT (Low Tension) switchgear refers to electrical switchgear used for systems
operating at low voltage levels (below 1kV).

What do you mean by earthing?

Earthing means connecting the metallic parts of an electrical installation to the

earth to ensure safety from electric shocks.

Write a short note on the switch fuse unit.

A Switch Fuse Unit (SFU) is a combination of a switch and a fuse used for protection
and control of electrical circuits.

Discuss about Plate Earthing.

In plate earthing, a copper or galvanized iron plate is buried in the ground to safely
dissipate fault currents into the earth.
What is peak value & RMS value?

Peak value: Maximum value of the waveform.

RMS (Root Mean Square) value: Effective value of an alternating current or voltage,
equivalent to a DC value in terms of power.

Formula:

\text{RMS Value} = \frac{\text{Peak Value}}{\sqrt{2}}

What do you understand by apparent power?

Apparent power is the combination of active power and reactive power in an AC

circuit. It is measured in Volt-Amperes (VA).

Formula:

S = VI
What is Power Factor?

Power factor is the ratio of active power to apparent power.

Formula:

\text{Power Factor} = \cos(\phi)

Part – B

Alright! Continuing with Part-B in the same clean and detailed style:

PART-B

Explain why a single-phase induction motor is not self-starting?

A single-phase induction motor is not self-starting because the single-phase supply

produces only a pulsating magnetic field, not a rotating one.

This pulsating field cannot generate the necessary initial torque to start the motor.

Therefore, external starting methods like a starting winding or capacitor are used.
Explain the Construction and Working Principle of a single-phase Induction motor.

Construction:

It consists of a stator (which carries the main and auxiliary windings) and a rotor
(squirrel cage type).

Working Principle:

When a single-phase AC supply is given, it produces a pulsating magnetic field.

An auxiliary winding is used to create a phase difference, resulting in a rotating

magnetic field, which induces current in the rotor and produces torque to start and
run the motor.

Write a short unit on the DC-DC converter.

A DC-DC converter is an electronic device that converts a source of direct current

(DC) from one voltage level to another.

Types:

Buck converter: Steps down the voltage.

Boost converter: Steps up the voltage.

Buck-Boost converter: Either steps up or down depending on control.

Applications: Mobile phones, laptops, electric vehicles, etc.

Explain the working principle of SCR.

SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) is a four-layer, three-junction semiconductor

device that works as a switch.

It remains off (non-conducting) until a gate pulse is applied.

Once triggered, it conducts current from anode to cathode until the current drops
below a certain threshold (holding current).

Explain the IGBT.

IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) is a semiconductor device combining the

high input impedance of a MOSFET and the low conduction loss of a BJT.

It is used for fast switching and high-power applications like inverters, electric cars,
and induction heating.
Explain the Power transistor.

A power transistor is a type of transistor used to handle significant amounts of

power (current and voltage).

It operates as a switch or amplifier in high-power applications like power supplies,

motor drives, and audio systems.

Of course! Let’s answer questions 26 to 30 properly:

26. Explain the types of LT Switchgear.

LT (Low Tension) switchgear operates at voltages below 1 kV. Common types include:

MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker): Protects against overload and short circuits in low
current circuits.

MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker): Protects higher current circuits and allows
adjustable settings.

ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker): Detects leakage currents to earth and
disconnects the supply.

ACB (Air Circuit Breaker): Used for high-current switching and protection in
industrial plants.

Fuses and Switch Fuse Units (SFUs): Provide protection by melting the fuse
element during faults.

Each ensures safe operation and protection of electrical systems.

27. Explain the Switch Fuse Unit and Miniature Circuit Breaker.

Switch Fuse Unit (SFU):

It is a combination of a switch and a fuse in a single unit.

It allows manual disconnection of the supply and automatic protection against

overcurrents (through fuse melting).

Common in industries for isolating and protecting circuits.

Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB):

An MCB is an electromechanical device that automatically switches OFF during

overloads or short circuits.

It can be reset manually after tripping.

Faster, safer, and more convenient than traditional fuses.

28. Explain the ELCB and MCCB.

ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker):

Protects against electric shocks and fire risks due to earth leakages.

Trips when it detects leakage currents to earth beyond a safe value.

