Logical Reasoning - 1

Clocks

Finding Angle

θ = 30H ~ (11/2)M
H is hours and M is minutes
Hour hand of a clock moves in one hour = 30 degrees
Hour hand moves at a rate of (1/2) degrees per minute
Minute hand moves at a rate of 6 degrees per minute

A Minutes past B = B:A

Examples:
20 Minutes past 6 = 6 : 20
Quarter past 2 o'clock = 2 : 15
To find the reflex angle between the hands of the clock = 360° - [30H ~ (11/2)M]

Finding Time

The hands of a clock are opposite to each other => θ = 180 degrees[θ = 30H ~ (11/2)M]

The minute hand and hour hand overlaps/together = θ = 0 degrees

 In 12 hours, the hands are in opposite direction 11 times.

In one hour, the hands of a clock form a right angle (90 degrees) twice.

The hands of a clock form a right angle 22 times in 12 hour-period.

The hands of a clock coincide after every 65(5/11) minutes

Calendars

Finding Day

In Normal year : A standard calendar year has 365 days. There are 52 full weeks with 1 extra day,called an odd day,
because each week has 7 days.

In Leap year: A leap year has 366 days. There are 52 full weeks with 2 extra days, called odd days, because each
week has 7 days.

A century will become a leap year only if it is divisible by 400.

100 years have 5 odd days.

200 years have 3 odd days.

300 years have 1 odd day.

400 years have 0 odd days.

Odd days in a month are the extra days left after forming complete weeks, indicating the days that don't fit into a
7-day-a-week pattern for that particular month

Odd days in a month:-

Month Odd days Month Odd days Month Odd days

January 3 May 3 September 2

February[Ordinary/Leap] [0/1] June 2 October 3

March 3 July 3 November 2

April 2 August 3 December 3

To find the day of the week for any given date:

Determine the Number of Days : Count the number of days from the reference day (usually a known day of the
week) to the target date.

Consider Leap Years: Adjust the count for leap years if the target year is a leap year.

Calculate the odd days for complete years, months, and days leading up to the target date.
 Sum Up Odd Days : Add the odd days obtained from steps 2 and 3.

Determine the Day of the Week: Find the remainder when the sum of odd days is divided by 7 and Match the
remainder to the corresponding day of the week.

Finding Date
Total leap years are there in a 1st century = 24 years
Number of odd days are there in a leap year = 2 days
For Calendar Questions based on IF condition:
Begin with the given starting day of the week.

Add 1 odd day for a normal year and Add 2 odd days for a leap year.

Calculate the resulting day for the target year.

This resulting day represents the day of the week for the specified date in the target year.

Calendar Repetition
To find in which year calendar can be used again:
If the given year was Leap Year = +28 years

If the given year was Leap Year + 1 years = +6 years

If the given year was Leap Year + 2 years = +11 years

If the given year was Leap Year + 3 years = +11 years

Data Interpretation

Table
Data interpretation tables are used to organize and present data in clear and a structured format.
Four basic Formulas :
Average = (Sum of data points)/ (Number of data points)
Percentage = a % of b = (a/100) * b
Percentage Change = ((Final Value - Initial Value)/(Initial Value)) x 100
Ratio = (Quantity 1) / (Quantity 2)

Pie Chart
Circular graph representing data.
Divided into segments indicating proportions.
Segments represent proportions in percentages or angles.
Total percentages sum up to 100% or 360°.
Central Angle = (Total Angle) * (Percentage / Total Percentage)
Proportional Value = (Percentage / 100) * (Total Value)

Bar graph
Bar graphs visually represent data using rectangular bars where the length/height corresponds to the value being
 represented. They are useful for comparing different categories.
Total Value = Σ (values)

Line chart
Line charts display data points connected by lines, typically used to visualize changes over time.
Average = (Σ Values) / (Number of Values)
Difference = Σ (Category A) - Σ (Category B)

Coding and Decoding

Number series
While solving and selecting answers on Number series problems follow the preferences below:
Addition(+)/ Subtraction(-)
Multiplication(x)/Division(/)
Natures of terms: Odd numbers, Even numbers, Prime numbers, Square numbers, Cubes.
Multiple operators

Alphabet series

Alphabet series based on Alphabet and Its position.

