Chapter I

Introduction

This chapter presents the background of the study, the objectives of the

problem, the significance of the study, and the scope and delimitation of the

research study.

Background of the study

Plastics have become an integral part of society since the 1950s when

their mass production commenced and their usage has continued to increase

with population growth, the standard of living and technological development.

The benefits of plastic are undeniable. It is cheap, lightweight and easy to mold.

Due to their versatility, plastics have replaced traditional materials such as metal,

wood and leather. Today, plastic is widely used in food and beverage packaging,

textile, automotive, manufacturing, medical devices such as surgical equipment,

drips and blister packs for pills. The increasing usage of plastics has caused

some substantial environmental pollution burden on both land and water habitats.

According to World Data plastic production has sharply increased over the

last 70 years. In 1950, the world produced just two million tonnes. It now

produces over 450 million tonnes. Plastic has added much value to our lives: it’s

a cheap, versatile, and sterile material used in various applications, including

construction, home appliances, medical instruments, and food packaging.

According to scientists in one report, 80% of plastic pollution could be

erased by reducing virgin plastic production, improving waste collection systems,

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and investing in recyclable plastics. The plastic recycling process is commonly

carried out through centralized networks. Unfortunately, this can be seen as the

reason for the low recycling rate because of the challenges of collection,

separation, sorting processes and transportation of the plastic waste. In

developing countries, including Philippines, there is no adequate waste

management infrastructure for recycling. In addition, the process requires

significant capital and extensive operating investment.

In the plastic recycling process, the primary machine used is a shredder

machine. The machine is used to cut waste plastic into tiny pieces for easy

handling, easier to melt and turn into other products. In small to medium scale

recycling, a custom-made shredder machine was designed and fabricated.

Research Objectives

This study was conducted to develop a plastic pouch shredder.

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following:

1. to design and develop a plastic pouch shredder;

2. to test the performance of the machine in terms of;

a. Efficiency, and,

3. to determine the fabrication cost of the plastic pouch shredder.

Significance

The significance of our study mainly focuses on efficiency and availability

of plastic pouch shredder in Odiongan. This study is beneficial for the following:

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 Schools. The shredded plastic can be utilized in innovative school projects

or experiments, fostering creativity and problem-solving skills among students.

Additionally, recycling plastic pouches can help schools cut down on waste

disposal costs.

Environmentalists. This machine can reduce waste, pollution, and it

reduces the ash and smoke emissions.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on the design, development of a plastic shredder

machine. It aims to analyze the efficiency and assess the performance of the

machine, particularly in shredding online plastic pouches. This study includes

testing, such us the efficiency and performance of the machine. The testing

process is limited to online plastic pouches, which will serve as the primary

material.

This study will be conducted at the town of Odiongan, Romblon,where

plastic waste has been identified as a growing concern and is expected to be

completed during the academic year 2024–2025.

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 Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
This chapter presents the legal bases, literature, and studies which are

relevant to the research study. It represents the review of related literature where

the recent study was associated.

Related Literature

This section presents a review of relevant literature that provides a

foundation for the current study. It explores key theories, previous research

findings, and advancements in the field.

Plastic Shredder

This machine is used for cutting the plastic in to small pieces, which are in

irregular shaped flakes which can be processed further recycle recovers the raw

material, which helps to make new plastic product (Thunga R. et al 2018). Plastic

shredding machines have played a considerable role in the waste plastic

recycling process, addressing the problems associated with plastic waste and

harnessing the significant energy potential that waste plastics can provide for

human needs (Sejero M Hunvu et al 2020).

Stainless steel

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 Stainless steel has high corrosion resistance because forming very thin

hydroxide-rich passive film and protective action that can change with time and

environment to which steel expose. Their high resistance and superior

mechanical properties stainless steel suitable for food and pharmaceutical

industries (Francesco D. F. et al 2021).

Due to their high resistance of corrosion stainless steel are widely used for

food and beverages industry (F. Franco et al 2020).

Plastic Pouch

Plastic is one of the most common used materials in the world today, but

they cause serious environmental pollution and exhaustion of landfill space. The

recycling of waste plastic recovers the material, which can be used to make new

plastic products such as containers, plastic lumbers and particle boards (Int J

Waste R. et al 2017).

Plastic have become an essential part of our day-to-day life since their

introduction over hundred years ago. It is one of the most commonly used

materials in the world today. They come in five major categories; the

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the High-density polyethylene (HDPE), the

Polyvinylchloride (PVC), the Polypropylene (PP) and the Low-density

polyethylene (LDPE). The huge quantities of these plastic categories currently

being marketed will ultimately find their way to the waste dump sites. This is

creating products problems due to its high amount of waste generated, non-

biodegradability and the fastest depletion of natural resources regarding its short

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life cycle, therefore increased amount of material utilized in its production, and

waste generated (Int J Waste R. et al 2017).

