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AGILE Model

Agile software development is an iterative approach that emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and customer satisfaction, focusing on delivering working software over comprehensive documentation. Key principles include prioritizing individuals and interactions, customer collaboration, and responding to change, while methodologies like Scrum, Kanban, and Extreme Programming enhance team efficiency. Functional and non-functional requirements guide the development process, ensuring the software meets user needs and quality standards.

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10 views8 pages

AGILE Model

Agile software development is an iterative approach that emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and customer satisfaction, focusing on delivering working software over comprehensive documentation. Key principles include prioritizing individuals and interactions, customer collaboration, and responding to change, while methodologies like Scrum, Kanban, and Extreme Programming enhance team efficiency. Functional and non-functional requirements guide the development process, ensuring the software meets user needs and quality standards.

Uploaded by

Naseeh writes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AGILE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Agile software development is an iterative and incremental approach to


developing software that focuses on flexibility, collaboration, and customer
satisfaction. Instead of planning everything at once, teams work in short cycles,
adjust to changes quickly, and keep improving the product based on feedback.
Key Principles of Agile
The Agile Manifesto (introduced in 2001) defines the main ideas of Agile software
development:
 Individuals and Interactions Over Processes and Tools
o Teamwork and communication are more important than just following
strict rules or using specific tools.
 Working Software Over Comprehensive Documentation
o A working product is more important than writing lots of documents.
The main goal is to deliver software that works.
 Customer Collaboration Over Contract Negotiation
o Talking to customers and understanding their needs is more important
than just following a contract.
 Responding to Change Over Following a Plan
o Plans can change, and Agile encourages teams to be flexible and adapt
instead of strictly following a fixed plan.
Key Characteristics of Agile
 Iterative Development: The project is divided into small parts, and software
is delivered in short cycles (usually 2-4 weeks).
 Cross-Functional Teams: Teams have members with different skills who
work together closely to create a valuable product.
 Continuous Feedback: Regular input from customers, stakeholders, and
team members helps improve the product and meet user needs.
 Adaptive Planning: Plans are made step by step and can change based on
new requirements and feedback.
 Emphasis on Collaboration: Team members, customers, and stakeholders
work closely together to stay on the same page.
 Incremental Delivery: Features are built and delivered in small, usable parts
instead of all at once.
 Customer Involvement: Customers give regular feedback to ensure the
product meets their needs.
 Flexibility: Changes can be made at any stage of the project without major
issues.
Agile Methodologies
Scrum
Work is done in short cycles called sprints (1-4 weeks).
Team roles: Product Owner, Scrum Master, and Development Team.
Important meetings: Daily Standups, Sprint Planning, Sprint Review, and
Retrospective.
Scrum helps teams stay organized, work efficiently, and improve continuously!
Kanban
 Uses a visual board (To Do → In Progress → Done) to track tasks.
 Limits Work in Progress (WIP) to avoid overloading the team.
Extreme Programming (XP)
Focuses on high-quality coding with methods like:
 Test-Driven Development (TDD) (write tests before coding).
 Pair Programming (two developers work together on one task).
 Continuous Integration (frequent updates to the code).
Lean Software Development
 Reduces waste, improves learning, and ensures fast delivery.
Feature-Driven Development (FDD)
 Focuses on building and delivering features step by step in a structured
way.
BENEFITS OF AGILE
Faster delivery of software
Higher customer satisfaction
Better teamwork and communication
Better adaptability to changing requirements
Higher quality software with continuous testing
CHALLENGES OF AGILE
Requires high team involvement and commitment
Difficult to estimate time and cost precisely
Can be challenging for large teams without proper coordination
Requires frequent customer collaboration
What Are Functional Requirements?

Functional requirements are the main things a software system must do. These
are the important features or tasks the software needs to perform. They tell:

 Define what the system will do.

 How the system should behave in different situations

 Describe how the system behaves under certain conditions. Or in different


situations

 Are written from the user’s point of view.


 Are the basis for developers to build system features.

These requirements help developers build the system in a way that meets user
needs and expectations.

They are usually written from the user’s point of view. They describe how the
user will use the system and how the system should respond. Developers follow
these requirements to create the right features in the software.

Examples of Functional Requirements: Functional requirements are what


describe the specific functionalities that the system must perform. These include:

1. Login Functionality: Users must be able to log in using a valid username and
password.

2. Processing Data: The system must calculate total costs including tax and
shipping.

3. Payment Gateway Integration: Users can interact with a third-party


payment system.

4. User Registration: Users must be able to create an account by entering


name, email, and password.

5. Report Generation: Users can generate monthly financial reports in PDF


format.

Importance of Functional Requirements

Functional requirements are very important because they explain exactly what the
software should do. They help in the following ways:
 Guide the developers: They help developers know what features to build
and how the system should work.

 Help with testing: They are used to check if the system is working correctly
or not.

 Meet user and stakeholder needs: They make sure the software includes
the right features that users and stakeholders expect.

Documenting Functional Requirements: Functional requirements are usually


written in one of these ways:

 Use Cases: These describe how a user interacts with the system to complete
a task.

 User Stories: These are short sentences that show what the user wants to
do. Example: "As a user, I want to upload a photo so that I can share it with
others."

 System Specifications: These are detailed documents that explain


everything the system should do, including what it takes in (input), gives out
(output), how it works, and how it handles errors.

What Are Non-Functional Requirements?

Non-functional requirements tell how the software should work, not what it
should do.

They are about the quality of the system — like how fast, safe, easy to use, and
reliable it is.

These requirements make sure the software works well and meets the needs of
users and stakeholders.
They describe the quality of the system — like how fast it works (performance),
(usability), how well it can grow with more users (scalability), how safe it is
(security),and how dependable it is (reliability).

Examples of Non-Functional Requirements:

These are about how well the system works, not what it does. Some examples are:

 Performance: The system should work smoothly even if 1,000 people use it
at the same time.

 Scalability: The system should be able to grow and handle more users or
tasks if needed.

 Security: All data should be protected and safely transferred.

 Availability: The system should be working and online 99.9% of the time in
a year.

 Usability: The system should be easy to use, and users should reach any
main feature in 3 clicks or less.

 Compliance: The system should follow data protection rules (like GDPR)
General Data Protection Regulation.

 Maintainability: The system should be easy to update or fix because the


code is clean and well-organized.

Importance of Non-Functional Requirements:

Non-functional requirements are important because they help make sure the
system works well in all situations. They improve how users feel when using the
system and help the software meet business and legal rules.
 Set quality rules: They show how fast, safe, and reliable the system should
be.

 Guide system design: They help decide what tools and technology to use
when building the system.

 Make users happy: They improve things like ease of use, speed, and safety,
which makes users more satisfied.

Documenting Non-Functional Requirements:

Non-functional requirements are usually documented in:

Service Level Agreements (SLAs): These define the service levels the system must
provide, like uptime, response times, and other performance measures.
Quality Attribute Scenarios: These show how the system should perform in
different situations, like when there’s a lot of traffic.
Technical Architecture and Design Document: These explain the technical rules
the system must follow, like security, performance, and how it can grow.
 SLAs: Defines service levels like uptime and response times.
 Quality Attribute Scenarios: Describes system performance in different
situations.
 Technical Design Document: Explains technical rules like security and
scalability.

Faster delivery of software


✅ Higher customer satisfaction
✅ Improved collaboration and teamwork
✅ Better adaptability to changing requirements
✅ Higher quality software with continuous testing

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