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Exam : CKA

Title : Certified Kubernetes

Administrator (CKA) Program
Exam

Vendor : Linux Foundation

Version : DEMO

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NO.1 You have a Kubernetes cluster running a deployment named 'my-app' that is exposed via a
NodePort service. You want to restrict access to the service from specific IP addresses within the
cluster. How can you achieve this using a NetworkPolicy?
Answer:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a NetworkPolicy:
- Create a NetworkPolicy in the namespace where 'my-app' deployment runs.
- Code:

2. Apply the NetworkPolicy: - Apply the NetworkPolicy using 'kubectl apply -f networkpolicy.yamP

NO.2 You have a deployment named 'my-app' running a web application that uses an external
database service. You need to configure a 'ClusterlP' service to route traffic to the external database
service.
Answer:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1 . Create the ClusterlP service:
- Create a 'ClusterlP' service that points to the external database service using the 'externalName'
field.

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2. Apply the service: - Apply the YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f external-db-service.yamr 3. Verify
the service: - Check the status of the service using 'kubectl get services external-db-service -n ' 4. Test
the service: - From a pod in the same namespace as the service, try to connect to the external
database service using the 'external-db-service' service name and port. Note: - Replace with the
actual namespace. - Replace 'my-external-db.example.com' with the actual hostname of your external
database service. - Ensure that your cluster has access to the external database service.

NO.3 You have a Deployment named 'web-app' with 3 replicas running a Flask application. You need
to implement a rolling update strategy that ensures only one pod is unavailable at any time.
Additionally, you need to implement a strategy to handle the update process when the pod's
resource requests exceed the available resources.
Answer:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Update the Deployment YAML:
- Update the 'replicas' to 2.
- Define 'maxUnavailable: 1' and 'maxSurge: 0' in the 'strategy.rollingUpdate' section to control the
rolling update process.
- Configure a 'strategy.type" to 'RollingUpdate" to trigger a rolling update when the deployment is
updated.
- Add a 'spec.template.spec.resources' section to define resource requests for the pod.
- Set 'spec.template.spec.restartPolicy' to 'OnFailure' for the pod to restart when it fails.

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2. Create the Deployment: - Apply the updated YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f web-app.yaml' 3.
Verify the Deployment: - Check the status of the deployment using 'kubectl get deployments web
-app' to confirm the rollout and updated replica count. 4. Trigger the Automatic Update: - Update the
'web-app' image in the Docker Hub repository. 5. Monitor the Deployment: - Use 'kubectl get pods -l
app=web-app' to monitor the pod updates during the rolling update process. You will observe that
one pod is terminated at a time, while one new pod with the updated image is created. 6. Handle
Resource Exceedance: - If the pod's resource requests exceed the available resources, the pod will be
evicted and restarted. The 'restartPolicy' ensures that the pod restarts automatically upon failure. 7.
Check for Successful Update: - Once the deployment is complete, use 'kubectl describe deployment
web-app' to see that the 'updatedReplicas' field matches the 'replicas' field, indicating a successful
update.

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NO.4 You have a Kubernetes cluster with three nodes. Nodel and Node2 are in the 'default'
availability zone, while Node3 is in the 'us-east-I a' availability zone. You want to ensure that pods are
spread across all three nodes, considering the availability zones.
Describe how to configure the cluster to achieve this goal, specifically addressing how to leverage
'nodeSelector' and/or 'affinity' to enforce desired node placement. Explain the rationale behind your
chosen approach.
Answer:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
Step 1: Configure Node Labels
Label each node with its corresponding availability zone:
For Node1 and Node2 (in 'default' availability zone):
kubectl label node availability-zone=default
For Node3 (in availability zone):
kubectl label node availability-zone=us-east-Ia
Step 2: Use Node Selector
Use 'nodeSelector' in your Deployment or Pod definition to specify the desired availability zone:

This ensures pods with the 'nginx-deployment' label will be scheduled only on Node3. Step 3: Use
Affinity (Optional) You can also use 'affinity' for more fine-grained control. For example, to ensure

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that pods are spread across different availability zones:

This configuration will prefer scheduling pods in different availability zones. Rationale: Node Selector:
Provides a simple mechanism to direct pods to specific nodes based on labels. Affinity: Offers more
advanced options, including 'podAntiAffinity" to spread pods across nodes (or availability zones) and
'podAffinity' to ensure pods are scheduled on the same node. Availability Zone: Distributes pods
across different zones for high availability, as failures in one zone won't impact pods scheduled in
other zones. ,

NO.5 You have a Kubernetes cluster with three nodes. You need to create a Role that allows users in
the "developers" group to access the "nginx-deployment" deployment in the "default" namespace.
This role should only permit users to view and update the deployment, not delete it.
Answer:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.

