IILI06130 TERMODYNAMICS HOMEWORK # 10 (Chapter 06)

Instructor: Dr. Sergio Cano Andrade ([email protected])

Reference: Moran M.J. and Shapiro H.N., Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, West
Sussex, 3rd Ed., 1996

• 6.9. Determine the change in specific entropy between the specified states, in kJ/kg K.
a) Water, p1 = 10 MPa, T1 = 400◦ C, p2 = 10 MPa, T2 =100◦ C.
b) Refrigerant 134a, h1 = 111.44 kJ/kg, T1 = −40◦ C, saturated vapor at p2 = 5 bars.
c) Air as an ideal gas, T1 =7◦ C, p1 = 2 bars, T2 =327◦ C, p2 = 1 bar.
d) Hydrogen (H2 ) as an ideal gas, T1 =727◦ C, p1 = 1 bar, T2 =25◦ C, p2 = 3 bars.
• 6.13. Employing the ideal gas model, determine the change in specific entropy between the indicated states, in kJ/kmol
K. Solve two ways: Use the appropriate ideal gas table and use a constant specific heat value from Table A-20
a) Air, p1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 20◦ C, p2 = 100 kPa, T2 =100◦ C.
b) Air, p1 = 1 bar, T1 = 27◦ C, p2 = 3 bar, T2 =377◦ C.
c) Carbon dioxide, p1 = 150 kPa, T1 = 30◦ C, p2 = 300 kPa, T2 =300◦ C.
d) Carbon monoxide, T1 = 300 K, v1 = 1.1 m3 /kg, T2 =500 K, v2 = 0.75 m3 /kg.
e) Nitrogen, p1 = 2 MPa, T1 = 800 K, p2 = 1 MPa, T2 =300 K.
• 6.15. In each of the following cases, determine the indicated property for a process in which there is no change in specific
entropy between state 1 and state 2:
a) Water, p1 = 14.7 lbf/in2 , T1 = 500◦ F, p2 = 100 lbf/in2 . Find T2 in ◦ F.
b) Water, T1 =10◦ C, x1 = 0.75, saturated vapor at state 2. Find p2 in bars.
c) Air as an ideal gas, T1 =27◦ C, p1 = 1.5 bars, T2 =127◦ C. Find p2 in bars.
d) Air as an ideal gas, T1 =100◦ F, p1 = 3 atm, p2 = 2 atm. Find T2 in ◦ F.
e) Refrigerant 134a, T1 =20◦ C, p1 = 5 bars, p2 = 1 bar. Find v2 in m3 /kg.
• 6.21. A quantity of air undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes in series.
a) Process 1-2: constant-volume heating from p1 = 0.1 MPa, T1 =15◦ C, V1 = 0.02 m3 to p2 = 0.42 MPa.
b) Process 2-3: constant-pressure cooling.
c) Process 3-1: isothermal heating to the initial state.
Employing the ideal gas model with cp = 1 kJ/kg K, evaluate the change in entropy for each process. Sketch the cycle
on p − v coordinates.
• 6.34. One kilogram of water executes a Carnot power cycle. At the beginning of the isothermal expansion, the water is a
saturated liquid at 160 ◦ C. The isothermal expansion continues until the volume becomes 0.3 m3 . The temperature at the
conclusion of the adiabatic expansion is 20 ◦ C.
a) Sketch the cycle on T − s and p − v coordinates.
b) Determine the heat added and net work, each in KJ.
c) Evaluate the thermal efficiency.
• 6.38. Answer the following true or false. If false, explain why.
a) A process that violates the second law of thermodynamics violates the first law of thermodynamics.
b) When a net amount of work is done by a closed system undergoing an internally reversible process, a net heat
transfer of energy to the system also occurs.
c) One corollary of the second law of thermodynamics states that the change in entropy of a closed system must be
greater than zero or equal to zero.
d) A closed system can experience an increase in entropy only when there is energy transfer by heat to the system
during the process.
e) Entropy is produced in every internally reversible process of a closed system.
f) If there is no change in entropy between two states of a closed system, the process is necessarily adiabatic and
internally reversible.
g) The energy of an isolated system must remain constant, but the entropy can only increase.

