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Transport Mechanisms

The document discusses transport mechanisms in cells, detailing how materials move into and out of cells through the plasma membrane. It describes passive transport (including simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion) that does not require energy, as well as active transport and bulk/vesicular transport, which do require energy. Various types of endocytosis and exocytosis are also explained, highlighting how cells absorb and expel larger molecules.

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alverjade32
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9 views24 pages

Transport Mechanisms

The document discusses transport mechanisms in cells, detailing how materials move into and out of cells through the plasma membrane. It describes passive transport (including simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion) that does not require energy, as well as active transport and bulk/vesicular transport, which do require energy. Various types of endocytosis and exocytosis are also explained, highlighting how cells absorb and expel larger molecules.

Uploaded by

alverjade32
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRANSPORT

MECHANISM

MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS
INTO AND OUT OF CELLS
Plasma Membrane
Thin molecular layer that surrounds all living cells.

Separates the cell from its surroundings (selectively


permeable), protects it from changes in the chemical
and physical environment, and regulates the traffic of
molecules into and out of the cell.
It is made up of lipids – phospholipids bilayer and
layers of protein also carbohydrate chains.

Water and smaller molecules can easily pass through


the membrane

Large molecules of compounds like proteins,


carbohydrates, and fats must be broken down into
simpler substances.
Transport
Mechanism in Cells

Passive Active Bulk/Vesicular


Transport Transport Transport

Simple Endocytosis Exocytosis


Diffusion
Hypertonic
Osmosis Phagocytosis
Hypotonic
Pinocytosis
Facilitated Isotonic
Transport
Passive Transport
It is the kind of movement of materials (region
of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration) that does not require any
metabolic energy from the cell but rely solely on
the physical properties of the substances
themselves.
Types of Passive Transport
1. Simple Diffusion – this
process is the result of the
random movement of
molecules. The materials,
which move inside the cell
membrane, are water
solution (ions of a solute are
evenly distributed with
water). Together with water
solution, lipid-soluble
substances can also pass
through the plasma
membrane by diffusion.
When the concentration of substances on both
sides of the membrane is equal, diffusion will
not take place anymore. This is known as
dynamic equilibrium as characteristics of
the homeostasis in the cell.
Osmosis
Is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
It takes place when some particles move through such a concentration
gradient (difference in concentration that determines the movement of
water molecules in either direction) when they are allowed to cross the
membrane like particles of water.
The movement of water molecules inside the cell causes it
to swell and exert pressure on the surface of the cell.
Osmotic pressure is the result of the force exert outward
due to the increased water that move inside the cell. On
the other hand, another pressure that is outward exerted
against the wall. This is known as turgor pressure.

There are three concentrations of solution for the


osmosis to respond. These concentrations are isotonic,
hypertonic and hypotonic.
Facilitated Diffusion
the movement of materials
across a plasma membrane
by means of transport
proteins. Ions of sodium and
potassium (maintain the
proper balance of electrical
charges inside and outside of
the cell) can enter the cell,
move down a concentration
gradient, using facilitated
diffusion.
This cellular transport mechanism requires two types of
transport proteins: channel and carrier proteins.

The Channel proteins provide openings or pores across a


phospholipid bilayer for the molecules or ions can pass.

The Carrier proteins or receptor proteins that change its


shape after the molecule or ions bind with them and
moves or transport for the molecules or ions across the
membrane.
Active Transport
The materials move from an area
of lower concentration to an area
of a greater concentration
through the membrane and
require cellular energy to
counteract the random motion of
the materials that tends to make
diffuse in opposite direction.

Active transport requires energy to transport materials against a concentration


gradient. Active transport of small molecules in most animal cells has proteins
that pump sodium ions out of the cell and pump potassium ions into the cell.
This cellular transport requires also transport proteins. With the use of
energy, protein molecules bind with the ions or molecules or pick up ions
from near the plasma membrane, carry these ions across the membrane,
and release them on the other side of high concentration. Once the ions
are released, the shape of proteins is restored.
Bulk/Vesicular Transport
This type of cellular transport mechanism also requires an expenditure
of energy just like the active transport. The only difference is that in
this transport, macromolecules or larger molecules are entering the
cell without crossing the plasma membrane.

The movement of larger molecules and fluids into the cell, does not
pass through the membrane but instead the molecules are engulfed
and enclosed within a vesicle.

Cytosis is the process by which cells absorb or excrete or secrete


substances
2 Kinds of Bulk Transport
1. ENDOCYTOSIS – materials is taken in or bring the
particles into a cell using an extension or portion of
the plasma membrane.
3 KINDS OF ENDOCYTOSIS
• Phagocytosis – happens in unicellular organisms like
amoeba that ingest food and the larger materials are
enclosed in a vesicle inside the cell, fuses with the
lysosomes and digested the materials to be used by the cell.
• Pinocytosis – fluid is brought into the cell and also
sometimes require transport protein when
macromolecules are taken inside the cell.
• Receptor-mediated
Endocytosis – a form of
endocytosis in which
receptor proteins on the
cell surface are used to
capture a specific target
molecule. The receptor,
which are transmembrane
proteins, cluster in regions
of the plasma membrane
known as coated pits.
COMPARISON OF PHAGOCYTOSIS, PINOCYTOSIS,
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
2. EXOCYTOSIS – materials is engulfed and enclosed by the
extension of the membrane. The waste materials (such as
indigestible materials) are transported out of the cell by the
enfolding parts of the membrane.
Thanks!
Do you have any questions?

Mark C. Alderite, LPT


CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo,
Science Teacher
including icons by Flaticon, infographics & images by Freepik

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