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An introduction to vector Mathematics

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Click to
Local and
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global
Master
Properties
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• Local properties: properties of curve and surfaces which depends

only upon points close to a particular point of the figure are called
local properties.
• Example
derivative (the derivative at a specific point describes the rate of
change or slop of a function at a particular point)
• Global properties: those properties which involve the entire
geometric the entire geometric figure are called global properties. The
study of global properties in particular as they relate to local
properties, is called differential geometry in large.
• Example
Continuity ( continuity is a global property because it describes
weather the function behaves smoothly across its entire domain)

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Click to edit Master
Introduction to vectors
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Types ofedit
vector
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1. Zero vector(magnitude=0)
2. Unit vector(magnitude=1)
3. Position vector(points from origin to location)
4. Equal vector(same magnitude and direction)
5. Opposite vector(same magnitude, opposite direction)

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Click torepresentation
Vector edit Master title style

• Notation
• Bold letter (v) or arrow notation
• Component form:
V = (x, y, z)
• Graphical representation
arrows in 2D and 3D space

• Examples
Vector A=(3,4) in Cartesian form

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Click tooperations
Vector edit Master title style

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Clickproduct(scalar
Dot to edit Masterproduct)
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• Formula : A .B =|A| |B| cos(θ)

• Used to find angle between vectors
• If A .B=0, vectors are perpendicular

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Cross product
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(vector
title
product)
style

• Formula : A×B = |A| |B| sin(θ)

• Result is a vector perpendicular to both A and B
• Application :
It is used to find torque, rotational motion.
• We find the cross product by taking the determinant of (i, j, k)
• Right hand rule is used to find the direction of cross product.
• Cross product is used to find the volume of the parallelepiped when
combined with dot product.

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Linearly dependence,
Click to independence
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or Basis
• Two or more vectors are linearly dependent if there exists
scalars 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 … . . 𝑘𝑛 not all zero such that
𝑘1 𝒖𝟏 + 𝑘2 𝒖2 , … … . 𝑘𝑛 𝒖𝑛 = 0
• Two or more vectors are said to be linearly independent if they are not
linearly dependent.
• Note that a set of vectors which includes the zero vector is linearly
dependent; for we can always write
10+0𝒖2 , … … . +0𝒖𝑛 = 0
• we call a set of vectors B a basis for 𝐸 3 if;
1. Every vector in 𝐸 3 can be written as a linear combination of vector in B.
2. B is linearly independent set of vectors.

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Orthogonal vectors
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Orthonormal bases
• Orthogonal vectors :
Two vectors a and b are orthogonal if a . b = 0
• Orthonormal bases :
if 𝑒1 , 𝑒2 , 𝑒3 are three mutually orthogonal unit vectors as shown in figure
and these three vectors are linearly independent then they form a bases
called the orthonormal bases

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Click toapplications
Vector edit Master title style

• Physics
force, motion, electromagnetism
• Engineering
structural analysis, fluid dynamics
• Computer graphics
3D modeling, animations
• Navigation
GPS positioning

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Lines to plane
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and neighborhood

• A line is a continuous series of a points that extend infinitely in two

direction. A line is determined by a point and a direction vector.
parametric equation of line x = ku + a , −∞ < 𝒌 < ∞
• Intersection of two lines found by solving their parametric equation.
• A plane is a flat, two dimensional surface that extends infinitely in all
direction. A plane is determined by a point and a normal vector.
• A line is a one-dimensional object, while plane is a two dimensional
object.
• Lines and planes are important as we seek to understand more
complicated curves and surfaces.

