Okay, I will provide the answers with step-by-step solutions, aiming for clarity and precision.

Problem 6: Solid Cylinder Rolling Down an Incline

(a) Angular velocity (ω) upon reaching the bottom of the inclined plane
●​ Height of incline: h = L sinθ = 0.6 m * sin(30°) = 0.3 m
●​ Conservation of Energy: mgh = (1/2)mv² + (1/2)Iω²
●​ For a solid cylinder, I = (1/2)mr², and v = rω
●​ mgh = (1/2)m(rω)² + (1/2)(1/2)mr²ω² = (3/4)mr²ω²
●​ gh = (3/4)r²ω² => ω² = (4gh) / (3r²)
●​ Since 'r' cancels out: ω = √((4gh) / 3) = √((4 * 9.8 * 0.3) / 3) = √3.92 ≈ 1.98 rad/s
(b) Linear speed (v) upon reaching the bottom of the inclined plane
●​ Using conservation of energy: mgh = (3/4)mv²
●​ gh = (3/4)v² => v² = (4gh) / 3
●​ v = √((4gh) / 3) = √((4 * 9.8 * 0.3) / 3) = √3.92 ≈ 1.98 m/s
Problem 7: Solid Sphere Rolling Down an Incline
(a) Linear speed of the center of mass at the bottom of the incline
●​ Height of incline: h = x sinθ = 2 m * sin(30°) = 1 m
●​ Conservation of Energy: mgh = (1/2)mv² + (1/2)Iω²
●​ For a solid sphere, I = (2/5)mR², and v = Rω
●​ mgh = (1/2)mv² + (1/2)(2/5)mR²(v/R)² = (7/10)mv²
●​ gh = (7/10)v² => v² = (10gh) / 7
●​ v = √((10gh) / 7) = √((10 * 9.8 * 1) / 7) = √14 ≈ 3.74 m/s
(b) Magnitude of the linear acceleration of the center of mass
●​ Net force along incline: mg sinθ - f = ma
●​ Torque: fR = Iα = (2/5)mR²(a/R) => f = (2/5)ma
●​ mg sinθ - (2/5)ma = ma => g sinθ = (7/5)a
●​ a = (5/7)g sinθ = (5/7) * 9.8 * sin(30°) = 3.5 m/s²
(c) Time it takes to reach the bottom
●​ Using kinematics: x = v₀t + (1/2)at² (v₀ = 0)
●​ 2 = (1/2) * 3.5 * t² => t² = 4 / 3.5 = 8/7
●​ t = √(8/7) ≈ 1.07 s
Problem 8: Conservation of Angular Momentum
(i) Find her new angular velocity
●​ Conservation of Angular Momentum: Iᵢωᵢ = I_fω_f
●​ 3 kg·m² * 5 rad/s = 2 kg·m² * ω_f
●​ ω_f = (3 * 5) / 2 = 7.5 rad/s
(ii) Is kinetic energy conserved in the process? If not, from where does the change come
about?
●​ Initial KE: (1/2)Iᵢωᵢ² = (1/2) * 3 * 5² = 37.5 J
●​ Final KE: (1/2)I_fω_f² = (1/2) * 2 * 7.5² = 56.25 J
●​ KE is not conserved. The increase comes from the work done by the skater (internal
energy).
Problem 9: Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
(a) Define Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and state its equation
●​ Every particle attracts every other particle with a force proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
●​ Equation: F = G(m₁m₂) / r²
(b) The mass of Earth is 5.97 x 10²⁴ kg, and the mass of the Moon is 7.35 x 10²² kg. The
average distance between them is 3.84 x 10⁸ m. Calculate the gravitational force between
them.
●​ F = (6.674 x 10⁻¹¹) * (5.97 x 10²⁴) * (7.35 x 10²²) / (3.84 x 10⁸)²
●​ F ≈ 1.99 x 10²⁰ N
Problem 10: Gravitational Field and Acceleration
(a) Derive the expression for acceleration due to gravity (g = GM/r²)
●​ Gravitational Force: F = G(Mm) / r²
●​ From Newton's Second Law: F = mg
●​ Equating: mg = G(Mm) / r² => g = GM / r²
(b) The radius of the Earth is approximately 6400 km. Find the gravitational acceleration
at the surface of the Earth.
●​ g = (6.674 x 10⁻¹¹) * (5.97 x 10²⁴) / (6.4 x 10⁶)²
●​ g ≈ 9.77 m/s²
(c) A satellite is in a circular orbit around a planet. Derive the expression for the orbital
velocity and explain how it depends on the planet's mass and radius.
●​ Gravitational Force provides Centripetal Force: G(Mm) / r² = mv² / r
●​ v = √(GM / r)
●​ Dependence:
○​ Mass (M): v ∝ √M (higher mass, higher velocity)
○​ Radius (r): v ∝ 1/√r (larger radius, lower velocity)
(d) Given that; the radius of the earth is 6400 km, acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/s²
and G = 6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ N m²/kg². Determine the density of the earth.
●​ g = GM / R² => M = gR² / G
●​ Volume of Earth: V = (4/3)πR³
●​ Density: ρ = M / V = (gR² / G) / ((4/3)πR³) = 3g / (4πGR)
●​ ρ = 3 * 9.81 / (4 * π * 6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ * 6.4 x 10⁶)
●​ ρ ≈ 5495 kg/m³
Problem 11: A satellite of mass 300 kg orbits the earth at a height of 500 km from its
surface.
●​ Radius of orbit: r = 6400 km + 500 km = 6900 km = 6.9 x 10⁶ m
(a) Kinetic energy
●​ Orbital velocity: v = √(GM/r) = √((6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ * 6 x 10²⁴) / (6.9 x 10⁶)) ≈ 7614 m/s
●​ KE = (1/2)mv² = (1/2) * 300 * (7614)² ≈ 8.68 x 10⁹ J
(b) Potential energy
●​ PE = -GMm / r = - (6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ * 6 x 10²⁴ * 300) / (6.9 x 10⁶) ≈ -8.68 x 10⁹ J
(c) Total energy
●​ Total Energy = KE + PE = 8.68 x 10⁹ J + (-8.68 x 10⁹ J) ≈ -4.34 x 10⁹ J
Problem 12: Two particles A and B connected by a string over a pulley on an inclined
plane
(i) Find the tension in the string immediately after the particles are released.
●​ Forces on A: Tension (T) up the plane, friction (f) down the plane, component of weight
(Wₐ sinθ) down the plane.
●​ Forces on B: Tension (T) upwards, weight (W_B) downwards.
●​ Friction: f = μN = μWₐ cosθ = (1/√3) * 2g * cos(30°) = g
●​ Equations of motion:
○​ For A: T - f - Wₐ sinθ = mₐa => T - g - 2g sin(30°) = 2a => T - 2g = 2a
○​ For B: W_B - T = m_Ba => 4g - T = 4a
●​ Adding the equations: 2g = 6a => a = g/3
●​ Substituting a in B's equation: 4g - T = 4(g/3) => T = 4g - (4/3)g = (8/3)g
 ●​ T = (8/3) * 9.8 ≈ 26.13 N
(ii) Find the acceleration of the particles.
●​ We found in (i) that a = g/3 = 9.8 / 3 ≈ 3.27 m/s²
(iii) Find the speed of A as it reaches P.
●​ Let the distance from A's initial position to P be 'd'. We are not given 'd'. If we assume the
distance is 'x' then
●​ v² = v₀² + 2ax = 0 + 2 * (g/3) * x = (2g/3)x
●​ v = √(2gx/3) (We need the value of 'x' to get a numerical answer)