Comes in two types:

Voltage-operated ELCB

Current-operated ELCB (now replaced largely by RCCB)

MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker):

Protects circuits against overcurrent, short-circuit, and earth fault.

It can handle higher current ratings (up to 2500A).

Has adjustable trip settings for flexibility in protection.

29. Explain the Single-phase AC Circuit Consisting of RL Combination in

Series Connection.

In a single-phase RL series circuit, a resistor (R) and inductor (L) are connected in
series.
When an AC voltage is applied:

Resistor consumes real power (active power).

Inductor consumes reactive power (stores and releases energy).

The total impedance (Z) is:

Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L)^2}

The current lags behind the voltage by an angle , where:

\cos(\phi) = \frac{R}{Z}

**30. Explain a single wattmeter method for power measurement

LT (Low Tension) switchgear operates at voltages below 1 kV. Common types
include:

MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker): Protects against overload and short circuits in low
current circuits.

MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker): Protects higher current circuits and allows
adjustable settings.

ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker): Detects leakage currents to earth and
disconnects the supply.

ACB (Air Circuit Breaker): Used for high-current switching and protection in
industrial plants.

Fuses and Switch Fuse Units (SFUs): Provide protection by melting the fuse element
during faults.
That’s Part-C

Let’s continue smoothly with Part-C:

PART-C

31. Explain the speed control of separately excited DC motor.

In a separately excited DC motor, speed can be controlled by:

Armature voltage control: Varying the voltage across the armature changes the
speed.

Field flux control: Varying the field current alters the magnetic field strength, thus
changing speed.

Armature resistance control: Adding external resistance to the armature circuit

reduces speed.

32. Explain torque-slip characteristics of three-phase induction motor.

The torque-slip curve shows that:

Torque increases with slip up to a maximum (breakdown torque).

After reaching maximum, torque decreases with further increase in slip.

At normal operating conditions, slip is low (2-6%).

33. Explain the working principle of synchronous generators.

A synchronous generator works on Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction.

When the rotor (carrying a DC supply) rotates at synchronous speed, it produces a

rotating magnetic field, cutting the stator conductors and inducing an AC voltage.

34. Explain the starting and speed control method of the induction motor.

Starting Methods:

Direct-On-Line (DOL) starter

Star-Delta starter

Autotransformer starter
Speed Control Methods:

Varying supply frequency (Variable Frequency Drive)

Pole changing method

Rotor resistance control (for wound rotor motors)

35. Explain the V-I characteristics of SCR.

Forward Blocking Region: SCR is OFF; a small leakage current flows.

Forward Conduction Region: After gate triggering, SCR turns ON and conducts
heavily.

Reverse Blocking Region: SCR blocks reverse voltage like a diode.

Graph: Sharp

36. Explain the V-I characteristics of PN junction diode.

Forward Bias: After threshold voltage (~0.7V for Si, 0.3V for Ge), current rises
sharply.
Reverse Bias: Very small leakage current flows till breakdown voltage, after which
large reverse current flows.

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37. Explain single-phase rectifiers with R load.

A single-phase rectifier with resistive (R) load converts AC input to pulsating DC

output.

Half-wave rectifier: Only one half of the AC wave is used.

Full-wave rectifier: Both halves of the AC wave are used, giving smoother output.

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38. Explain the single-phase inverter.

A single-phase inverter converts DC into single-phase AC.

It uses semiconductor switches like MOSFETs or IGBTs to alternate the current

direction and produce AC output.
---

39. Explain a two-wattmeter method of power measurement.

Used for measuring power in a three-phase balanced or unbalanced system.

Two wattmeters are connected, and total power is:

P_{total} = W_1 + W_2

40. Explain the types of Carthing (Earthing):

Earthing is the process of connecting the non-current carrying parts of electrical

equipment to the ground. It ensures safety by discharging fault currents to earth.
Types of earthing are:

Plate Earthing: A copper or galvanized iron plate is buried in the ground with
charcoal and salt around it for better conductivity.

Pipe Earthing: A GI (galvanized iron) pipe is vertically buried and connected to the
system; very common because it’s cheap and effective.
Rod Earthing: Copper or steel rods are directly driven into the earth.

Strip or Wire Earthing: Strip or wires of GI or copper are buried in a horizontal trench.