The total number of alphabets is 26.
Alphabet series is a sequence of letters that follows a specific pattern or rule,which includes:
Positions of letters in the alphabet

Skipping letters

Reversing order

Fixed numerical increment or decrement.

Analogies
Analogy Definition: Analogy involves comparing two things and finding similar comparisons in other things.
Pattern Recognition: Identify the pattern or relationship between the given pairs.
Apply Pattern: Apply the identified pattern to find the missing pair.
Pattern includes:
Adding numbers

Reversing the alphabets

Synonyms

Antonyms

Relationship between two things etc..

Reversing the alphabets :

Odd man Out
Odd man out is an element or number or term in a series that is different from the others.
Identify Pattern: In the given series, observe the pattern or relationship between the terms.
Apply Pattern: Apply the identified pattern to each term and compare with the others.
Look for the term that does not follow the established pattern.

Example 1: The series follows multiples of a certain number. Identify the term that deviates from this pattern.
Example 2: Each term in the series follows a specific letter-to-number mapping. Identify the term that does not
adhere to this mapping.

Coded Language
Coding involves transforming information into a special format using specific rules
Decoding is the reverse process of converting this special format back into its original form by applying the same
rules
Letter to Number Coding:

Analyze the coding pattern observed in the provided examples.

Apply the identified pattern to each letter of the word to decode.

Determine the corresponding code for each letter according to the pattern.

Combine the decoded codes to form the coded representation of the word.

Word Coding:

Analyze the provided sentences and their corresponding codes.

Identify common words and their corresponding codes across different sentences.

Note the unique code for the target word in a sentence where it appears.

Determine the code for the target word based on its unique code in the identified sentence.

Letter to Symbol Coding:

Each letter in the given word corresponds to a specific symbol in the provided coding scheme.

Determine the symbols assigned to each letter in the word based on the given code.

Assign the appropriate symbol to each letter in the word according to the established coding pattern.

Combine the symbols to form the coded representation of the word.

 Blood Relations
Blood relations establish familial connections through birth, marriage, or other reasons, delineating relationships within a
family.

Generations:
1st Generation: Consists of Grandparents - Paternal (father's side) and Maternal (mother's side).
2nd Generation: Includes Parents, In-laws, Uncles, and Aunts.
3rd Generation: Comprises Husband-Wife, Siblings, and Cousins.
4th Generation: Encompasses Grandchildren

Key Relationships:
Grandparents: Paternal (father's side) and Maternal (mother's side).
Parents: Father, Mother, Father-in-law, and Mother-in-law.
Uncles and Aunts: Maternal and Paternal.
Siblings: Brothers and Sisters.
Cousins: Children of parents' siblings.
Grandchildren: Sons, Daughters, Nieces, Nephews, Sons-in-law, and Daughters-in-law.

Personal Narratives Models:

Analyze the familial relationships described in the question.
Determine the speaker's family connections using possessive pronouns.
Identify the relationships between the individuals mentioned in the question, such as mother, father, daughter, son, aunt,
uncle, etc.
Draw the family tree diagram and visualize the relationship

Ranking

Total number of Persons = Rank from top + Rank from bottom -1

Total number of Persons = Position from left + Position from Right -1

If the person is Positioned from the left = Total number of Person - Position from right +1

If the person is Positioned from the right = Total number of Person - Position from left +1

The Rank of the person from the top =Total number of Persons - Rank from bottom+1

The Rank of the person from the bottom =Total number of Persons - Rank from top+1

Number of persons between two persons = Total number of persons - Sum of Position two different persons opposite
ends.

Persons between two persons(with overlapping):

If the sum of the Positions of two persons > The Total number of persons then it is called Overlapping.
Number of persons between two people = Sum of the positions of two people -Total number of persons - 2

Interchanging position:
Interchanging positions involves two persons swapping their original places in a row or queue.
In this category ,to find positions either from left or right after interchanging.