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Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create the Role:

2. Create the RoleBinding:

3. Apply the Role and RoleBinding: bash kubectl apply -f role.yaml kubectl apply -f rolebinding.yaml

NO.6 You have a Kubernetes cluster with two worker nodes and a single Nginx service deployed. You
want to expose this service externally using a LoadBalancer service type but only want traffic to be
directed to pods on a specific worker node. How would you achieve this?

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Answer:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Node Selector:
- Create a Node Selector label on the worker node where you want to host the Nginx pods.
- Example:

- Apply this configuration using 'kubectl apply -f node-config.yaml'. 2. Configure the Deployment:
- Update the Nginx deployment to include the Node Selector label in its pod template. - Example:

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- Apply the updated deployment configuration using 'kubectl apply -f nginx-deployment.yamr. 3.

Create a LoadBalancer Service: - Create a LoadBalancer type service that selects the Nginx pods with
the 'app=nginx' label. - Example:

- Apply the service configuration using 'kubectl apply -f nginx-service.yamP. 4. Verify the Deployment:
- Confirm the deployment of the Nginx pods on the specified worker node using 'kubectl get pods -l
app=nginx -o wide'. - Check the LoadBalancer service's external IP address using 'kubectl get services
nginx-service'. - Access the Nginx service using the external IP address. All traffic should be routed to
the pods on the worker node with the 'worker-type: nginx' label. ---

NO.7 You are running a Kubernetes cluster with a critical application that requires high availability
and resilience. You have a Deployment named 'web-app' with multiple replicas. Your current DNS
setup relies on external DNS providers, but you want to implement CoreDNS within your cluster to
enhance DNS resolution performance and reliability. You need to configure CoreDNS to resolve DNS
queries for services within the cluster and for external domains.
Answer:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1 Create a CoreDNS ConfigMap:
- Create a ConfigMap named coredns' containing the CoreDNS configuration. You can use a basic
configuration file or a more complex one tailored to your specific needs.

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2. Deploy CoreDNS: - Deploy CoreDNS as a Deployment using the 'coredns' ConfigMap.

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3. Configure Services for DNS Resolution: - Create a Service named 'coredns' of type 'ClusterlP' that
exposes the CoreDNS Deployment on the cluster network.

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4. Update Cluster DNS Configuration: - Modify the 'kube-system namespace 'ConfigMap' named
'cluster-dns' to point to the 'coredns' Service for DNS resolution.

5. Verify CoreDNS Functionality: - Use 'kubectl exec -it -- sh -c "nslookup ..svc.cluster.local"' to test DN
S resolution for services within the cluster. - Use "kubectl exec -it sh -c "nslookup example.com"' to
test DNS resolution for external domains. - If everything is configured correctly, CoreDNS should
successfully resolve DNS queries.

NO.8 You need to create a new role that allows users to create and delete pods, but only in the
'production' namespace. How would you define this role using the 'kubectl' command?
Answer:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Role YAML file:

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2. Apply the Role to the cluster: kubectl apply -f pod-admin . yaml 3. Create a RoleBinding to
associate the Role with a user or group:

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The 'Role' resource defines a set of permissions for a specific namespace. The 'rules' field defines the
actions allowed for the role, specifying the API groups, resources, and verbs. The 'apiGroups' field
lists the Kubernetes API groups relevant to the permissions. The 'resources' field specifies the
Kubernetes resources that the user can access. The 'verbs' field lists the allowed actions for the
specified resources. The 'RoleBinding' associates the created 'Role' with a specific user or group,
granting them the specified permissions. In this case, the role is named "pod-admin" and is scoped to
the 'production' namespace. The role allows users to create and delete pods, as well as perform
other actions on related resources. This example demonstrates how to manage Role-Based Access
Control (RBAC) in Kubernetes. You can adjust the permissions and bindings to fit your specific security
requirements.,

NO.9 Your company has a Kubernetes cluster with a production namespace (prod) where only
authorized engineers can access sensitive dat a. You need to implement an RBAC policy that allows
only engineers with a specific label ("role: engineer") to read data from a specific secret named
"secret-sensitive" in the "prod" namespace. Describe how you would configure RBAC to achieve this.
Answer:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
Step 1: Define a Role that allows reading the specific secret:

Step 2: Create a RoleBinding to associate the Role with users labeled as "role: engineer":

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Step 3: Ensure users have the necessary labels: - Users or service accounts must be assigned the label
"role: engineer" to access the secret. - The Role restricts access to the "secret-sensitive" in the "prod"
namespace to only "get" requests. - The RoleBinding associates the Role with users who have the
label "role: engineer". - This ensures that only authorized engineers can read data from the "secret
-sensitive" secret. ,

NO.10 You have a Deployment running an application that requires a specific network policy. How
can you define a network policy that allows only traffic from Pods belonging to the same namespace
as the application and denies all other traffic?
Answer:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Network Policy Definition:

