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Plant Biotechnology Projesi

The document discusses the increasing need for renewable energy sources due to the depletion of non-renewable resources and environmental concerns. It highlights various biofuels such as biodiesel, biogas, and bioethanol, produced from different plants and agricultural waste, while also addressing the positive and negative impacts of biofuel production. The conclusion emphasizes the potential for biofuel production in Turkey and the necessity for investment and development in this sector to meet future energy demands.

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11 views5 pages

Plant Biotechnology Projesi

The document discusses the increasing need for renewable energy sources due to the depletion of non-renewable resources and environmental concerns. It highlights various biofuels such as biodiesel, biogas, and bioethanol, produced from different plants and agricultural waste, while also addressing the positive and negative impacts of biofuel production. The conclusion emphasizes the potential for biofuel production in Turkey and the necessity for investment and development in this sector to meet future energy demands.

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dudusena204
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PLANTS THAT PRODUCE BIOFUEL

Introduction:

Today, due to the rapid increase in population and industrial areas, the
need for energy has increased significantly[1] Non-renewable energy
sources such as natural gas, oil and uranium, which meet the largest
energy needs, account for 94% of the world's energy resources[2] Our
scarce natural gas and oil resources are thought to be depleted over time.
[3] Widely used fossil fuels pose a threat to the present and future
generations[1] In addition to energy sources such as wind energy, solar
energy, wave energy, energy sources called biofuels are also considered
as renewable energy sources[4] Biofuel energy source represents many
areas such as oil crops, carbohydrate based crops, fiber crops, forest
products with biomass feedstock.[4] Biomass is an energy source derived
from many different agricultural products that can be found in nature in
solid, liquid or gaseous form.[5] Plants contain 20-40% hemicellulose, 40-
60% cellulose and 10-15% lignin.[1] Cellulose is the most widely known
form of carbon in biomass, forming glucose polymers[1] 5- or 6-carbon
hemicelluloses can form short and highly branched sugar chains[1] Solar
energy plays an important role in biomass growth with the help of
carbon[1] Solar energy stored in the chemical bonds of biomasses can
absorb 470 kj of energy per mole C.[6]

Biofuel Production Models:

Biodiesel:

Biodiesel is a type of fuel that can react with a short-chain ethanol or


methanol derived from oil plants such as soy, cotton, sunflower, canola,
palm[7] Also corn, almonds, dates, oil flax, peanuts, walnuts, castor oil,
etc. can be used in biodiesel production[8] Recently microalgae have been
playing a role in biodiesel production[9] Crops such as oats, sunflower,
safflower, and sesame can produce biofuels with high oil content[1] Plants
contribute to biofuel production by producing ethanol[1]

Biogas:

It is a type of fuel that can be created by biomethanization as a result of


the activities of organic origin materials with different types of
microorganisms in an oxygen-free environment.[10] Animal and vegetable
wastes are used in biogas formation.[1] Biogas is widely used for fuel,
electricity generation and heating.[1]

Bioethanol:
Bioethanol is a type of fuel obtained from the processing of many
agricultural products[1] Bioethanol is widely used in many countries but is
difficult to use in vehicles[11] Agro-industrial crops such as corn, wheat,
rye, potatoes, rice, sugarcane, barley, etc. are processed and play an
important role in bioethanol production[1] Saccharides play a role in
bioethanol production by utilizing microorganisms or by distillation and
acidic hydrolysis of cellulosic mass[1]

Utilization of Biomass as Fuel:

Annual plant stalk production is estimated at 56 million tons, of which 2.5


million tons are corn stalks, 36 million tons are wheat stalks, 3 million tons
are cotton stalks, 2.5 million tons are sunflower stalks, 8 million tons are
barley stalks, 200 thousand tons are rice stalks, 300 thousand tons are
tobacco stalks, 240 thousand tons are rye stalks, 200 thousand tons are
lake cane and 2 million are hemp stalks[12] Cotton is a type of biki with
woody vegetative parts and renewable energy sources that can be used
as fuel[13]

Positive and Negative Impacts of Biofuels:

Biofuels provide highly effective values in terms of environmental health


and ecological balance[1] Biofuels benefit the environment by lowering
exhaust emissions and reducing high CO2 levels in the air. They also
reduce climatic variations caused by global warming[1] The main
disadvantages of biofuels are the cultivation of more agricultural land in
biofuel production due to agricultural activities, the reduction of CO2 due
to the use of pasture and forest areas in production by plowing, the
problems experienced in animal grazing due to shrinking areas, and the
transformation of large lands into fragmented land due to the reduction in
agricultural areas[1]

Discussion:

Due to the rapidly increasing population, technological developments


have also increased energy needs.In addition to renewable energy
sources, oilseed crops and industrial plants have been used in fuel
production to meet the energy needs of fossil fuel resources due to their
limited reserves.Food prices are increasing due to decreasing agricultural
areas[1] Decisions should be taken to reduce the increase in food prices
and to meet the need for renewable energy sources. Biofuels can offer us
many advantages, but the technology of production and consumption
shows that biofuels are not yet cost-effective and efficient. Biofuels can be
an adaptable energy source in the coming decades, but we need to
address the high costs of biofuels

Conclusion:

Crops such as sunflower, rapeseed, corn and sugar cane are widely used
in biofuel production.Our country has sufficient potential to obtain fuels
such as biodiesel and biogas. At the same time, unused by-products also
contribute to the economy. In our country, approximately 4 million
hectares of land are left fallow and out of production every year. In these
areas, the raw materials needed are provided by developing plant
cultivation systems suitable for each region. The fact that the plants used
in biofuel production are environmentally friendly increases the efficiency
of biofuel production[1] Depending on the current situation, the demand
for renewable energy sources in the coming years

For this reason, the need for investment in this field and the
encouragement of cultivation on a product basis play an important role in
determining the annual product quantities[1]

References:

1- Derleme / Review Murat SEZEK Atatürk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi,


Erzurum/Turkey Geliş Tarihi / Received 01.11.2017 Kabul Tarih / Accepted
12.01.2018

2- Günel, H., Öztürk, İ., 2006. Yenilebilir ve yetiştirilebilir bir enerji


kaynağı: Biyokütle. 14-15 Aralık Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir. TMMOB, Kimya
Mühendisleri Odası.12-13 Aralık, 2007, s. 51-62, Ankara.

3- Saraçoğlu., N. 2004. Türkiye ‘nin enerji üretiminde biyokütle


kaynaklarından yararlanma olanakları. V. Ulusal Temiz Enerji
Sempozyumu, 26-28 Mayıs, 485-497.

4- Anonim, 2014. Enerji raporu 2013, Dünya Enerji Konseyi Türk Milli
Komitesi, s: 295

5- Taşyürek M, Acaroğlu, M., 2007. Biyoyakıtlarda (biyomotorinde)


emisyon azaltımı ve küresel ısınmaya etkisi. Uluslararası Küresel İklim
Değişikliği ve Çevresel Etkileri Konferansı, Konya.

6- Emeklier, Y.H., 2014. İç Anadolu Bölgesi’nin yenilenebilir enerji


kaynakları potansiyeli ve enerji bitkileri tarımı. Enerji Tarımı ve
Biyoyakıtlar 4. Ulusal Çalıştayı, 28-29 Mayıs 2014, 101-108 s. Samsun.
7- Dağdelen, A., Yüksel, Y., 2016. Yağlı tohum çeşidi ve transesterifikasyon
yöntemlerinin biyoyakıt üretimine ve kalitesine etkileri. Nevşehir Bilim ve
Teknolojisi Dergisi Targid Özel sayı 107-117

8- Adıyaman, A., Günay, S., 2008. “ Türkiye’de yüksek tarım maliyeti


sorununun çözümünde biyodizelin yeri” Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 13:19,
105-122.

9- Cirik, S., Koru, E., Can, Ş. S., 2011. Turan, G., Tekoğul, G., “
Mikroalglerden yenilenebilir temiz bir enerji kaynağı olan biyodizelin elde
edilmesi” Tübitak Proje No: 107Y013.

10- Eser V, Sarsu F, Altunkay, M. 2007. Biyoyakıt üretiminde kullanılan


bitkilerin mevcut durumu ve geleceği. Biyoyakıtlar ve Biyoyakıt
Teknolojileri Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı.

11- Bayrakçı, A.G., 2009. Değişik biyokütle kaynaklarından etanolün elde


edilmesi üzerine bir araştırma. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü,
Yüksek lisans tezi, İzmir; Koçtürk, D., Avcıoğlu, A.O., 2012. Benzin
motorlarında biyoetanol kullanımının çevresel etkilerinin belirlenmesi.
Ankara Üniversitesi Çevre Bilimleri Dergisi 4(2): 65-74

12- Anonim, 2000. Turkey ındustrial plant production. Production


yearbook. www.fao.org

13- Yumak, H. ve Evcim, H.Ü., 1990. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynağı olarak


pamuk sapı. Türkiye 5. Enerji Kongresi Teknik Oturum tebliğleri No:2
s:325-331. 22-26 Ekim Ankara; Sumner, H.R., Monroe, G.E. and Hellwing,
R.E., 1984. Harvester for cotton plant residue. Transactions of the ASAE,

27(2):366-369

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