Related Studies

This section reviews studies relevant to our research. It examines

previous work that provides context and background, highlighting findings and

methodologies that are pertinent to the study.

Design of the Plastic Shredder Machine

One million plastic bottles are bought every minute, and 500 billion bags

are used per year. Eight million tons end up in the oceans every year,

threatening marine life. The great problem of plastic is inherent to its usefulness:

most of the products made of this material have a very short useful life and are

usually easily disposed of, for this reason there are many companies that are in

charge of recycling plastic to give them different applications.

The growing demand for efficient plastic waste management has brought

significant attention to the development of plastic shredder machines. Numerous

studies have concentrated on the design and creation of these machines to

tackle environmental issues and enhance recycling methods. For instance,

research by Edke et al. (2020) focused on designing a plastic shredding

machine, emphasizing the importance of minimizing plastic waste through

effective shredding techniques. The study also stressed the necessity of

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affordable solutions to manage plastic waste and boost recycling efforts

(Alvarado-Diaz W et al 2021).

Design and Development of Mini Plastic Shredder Machine

The Use of plastic is increasing day to day life in present scenario which

cause a serious environmental issue, for this purpose we need to make eco-

friendly environment by recycling possible waste plastic. To solve this issue

already exist highly operated machines but they are too costly.so, the main

purpose of our study is to design and fabrication of cost-effective plastic shredder

machine, the use of power supply and single shaft mechanism which can be

useful for Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises.

To implement this concept plastic shredder machine implemented which

consists of some mechanical & electrical components like Frame, hopper,

electric motor, V-belt drive System, shredder setup. This machine is used for

cutting the plastic in to small pieces, which are in irregular shaped flakes which

can be processed further Recycle recovers the raw material, which helps to

make new plastic product. Recycled plastic pieces are fed into extrusion machine

where it can form wire like plastic called filament and further used in 3D printing

machine (Raju, T. et al 2018).

Design and Modeling of Shredding Machine for Recycling Plastic Waste

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic affects plastic waste

management all over the world. Plastic wastes from the medical field, such as

surgical masks and personal protective equipment are massively dumped and

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affected human health and environmental. There are several strategies to

improve medical plastic waste management, one of them is to do recycling. A

plastic shredder is a machine used for cutting plastics into smaller parts called

granules or pellets.

The focus of this paper is to design a shredding machine used for

recycling plastic waste. The outcome of this shredding machine can be used for

subsequent plastic processing machines such as extrusion and injection

machines. The proposed design is prepared using 3D computer-aided design

(CAD) software and uses several sources on the market to make improvements.

This paper covers the design, material used, and strength analysis of the

machine (Mohammad, R. N. et al 2022).

Shredder Machine Development

Due to the large amounts produced, which seriously impact both the

environment and its inhabitants, this plastic trash is becoming a very serious

environmental hazard. The maritime environment is one of the main victims of

this threat. Land-based plastic garbage eventually makes its way to waterways,

where it poisons marine life and causes other negative effects like floods. The

marine environment's plastics, which fish swallow, are harmful to human health if

those fish are eaten. A serious illness that results from this is cancer.

To effectively manage these wastes and increase environmental

sustainability, this study investigates several methods for turning old plastic into

new products. Also mentioned is the grave danger posed by the presence of

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plastic garbage in our marine ecosystem. In addition, the design according to

requirements the machine is perfect for making the plastic into material into small

pieces and used for making paper into strips or Crush. From the study it can be

concluded that plastic shredder is used for recycling of electronic waste e-waste

and for organic waste. As per literature survey we concluded that plastic waste

can be converted into small pieces or granules using Plastic Shredding Machine

(Babu Raja K. et al 2022).

Plastic Waste Management System Using Metal Shredder for Clean

Environment

Plastic pollution is a big problem because of poor waste management.

Recycling can help, and plastic shredder machines are important for cutting

plastic into small pieces to make new products. These machines usually have

similar designs, with the shaft and blades being key parts. The shape and

position of the blades, whether on one or two shafts, greatly affect how well the

machine works. This article looks at different blade designs, how they impact

shredding, and the areas where more research is needed to improve these

machines (C Jeyalakshmi, et. al, 2022).

Shredder Machine for plastic recycling: A review paper

Conventional methods of waste disposal are becoming outdated due to

increasing populations and waste, requiring too much manual labor. To solve

this, a smart garbage collector was developed. It uses a vacuum to pick up trash,

which is then lifted and shredded into tiny pieces. The shredded waste is stored

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in an inclined box that automatically disposes of the trash when full, controlled by

a servo motor and ultrasonic sensor.