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 Introduction
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to Vector
title
function
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and bounded function

• Vector function
A vector function is a function that assigns a vector to each input from
its domain.
• Example
A simple vector function representing a helix is :
r(t) = cos(t)i + sin(t)j +tk
where i, j, k are unit vectors in Cartesian coordinate system.
• Bounded function
A function f(x) is bounded if there exist real numbers M and m
such that :
m≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑀

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Application Master
vectortitle
function
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Described motion of Applied in robotics These functions Helps in aircraft and It is essential for video
particles in space and structural analysis describes fluid velocity ship navigation game physics and
and flow patterns in simulation
Used in projectile Used for force and hydrodynamics
motion, circular torque calculations in
motion and fluid mechanical system
dynamics

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Limit andedit
continuity
Master title style
• The limit of a function described its behavior as x approaches a
certain value. It exist if the right hand and the right hand limits are
equal.
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎− 𝑥→𝑎

• A function is continuous at x = a if its limit exists and equals f(a),

ensuring no break or jumps.
1. f(a) is defined
2. lim 𝑓 𝑥 exist.
𝑥→𝑎

3. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = f(a)

𝑥→𝑎

• Limit help analyze function behavior, while continuity ensure that the
graph has no jumps or breaks.

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differentiation
• It measure the rate of change of a function. Geometrically it represent
the slop of the tangent line to a curve at a point.
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
• A function is differentiable if it is continuous but the converse is not
true.
Reason
because continuity ensure that function has no jumps but
differentiability ensure that the function must change smoothly.
The given graph is continuous but not differentiable

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Taylor's
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andtitle
analytical
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function
• Taylor’s series
A Taylor series represents a function as an infinite sum of its derivatives
at a specific point a.
′
𝑓 ′′ 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑎 +𝑓 𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 + (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + ⋯ 𝑅𝑛 (𝑥)
2!
• Maclaurin series is a special case of Taylor's series when a = c .
• A function f(x) is analytic at a point a if it can be represented by a
convergent Taylor's series in some neighborhood of a. essentially f(x)
is analytic if :
𝑛
∞ 𝑓 (𝑎)
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑛=0 𝑛! (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛

• Every analytical function has a Taylor series but not all continuous or
differentiable functions are analytic-they must also have a convergent
Taylor series .

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Key points, types and applications of curve

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Introduction

• Definition : A curve is a continuous and smooth flowing line without

sharp angles, extending in one or more direction.
• Real word examples : roads, rivers, graphs, etc.

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Types ofedit
curves
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• Open curve : a curve that doesn't enclose an area (e.g., a parabola).

• Closed curves : a curve that forms a closed shape (e.g., a circle or
an ellipse).
• Simple vs. non-simple : simple curves do not cross themselves,
while non-simple curve do .
• Regular curve: A regular curve is a curve that doesn’t have any
sharp corners or edge. A curve is regular if a function satisfied the
following property.
1. x(t) is of class 𝐶 1 in I
2. 𝑥 ′ (𝑡) ≠ 0 for all t in I
The variable is called the parameter of the representation.
• The curve doesn't stop or go backward at any point.

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Clickpoints
Key to editofMaster
a curve
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• Starting point and ending point – defines the beginning and

end of the curve
• Control points – used in mathematical and graphical
representations(e.g., Bezier curves).
• Curvature – measure how sharply the curve bends at a point .
• Tangent line – a straight line that touches the curve at a point
without crossing it.
• Inflection point – where the curve changes the concavity.

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Clicklength
Arc to edit Master title style

• Arc length refers to the distance along a curve between two points.
• It the “length” of the curve, not a straight line, and is typically
calculated using integral calculus.

𝑡2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
• Formula 𝐿= 𝑡1
+ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

• The function must be continuous and differentiable for the arc length
formula to apply.
• The formula assumes that the curve does not have sharp corners or
discontinuities.

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Application Master
curves
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• Engineering and design:

roads, bridges and CAD modeling
• Physics and mathematics:
motion trajectory, waveforms
• Computer graphics:
Bezier curve(a curve that use control points to define a smooth,
continuous curve) in animation.

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Summary

In these slides we discuss

• Vectors
• Lines and plane
• Limit, continuity and differentiation
• Bounded and analytical functions
• Taylor’s formula
• Different concepts of curve

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Thank You

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