Earthing through Water Mains: Metal water pipes are used for earthing (though less
common today).

41. Calculate the energy consumption per month for given loads:

5 bulbs of 60W used 6 hrs/day

Energy per day = Number × Power × Time

= 5 × 60 × 6 = 1800 Wh/day

= 1.8 kWh/day

Monthly energy (30 days) = 1.8 × 30 = 54 kWh

5 fans of 6W used 8 hrs/day

Energy per day = 5 × 6 × 8 = 240 Wh/day

= 0.24 kWh/day

Monthly energy (30 days) = 0.24 × 30 = 7.2 kWh

Total Energy Consumption = 54 + 7.2 = 61.2 kWh

Cost Calculation:

Cost = Total Units × Rate per Unit

= 61.2 × 8 = Rs. 489.6

42. Calculate the energy consumption per month for given loads:

4 LED bulbs of 12W used 5 hrs/day

Energy per day = 4 × 12 × 5 = 240 Wh/day

= 0.24 kWh/day

Monthly energy (30 days) = 0.24 × 30 = 7.2 kWh

1 AC of 300W used 4 hrs/day

Energy per day = 1 × 300 × 4 = 1200 Wh/day

= 1.2 kWh/day

Monthly energy (30 days) = 1.2 × 30 = 36 kWh

Total Energy Consumption = 7.2 + 36 = 43.2 kWh

Cost Calculation:

Cost = Total Units × Rate per Unit

= 43.2 × 5 = Rs. 216

43. What do you mean by Phasor Diagram?

A phasor diagram is a graphical way to represent the magnitude and phase

relationship between alternating voltages and currents in an AC circuit. Phasors are
rotating vectors drawn on a coordinate axis, showing how voltage and current differ
in time. It simplifies AC analysis by turning time-varying waveforms into static
vectors.

44. Discuss the RL AC circuit with phasor representation:

In an RL circuit, a resistor (R) and inductor (L) are connected in series.

Current lags the voltage by a phase angle due to inductance.

Phasor Diagram:

Voltage across resistor, , is in phase with current .

Voltage across inductor, , leads the current by .

The total voltage is the vector sum of and .

45. Explain Single Phase RC Circuit with Series and Parallel Connection:

Series RC Circuit: Resistor and capacitor are connected end-to-end.

Current leads the voltage across the circuit.

Voltage drop across R is in phase with current.

Voltage drop across C lags behind current by .

Parallel RC Circuit: Resistor and capacitor are connected across the same voltage.

Current through R is in phase with voltage.

Current through C leads the voltage by .

Total current is the vector sum of these two currents.

46. Discuss the RLC AC circuit with phasor representation:

RLC circuits have a resistor (R), inductor (L), and capacitor (C) together.
Depending on the values of L and C, current may lead, lag, or be in phase with
voltage.

Phasor Diagram:

Is in phase with current.

Leads current by .

Lags current by .

Net reactive voltage = .

The total voltage is the phasor sum of and the net reactive voltage

47. Explain Star to Delta Conversion:

Star (Y) to Delta (Δ) conversion is used in 3-phase systems to simplify circuit
analysis. In Star, three resistors are connected to a common neutral point. In Delta,
each resistor connects between two nodes forming a triangle.

To convert Star (Ra, Rb, Rc) to Delta (R1, R2, R3):

Where:

R1 is between terminals corresponding to Rb and Rc

R2 is between Rc and Ra

R3 is between Ra and Rb

48. Explain Delta to Star Conversion:

Delta to Star conversion is the reverse of above, used to simplify analysis in Δ-

connected loads.

To convert Delta (R1, R2, R3) to Star (Ra, Rb, Rc):

Where:

Ra is connected to the node where R1 and R3 meet,

Rb at R1 and R2,

Rc at R2 and R3.

49. Explain Frequency, Time Period, and Angular Frequency:

Frequency (f):

Number of cycles of an AC waveform per second.

Measured in Hertz (Hz).

Time Period (T):

Time taken to complete one full cycle of the waveform.

Measured in seconds.

Angular Frequency (ω):

Describes how fast the waveform rotates in radians per second.

Measured in radians/second.

Want a diagram for star-delta conversion or waveform to visualize frequency/time

period better?