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Class Note Jellur Lecture 3

The lecture notes cover the structure of matter, focusing on crystal systems and lattice symmetry in both two and three dimensions. It details the five distinct types of two-dimensional Bravais lattices and the classification of 14 three-dimensional lattice types into seven crystal systems. Additionally, it discusses the volume calculations for unit cells and characteristics of cubic lattices.

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46 views4 pages

Class Note Jellur Lecture 3

The lecture notes cover the structure of matter, focusing on crystal systems and lattice symmetry in both two and three dimensions. It details the five distinct types of two-dimensional Bravais lattices and the classification of 14 three-dimensional lattice types into seven crystal systems. Additionally, it discusses the volume calculations for unit cells and characteristics of cubic lattices.

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baahsbbnsnns
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Lecture Notes on Structure of Matter by Prof. Dr.

Mohammad Jellur Rahman, Department of Physics, BUET, Dhaka-1000

Lecture 03: Crystal Systems


Two-dimensional lattice symmetry:
There are unlimited number of possible lattices because there is no natural limitation on the lengths
of the lattice translation vectors or not the angle of between them.

Bravais lattice is a common phrase for a distinct lattice type. In a Bravais lattice, all lattice points
are equivalent and hence by necessity all atoms in the crystal are of the same kind.

There are five distinct types (Bravais) of lattice symmetry in two dimensions such as:
(i) Oblique (a b, 𝜑 ≠ 900 ) (ii) Square (a = b, 𝜑 = 900 ), (iii) Hexagonal (a = b, 𝜑 = 1200 ) (iv)
Rectangular (a b, 𝜑 = 900 ) (v) Centered rectangular (a b, 𝜑 = 900 ). Of these (i) → general, (ii)
to (v) → special types.

The five fundamental two-dimensional Bravais lattices: 1 oblique, 2 rectangular, 3 centered


rectangular, 4 hexagonal, and 5 square

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Lecture Notes on Structure of Matter by Prof. Dr. Mohammad Jellur Rahman, Department of Physics, BUET, Dhaka-1000

Three-dimensional lattice symmetry:


The point symmetry groups in 3-D requires the 14 different lattice types listed in Table-1. The
general lattice is triclinic, and there are 13 special lattices. These are grouped for convenience into
systems classified according to seven types of cells which are
1. Triclinic (General Types – a  b  c,       900)
2. Monoclinic
3. Orthorhombic (Rhombic)
4. Tetragonal
5. Cubic
6. Trigonal (Rhombohedral)
7. Hexagonal
Table: 1 The seven crystal systems divided into 14 Bravais lattices.
Sl. Crystal Bravais lattice Unit cell Lattice Examples
No system (Number & characteristics parameters
symbol) (axes and angles)

1 Triclinic 1, simple (P) a  b  c, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐


|6
K2Cr2O7,
     900 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 CuSO4.5H2O,
H3BO3
2 Monoclinic 2, simple (P) a  b  c, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
|4
Monoclinic Sulpher,
Base-centered (C)  =  = 900   𝛾 Na2SO4.10H2O

3 Orthorhombic 4, simple (P) a  b  c, 𝑎𝑏𝑐|3 Rhombic Sulphur,


Base-centered (C)  =  =  = 900 KNO3 CaCO3,
Body-centered (I) Ba2SO4
Face-centered (F)
4 Tetragonal 2, simple (P) a = b  c, 𝑎𝑐|2 SnO2, White tin,
Body-centered (1)  =  =  = 900 TiO2, Ca2SO4
5 Cubic 3, simple (P) a = b = c, 𝑎|1 Copper, KCl, NaCl,
Body-centered (I)  =  =  = 900 Zinc blend,
Face-centered (F) Diamond
6 Trigonal 1, simple (P) a = b = c, 𝑎 Ca2CO3 (Calcite),
|2
 =  =   90 ,
0 𝛼 HgS (Cinnaber)
 1200
7. Hexagonal 1, simple (P) a = b  c, 𝑎𝑐|2 Graphite, Mg, ZnO,
 =  = 90 ,
0 CdS,
 = 1200
P → Primitive (it has atoms only at the corners of the parallelepiped)
C → Base-centered (it has extra atom at the center of the base)
I → Body centered (From German word Innenzentriete)
F → Face-centered

13
Lecture Notes on Structure of Matter by Prof. Dr. Mohammad Jellur Rahman, Department of Physics, BUET, Dhaka-1000

triclinic

P C

monoclinic

P C I F

orthorhombic

P I

tetragonal

rhombohedral

hexagonal

P (pcc) I (bcc) F (fcc)

cubic

14
Lecture Notes on Structure of Matter by Prof. Dr. Mohammad Jellur Rahman, Department of Physics, BUET, Dhaka-1000

The volume of the unit cell can be calculated by evaluating a · b × c where a, b, and c are the lattice
vectors. The volumes of the Bravais lattices are given below:

Lattice system Volume


Triclinic
Monoclinic
Orthorhombic abc
Tetragonal a2c
rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Cubic a3

Bravais lattices in 4 dimensions


In four dimensions, there are 52 Bravais lattices. Of these, 21 are primitive and 31 are centered.

Lattice points per unit cell


In primitive cell, lattice points are located only at corners, while each corners of the cell is common
to eight neighboring unit cells and the contribution towards the unit cell per corner is only one-
eight. Since there are eight corners, therefore the number of lattice point per unit cell is only one.

Primitive cell contains one lattice point.


Cubic cell contains one lattice point.
Body centered cubic contains 2 lattice points
and conventional face centered cubic (fcc) cell contains four lattice points.

Characteristics of cubic lattices:


Volume, conventional cell Simple Body-Centred Face Centred
a3 a3 a3
Lattice points per unit cell 1 2 4
Volume of primitive cell a3 1 3 1 3
a a
2 4
Number of nearest neighbors 6 8 12
Packing fraction or efficiency 0.524 or 52% 0.680 or 68% 0.740 or 74%
Hexagonal close packed → 74%, c/a = 1.633

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