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Biosensors

Biosensors are analytical devices that utilize biological sensing elements to detect chemical compounds through various transduction methods. They consist of a biological recognition element and a transducer, and are characterized by features such as specificity, stability, and rapid response times. Applications include medical diagnostics, particularly glucose monitoring, as well as food industry uses.

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Taha Mahmoud
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11 views11 pages

Biosensors

Biosensors are analytical devices that utilize biological sensing elements to detect chemical compounds through various transduction methods. They consist of a biological recognition element and a transducer, and are characterized by features such as specificity, stability, and rapid response times. Applications include medical diagnostics, particularly glucose monitoring, as well as food industry uses.

Uploaded by

Taha Mahmoud
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Biosensors

❖ Biosensors

• Biosensor definition:
A biosensor may be defined as an analytical device incorporating a
biologically derived sensing element in intimate contact within a
physical transducer.

• A biosensor is defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied


Chemistry (IUPAC) as a “device that uses specific biochemical
reactions mediated by isolated enzymes, immunosystems, tissues,
organelles, or whole cells to detect chemical compounds usually by
electrical, thermal, or optical signals”.

• Biosensors are devices, ideally small and portable, that allow the
selective quantitation of chemical and biochemical analytes. They
consist of two components: the transducer and the chemical
recognition element.

• Thus, almost all biosensors are based on a two-component system: a


biological recognition element (ligand) that facilitates specific binding
to or biochemical reaction with a target, and a signal conversion unit
(transducer). Figure 1.1 shows schematic diagram of the biosensor
principle including the main components of a biosensor. Some of
these components may be combined with each other. In essence, the
receptor (the biocatalyst in this case) converts the substrate to a
product (step a). In step b, the transducer converts the reaction
(product) to an electrical signal. This electrical signal may be
amplified (step c), processed (step d), and displayed (step e).
•
Figure 1.1. Schematic diagram of the biosensor principle.

a-analyte b-bioreceptor c- transducer


d-measurement e-data recording and display

• The biological or recognition element may be an antibody, an enzyme,


DNA, RNA, a whole cell, or a whole organ or system. The
transduction element wherein the biological event or signal is
converted to a measurable signal may include any one of the
following forms: chemical, electrical, magnetic, mechanical, optical,
or thermal. There is a choice of recognition elements such as
enzymes, antibodies, DNA strands, etc., and of the transduction
elements (electrode, fiber optic, thermal, chemical, magnetic, etc.).

• A successful biosensor must possess at least some of the following


beneficial features:

1. The biocatalyst must be highly specific for the purpose of the


analysis, be stable under normal storage conditions and, show
good stability over a large number of assays (i.e. much greater
than 100).
2. The reaction should be as independent of such physical
parameters as stirring, pH and temperature as is manageable.
3. The response should be accurate, precise, reproducible and
linear over the useful analytical range, without dilution or
concentration. It should also be free from electrical or other
transducer induced noise.
4. If the biosensor is to be used for invasive monitoring in clinical
situations, the probe must be tiny and biocompatible, having no
toxic or antigenic effects.
5. For rapid measurements of analytes from human samples it is
desirable that the biosensor can provide real-time analysis.
6. The complete biosensor should be cheap, small, portable and
capable of being used by semi-skilled operators.
7. There should be a market for the biosensor.

• There are some considerations in biosensor development involve:

1. Selection of a suitable bioreceptor or a recognition molecule


2. Selection of a suitable immobilization method
3. Selection and design of a transducer that translates binding reaction
into measurable signal
4. Design of biosensor considering measurement range, linearity, and
minimization of interference, and enhancement of sensitivity
5. Packaging of the biosensor into a complete device

• Parameters and Characteristics of Biosensors:


The following are some of the more important sensor characteristics:

1. Response time
2. Stability (lifetime)
3. Linear range
4. Reproducibility
5. Selectivity
6. Sensitivity
7. Dynamic Range
8. Accuracy or Uncertainty
9. Hysteresis
10. Nonlinearity
11. Resolution
12. Bandwidth
13. Transfer Function
14. Recovery Times

• Types of Biosensors:

Biosensors are classified depending upon different criteria like


bioreceptors, transducers and different types physical and chemical
interaction. Depending on the method of signal transduction,
biosensors can be classified into five basic groups:
1. Optical.
2. Piezoelectrical.
3. Electrochemical. Basically electrochemical biosensor can
be based on amperometric and potentiometric
transducers.
4. Thermal.
5. Magnetic.

• Biosensors are mainly used in medical application in the following


three ways:

1- as “off line” detectors – samples are taken from the investigated


subject ( human body or biological preparation)
2- injected in the measuring chamber
3- as in “vivo” – biosensor implanted in the body
4- as “on-line” – biosensor is integrated onto a flow line coming from
a sampling device found in the body

• Four major advantages of biosensors in medical applications :


1- biosensors are prone to miniaturization
2- detection of key substrate without prior separation
3- short response time
4- easy to use

• Medical applications of biosensors such as glucose biosensors.


Medical applications of glucose biosensor have been expanded from
clinical laboratories to patients self –control owing to the significance
of blood glucose measurements and monitoring for increasing number
of diabetics
• Other applications- food industry and other biotechnological areas
• Amperometric enzyme –based bioelectrodes are very suitable for self
testing and in vivo monitoring of blood glucose.
❖ Biosensors in vivo

• The biosensor in vivo is defined as a implantable miniaturized


analytical device for making measurements in biological systems

• Continuous glucose monitoring in diabetics has been attempted


through a variety of invasive (needle sensor, microdialysis probes ) or
non invasive methods

• Main strategies for biosensors in vivo:


1. The sensor is directly implanted into the tissue
2. The sensor sits in the outflow of microdialysis sampling probe

• The most frequently used approach is that of a glucose oxidase


(GOD)- based electrochemical glucose sensor in the form of a needle
(or catheter type). The biosensor must be:

1. with high specificity to glucose.

2 with linear range in the interval 1-15 mmol

3. with response time shorter than 10 min

4. Independent from the pressure and oxygen xydrodynamic

5. Stability of the enzyme membrane up to 37-400C

6. Biocompatibility

7. with long-life stability – one week


❖ Biosensors for clinical important metabolities

Noninvasive biosensors are used for the determination of metabolites as:

• Cholesterol
• Lipids
• Urea
• Uric acid
• Creatinine
• Pyruvat
• Bilirubin
a-analyte b-bioreceptor c- transducer
d-measurement e-data recording and display

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