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• 6.39. A closed system undergoes a process in which the work done on the system is 5 Btu and the heat transfer Q occurs
only at temperature Tb . For each case, determine whether the entropy change of the system is positive, negative, zero or
indeterminate.
a) Internally reversible process, Q← = +5 Btu.
b) Internally reversible process, Q← = 0 Btu.
c) Internally reversible process, Q← = −5 Btu.
d) Internal irreversibilities present, Q← = +5 Btu.
e) Internal irreversibilities present, Q← = 0 Btu.
f) Internal irreversibilities present, Q← = −5 Btu.
• 6.65. A system consists of 2 m3 of hydrogen gas, initially at 35◦ C, 215 kPa, contained within a closed rigid tank. Energy
is transferred to the system from a reservoir at 300◦ C until the temperature of the hydrogen is 160◦ C. The temperature
of the system boundary where heat transfer occurs is 300◦ C, Modeling the hydrogen as an ideal gas, determine the heat
transfer, in kJ, the change in entropy, in kJ/K, and the amount of entropy produced, in kJ/K. For the reservoir, determine
the change in entropy, in kJ/K. Why do these two entropy changes differ?
• 6.99. An inventor is seeking to patent a device that at steady state would receive a stream of saturated water vapor at
210◦ C and discharge a condensate stream at 20◦ C, 0.1 MPa while delivering energy by heat transfer at 300◦ C at a rate
of 2,000 kJ per kg of steam entering. The only other energy transfer would involve heat rejection at 20◦ C. Kinetic and
potential energy effects would be negligible. Does the claimed performance violate any principles of thermodynamics?
Explain. What is the maximum theoretical amount of energy, in kJ per kg of steam entering, that could be delivered at
300◦ C?
• 6.107. Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state at a pressure of 3 MPa, a temperature of 400◦ C, and a velocity of
160 m/s. Saturated vapor exits at 100◦ C, with a velocity of 100 m/s. Heat transfer from the turbine to its surroundings
take place at the rate of 30 kJ per kg of steam at a location where the average surface temperature is 400 K.
a) For a control volume including only the turbine and its contents, determine the work developed, in kJ, and the rate
at which entropy is produced, in kJ/K, each per kg of steam flowing.
b) The steam turbine of part (a) is located in a factory where the ambient temperature is 27◦ C. Determine the rate
of entropy production, in kJ/K per kg of steam flowing, for an enlarged control volume that includes the turbine
and enough of its immediate surroundings so that heat transfer takes place from the control volume at the ambient
temperature. Explain why the entropy production value differs from that calculated in part (a).
• 6.112. Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at 1 bar, 20◦ C with the volumetric flow rate of 9 m3 /min and
exits at 5 bars, 160◦ C. Cooling water is circulated through a water jacket enclosing the compressor at a rate of 10 kg/min,
entering at 15◦ C and exiting at 23◦ C with a negligible change in pressure. There is no significant heat transfer from the
outer surface of the water jacket, and all kinetic and potential effects are negligible. For the water-jacketed compressor
as the control volume, determine the power required, in kW, and the rate of entropy production, in kW/K.
• 6.122. Air enters a turbine operating at steady state at 6 bars and 1,100 K and expands isentropically to a state where the
temperature is 700 K. Employing the ideal gas model and ignoring kinetic and potential energy changes, determine the
pressure at the exit, in bars, and the net work, in kJ per kg of air flowing, using
a) Data from table A-22.
b) A constant specific heat ratio from Table A-20 at mean temperature, 900 K.
c) A constant specific heat ratio from Table A-20 at 300 K.
• 6.132. Steam at 5 MPa and 600◦ C enters an insulated turbine operating steady state and exits at 50 kPa. Kinetic and
potential energy effects are negligible. If the work developed by the turbine is measured as 969 kJ per kg of steam flowing
through the turbine, evaluated the isentropic turbine efficiency.
• 6.134. Air at 4.5 bars, 550 K enters an insulated turbine operating at steady state and exits at 1.5 bars. Kinetic and
potential energy effects are negligible. If the isentropic turbine efficiency is 85%, determine
a) The temperature at the turbine exit, in K.
b) The work developed, in kJ per kg of air flowing.
• 6.137. Figure P6.137 shows a throttling valve in parallel with a steam turbine having an isentropic efficiency of 90%.
For operation at steady state, determine the mass flow rate through the turbine, in lb/s, and the power developed by the
turbine, in horse power. Heat transfer with the surroundings and kinetic and potential energy effects can be neglected.
Locate the numbered states on a Mollier diagram.

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