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2. Explanation: - 'apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1 ' : Specifies the API version for NetworkPolicy
resources. - 'kind: NetworkPolicy': Specifies that this is a NetworkPolicy resource. - 'metadata.name
: allow-same-namespace': Sets the name of the NetworkPolicy. - 'metadata.namespace: Specifies the
namespace where the NetworkPolicy is applied. Replace " with the actual namespace where your
deployment is running. - 'spec.podSelector: {F: This empty podSelector means the NetworkPolicy
applies to all Pods in the namespace. - 'spec.ingress': This section defines the rules for incoming
traffic. - 'spec.ingress.from.podSelector: {F: This allows traffic from any Pods within the same
namespace. 3. How it works: - This NetworkPolicy allows incoming traffic only from Pods within the
same namespace where the Deployment is running. It explicitly denies all other traffic, effectively
isolating the application to communication only within its namespace. 4. Implementation: - Apply the
YAML using 'kubectl apply -f allow-same-namespace.yaml' 5. Verification: After applying the
NetworkPolicy, test the communication between Pods within the same namespace and Pods in other
namespaces. You should observe that the NetworkPolicy successfully enforces the defined
restrictions.

NO.11 You have a Deployment named 'api-server' with 4 replicas of an API server container. You
need to implement a rolling update strategy that allows for a maximum of 2 pods to be unavailable at
any given time. You also want to ensure that the update process is triggered automatically whenever
a new image is pushed to the Docker Hub repository "my.org/api-server:latest'. Furthermore, you
want to ensure that the update process is completed within a specified timeout of 5 minutes. If the
update fails to complete within the timeout, the deployment should revert to the previous version.
Answer:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Update the Deployment YAML:
- Update the 'replicas' to 4.
- Define 'maxUnavailable: 2' and maxSurge: in the 'strategy.rollingUpdate' section to control the
rolling update process.
- Configure a 'strategy.type' to to trigger a rolling update when the deployment is updated.

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- Set 'spec.template.spec.containers[0].imagePullPolicy: Always' to ensure that the new image is

pulled even if it exists in the pod's local cache.
- Add a 'spec.progressDeadlineSeconds: 300' to set a timeout of 5 minutes for the update process.

2. Create the Deployment: - Apply the updated YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f api-server.yaml' 3.
Verify the Deployment: - Check the status of the deployment using "kubectl get deployments api
-server' to confirm the rollout and updated replica count. 4. Trigger the Automatic Update: - Push a
new image to the 'my.org/api-server:latest' Docker Hub repository. 5. Monitor the Deployment: - Use
Vxubectl get pods -l app=api-server' to monitor the pod updates during the rolling update process. 6.
Observe Rollback if Timeout Exceeds: - If the update process takes longer than 5 minutes to complete,
the deployment will be rolled back to the previous version. This can be observed using 'kubectl
describe deployment api-server' and checking the 'updatedReplicas' and 'availableReplicas' fields.

NO.12 You have a Deployment named 'frontend-deployment' with 5 replicas of a frontend

container. You need to implement a rolling update strategy that allows for a maximum of 2 pods to

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be unavailable at any given time. You also want to ensure that the update process is completed
within a specified timeout of 8 minutes. If the update fails to complete within the timeout, the
deployment should revert to the previous version. Additionally, you want to configure a 'post-start'
hook for the frontend container that executes a health check script to verify the application's
readiness before it starts accepting traffic.
Answer:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Update the Deployment YAML:
- Update the 'replicas' to 5.
- Define 'maxUnavailable: 2' and 'maxSurge: 0' in the 'strategy.rollingUpdate' section to control the
rolling update process.
- Configure a 'strategy.type' to 'RollingUpdate' to trigger a rolling update when the deployment is
updated.
- Set Always' to ensure that the new image is pulled even if
it exists in the pod's local cache.
- Add a 'spec.progressDeadlineSeconds: 480' to set a timeout of 8 minutes for the update process.
- Add a 'spec.template.spec.containers[0].lifecycle.postStart' hook to define a script that executes a
health check script before the container starts accepting traffic.

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2. Create the Deployment: - Apply the updated YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f frontend
-deployment.yaml' 3. Verify the Deployment: - Check the status of the deployment using 'kubectl get
deployments frontend-deployment' to confirm the rollout and updated replica count. 4. Trigger the
Automatic Update: - Push a new image to the 'my.org/frontend:latest' Docker Hub repository. 5.
Monitor the Deployment: - Use 'kubectl get pods -l app=frontend' to monitor the pod updates during
the rolling update process. 6. Observe Rollback if Timeout Exceeds: - If the update process takes
longer than 8 minutes to complete, the deployment will be rolled back to the previous version. This
can be observed using 'kubectl describe deployment frontend-deployment' and checking the
'updatedReplicas' and 'availableReplicas' fields.,

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