Descriptive Writing

It is a style of writing that uses vivid and sensory details to describe a person,
place, object, or experience. Its primary purpose is to create a mental image in the
reader's mind, engaging their senses and imagination.
Types of Descriptive Writing
1. Biography
2. Journals
3. Reflection paper
4. Reaction paper
5. Poetry
Benefits of Descriptive Writing
1. It can help develop your creativity and ability to think outside the box.
2. It requires careful observation and attention to detail.
3. It can help you communicate more effectively and engage your audience.
4. It can help readers connect with others and understand their experiences.

Expository Writing
It is a type of writing that aims to explain, describe, or inform the reader about a
specific topic. Its primary purpose is to provide information, facts, and evidence to help
the reader understand the subject matter. The word expository came from the word to
expose. In this type of writing, it includes essays, newspaper articles, magazines,
textbooks, encyclopedia, etc.

Benefits of Expository Writing

1. It helps readers understand complex topics and concepts.

2. It provides readers with accurate and reliable information to make informed
decisions.
3. It writing encourages critical thinking and analysis of information.
4. It helps writers communicate complex information in a clear and concise manner

Persuasive Writing
Persuasive writing is a form of written argument designed to convince, motivate, or sway
readers toward a specific point of view or opinion on a given topic. This writing style
relies on presenting reasoned opinions supported by evidence that substantiates the
central thesis.
Examples of persuasive writing include criticisms, reviews, reaction papers, editorials,
proposals, advertisements, and brochures, all of which employ various persuasive
techniques to influence readers.

8 TIPS FOR BETTER PERSUASIVE WRITING

1. Pick your position
Be specific about the position that you are taking and consider whether it is
one you believe in. If so, it will be easier to find arguments to support it. The more
specific your position is, the easier it will be to tailor your persuasive techniques to
support it.
2. Study your audience
Know your audience before you start to write. Who you are trying to
influence will shape what arguments you use for persuasion.
3. Hook the reader’s attention.
A persuasive writer should present their opinion with a declarative statement
that clearly expresses their point of view.
4. Research both sides
To help pick the best evidence to support your argument, research your topic.
This includes its history, previous arguments made for or against your stance,
reactions your audience had to similar arguments and any opposing viewpoints.
5. Be empathetic
An effective persuasion technique is the use of empathy. A reader is more
inclined to believe you if they feel like you can relate to and understand their
experience.
6. Ask rhetorical questions.
Presenting questions that the reader will be forced to answer for themselves.
7. Emphasize your point.
The use of exaggeration to express urgency, exclusivity, or just to make a
point is another useful persuasive technique.
 8. Repeat yourself.
Strategic repetition can be an effective way to gradually remind the reader of
your message.

What you should include in a persuasive essay

An effective persuasive essay includes components known as modes of
persuasion. These three elements work together to make a compelling argument.
Ethos
Ethos, also known as “ethical reasoning,” is an argument element that allows you
to establish your credibility and knowledge.
Pathos
Pathos, also called “passionate reasoning,” is an element that appeals to your
reader’s emotions to evoke feelings.
Logos
Logos, also known as “logical reasoning,” is a rhetorical appeal to your reader’s
logic and rationality.

Some techniques that are common in persuasive essays:

 Repetition: Repeating the same message several times makes the reader more
likely to pay attention and remember the message later.
 Storytelling: Readers are more likely to understand messages conveyed through a
story that contextualizes the message through an analogy or an anecdote.
 Rebuttals: You can address the opposing viewpoints by pointing out flaws in their
logic, so the only valid position left is the one you are defending.
 Call to action: You can give the reader a purpose by compelling them to take an
action. This technique is very popular in advertising.