All actions are monitored through a private server hosted on the Blynk

platform, accessible via a mobile app for remote control. A Raspberry Pi enables

easy access to the server through a home network. This setup reduces the need

for human involvement in waste management (Wong, et. al, 2022).

A Review Paper of Design and Fabrication of Plastic Shredding Machine

Today the world is facing a huge problem of waste management. Multiple

industries like construction, manufacturing, medical, automobiles, food industry,

packaging, etc. have plastic playing a vital role. Plastic waste has the highest

percentage of non-biodegradable waste. The plastic waste cannot be incinerated

as it will emit hazardous chemicals into the environment which lead to increase in

environmental pollution. As the plastic waste does not decompose, it will require

huge space for storage in landfills. A shredding can be used for effective

management of plastic waste. This paper gives information regarding design of

shredding machine. This machine can be used for breaking down the plastic

waste into small manageable size. The blades of shredder are designed in a way

that they withstand the forces during cutting of plastic parts. The main

consideration for this design is cost effective and efficient. Thus, the use of

shredding machine can also reduce the labor cost. This will hence reduce the

burial and dumping of waste in the earth (Joshi, N. A. et al 2021).

Legal Bases

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 Republic Act 9003 of 2000: Ecological Solid Waste Management

An act providing for an ecological solid waste management program,

creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain

acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefor, and for

other purposes (Lawphil,2000)

Republic Act (RA) No. 11898 of 2022: Extended Producer

Responsibility

An act institutionalizing the extended producer responsibility on plactic

packaging waste, amending for this purpose Republic Act NO. 9003, otherwise

known as "Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000" (Lawphil,2022).

Synthesis

The use of online shopping is one of the reasons that increases waste

pollution. The development of plastic pouch shredder will investigate the

utilization of plastic pouches in the manufacturing shredded plastics. This study

aimed to improve plastic waste management by developing a machine capable

of efficiently processing plastic pouches. An overview of relevant literature,

studies, and the machine’s industrial context will be given in this synthesis.

A plastic shredder machine is a machine that is used for cutting the

plastic in to small pieces, which are in irregular shaped flakes which can be

processed further recycle recovers the raw material, which helps to make new

plastic product (Raju, T. et al 2018). The machine is designed to shred the plastic

pouch. To implement this concept plastic shredder machine implemented which

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consists of some mechanical & electrical components like Frame, hopper,

electric motor, V-belt drive System and shredder setup (Raju, T. et al 2018).

In the Philippines, there aren't specific national standards exclusively for

plastic shredders. However, general guidelines for shredding machines, like

those in the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES), could be

adapted for plastic shredders. These standards focus on manufacturing,

performance, and testing methods for shredding equipment, ensuring safety and

efficiency. Plastic shredder machine aligns with the objectives by ensuring that

the practices/procedures will be innovative, environmentally friendly and supports

the development of the agricultural sector. This literature provides support for the

efficiency and quality of shredder machine. By transforming waste materials into

valuable resources, plastic shredder machines contribute to a more sustainable

and circular economy. These advancements can lead to increased production

capacity, reduced operating costs, and the production of shredded plastic

pouches. Overall, the researchers concluded that this shredder design could

serve as a practical and affordable solution for plastic waste management,

contributing to reduced landfill use and environmental pollution.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual model of the study is shown in the figure of paradigm. It is

composed of Input, Throughput, and Output Approach.

The INPUT of the study is consisted of the related literature, idea,

materials, tools, and the costs of construction of the project.

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 The THROUGHPUT covers the different processes involved in the

development of model namely: designing, testing, and evaluation.

The OUTPUT is the SHREDDER Data Collected.

Figure 1: The Conceptual Framework of the study

Definition of Terms

These are some of the uncommon words that can be found in the study:

Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms were identified, and operational definitions were

provided.

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 Machine is a device with different parts that are moving to perform a task.

It uses energy to change something.

Plastic Shredder Machine is used to cut waste plastic into tiny pieces for

easy handling, easier to melt and turn into other products.

Shredder is a useful machine that cut materials into very small pieces like

plastics, papers, and many more materials.

Technical Definition of Terms

The following terms were identified, and technical definition were

provided.

Capacity is the maximum amount that something can contain or handle.

Efficiency refers to the peak level of performance that uses the least

amount of inputs to achieve the highest amount of output.

Plastic Pouch is a material that used to sealed something and used for

packaging products food or other items.

Sharpness is the ability of an edge or point to cut into a material, the

ability of an edge or point to cut into a material.

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 Chapter III

Research Methodology

This chapter presents the methodology used in the study, including the

materials and equipment or instruments used, and the overall procedures in the

data collection and the statistical treatment and date collected.

Discussion of Flowchart

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