Cause and Effect Writing

 It refers to any type of writing that explains the relationship between causes (why
something happened) and effects (what happened as a result).
 It can be a sentence, a paragraph, a section in a report, an article, or a whole essay.
How to write cause and effect essay
1. Select a Specific Topic
Choose a cause-and-effect relationship that sparks your interest. Ensure your topic
is focused and manageable for thorough exploration.
2. Explore Causal Links
Conduct thorough research to uncover hidden connections and supporting
evidence. Look beyond the obvious to identify intricate relationships between causes
and effects.
3. Craft a Clear Thesis Statement
Develop a precise thesis that clearly articulates the main cause and the resulting
effects. Your thesis serves as the roadmap for your essay, guiding readers through
your analysis.
4. Organize Chronologically or by Significance
Structure your essay in a logical order, either chronologically or by the
significance of events. This organization enhances clarity and helps readers follow
the cause-and-effect progression.
5. Utilize Transitional Phrases
Employ transition words and phrases to ensure seamless flow between causes and
effects. Clear transitions enhance readability and strengthen the coherence of your
essay.
6. Support Arguments with Credible Evidence
Back up your claims with relevant data, examples, and statistics. Strong evidence
adds credibility to your analysis and reinforces the cause-and-effect relationships you
present.
7. Illustrate Chain Reactions
Show how a single cause can trigger a chain of effects, and vice versa. Illustrate
the ripple effects to emphasize the complexity of relationships.
8. Analyze Root Causes
Move beyond surface-level explanations and explore the underlying factors
contributing to the cause-and-effect scenario. Deep analysis adds depth and nuance to
your essay.
9. Consider Alternative Causes
Address potential counterarguments to showcase a comprehensive understanding.
Acknowledging alternative causes strengthens your essay's overall credibility.
10. Conclude with Impact
Summarize key points and emphasize the broader significance of your analysis.
Leave your readers with a thought-provoking conclusion that ties together the cause-
and-effect relationships explored in your essay.

Cause and Effect Essay Structure Types

 Block Structure:
The block structure is a clear and organized way to present causes and
effects in your essay. Here, you dedicate one section to discussing all the causes,
covering multiple causes within each category. After that, you have another
section to explore all the effects. This separation makes your ideas easy to
understand.
 Chain Structure:
On the other hand, the chain structure focuses on how events are connected
and create ripple effects. It highlights how one cause leads to a specific effect, and
that effect becomes the cause of more effects in an ongoing chain. This method is
potent for illustrating the complexity of causal relationships.
1. Introduction
 Introduce the topic clearly.
 State whether you will discuss causes, effects, or both.
 Include a thesis statement that shows the main point.
2. Body Paragraphs
 Each paragraph can focus on either a cause or an effect:
 Topic Sentence: Identify a main cause or effect.
 Explanation: Explain how or why it is a cause/effect.
 Evidence/Example: Provide specific examples, facts, or details.
 Transition: Link to the next cause or effect smoothly.
You can organize it two ways:
Block format: Discuss all causes first, then all effects.
 Chain format: Discuss a cause immediately followed by its effect.
3. Conclusion
 Summarize the causes and/or effects you discussed.
 Restate your main idea.
 Reflect on the bigger picture or significance of the cause-effect relationship.

Narrative Writing
Narrative writing is writing that has a story, characters, conflict, and other
essential parts of a story. Narrative writing is often synonymous with a story. However, if
you're writing a story of some kind, that is narrative writing, where a narrator is telling
the story.
Parts of the Narrative writing
 Character
The characters are essential. It's extremely difficult to tell a story without them,
as character development is one of the best parts in narrative writing.
 Conflict
This part of narrative writing is where the tension comes from. Conflict of
any form, whether it's between characters, between elements in your setting, or
even in your plot, is essential for not only a good book, but for narrative writing.
 Plot
This is the main point of your story. Where is it all going and what’s
happening while we get there?
 Setting
The setting of a story is really what determines its genre as well as its
learning curve. The learning curve refers to how much readers need to learn about
the world, aka, how different it is from our own.
 Theme
These are embedded into your story even if you're not trying to. Narrative writing
tells a story and with any stories, lessons are learned, and these become the themes of
your story.
 Narrative Writing Arc
 This is the story structure the narrative takes. This includes things like the inciting
incident, key milestones like the first slap and second slap, the climax, the resolution,
and even nuances like the character arc.

Narrative Essay Outline

 Brainstorm ideas
 Pick the right topic
 Define your purpose of writing
 Plan your story
 Create an outline
Narrative Format and Structure
 Introduction - makes an insight into the story, states the purpose of writing, and
includes an engaging element to hook the reader.
 Main body paragraph 1 – rising action
 Main body paragraph 2 - climax
 Main body paragraph 3 – falling action
 Conclusion - lessons learned from the story.

INTRODUCTION
Engage readers in the story with the help of a hook. Set the scene and give readers
an idea of what is happening. Define the purpose of your writing.
MAIN BODY
The main body of your paper is the most important part. This is where you tell the
story, share facts and details, and guide readers through the plot.

MAIN BODY EFFECTIVENESS

 Include vivid and relevant detail: A narrative essay is all about creating a scene as
well as a mood to follow.
 Incorporate dialogue: Throwing the reader into dialogues is an effective way to
refresh their attention.
 Write chronologically: It's hard for readers to understand the timeline of events in
a paper unless the author is blunt.
 Avoid narration deviation: If you are talking about a personal experience, the first-
person voice will work best.
 Conclusion: In the conclusion of your paper, you are expected to give some final
comments about your story