INTRODUCTION FOR

ELECTRICAL PROTECTION
ELECTRICAL
SYSTEMS PROTECTION SYSTEM
Made By: Mourad Mohammed
INTRODUCTION

• Name: Mourad Mohammed

• Title: Senior Commissioning Engineer
• Education: Power Electrical Department, Alexandria university at 2013
• Experience: 9 years of experience in power generations and substations
• Projects:
o Substation
▪ Four Substation in Iraq
▪ Manshite Nasser, SUEZ GULF, and Attaqa in Egypt
▪ AL WUKAIR 11 Substation in Qatar
o Power Plant
▪ Aweer Power Station and Layyah Combined Cycle Power Plant in UAE
▪ Beni Sueef combined cycle power plant, Mahmoudia simple cycle power plant, and
Attaqa simple cycle power plant in Egypt
▪ JEDDAH SOUTH THERMAL POWER PLANT STAGE-I in KSA
OBJECTIVES

• Fundamental Components of Power System.

• Fundamental Components of Protection System.
• Protection Panel Components.
• Types of Fault.
• Introduction to Simple Protection Relays.
• Time grading “Time coordination”

• Introduction to Advanced Protection Relays.

FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS OF POWER SYSTEM

• Generator Power Plant Single Line Diagram

FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS OF POWER SYSTEM

• Substation Single Line Diagram

FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS OF PROTECTION
SYSTEM

Acting Measuring

Analyzing
FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS OF PROTECTION
SYSTEM
• Current Transformer (CT).
• Voltage Transformer (VT).
• Protection relay.
• Circuit Breaker.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Transforming High current (200, 800, 1000, 1000A) to low current (1, 5A)
𝑰 𝑷 𝑵𝑺
=
𝑰𝑺 𝑵𝑷 Secondary Primary
Winding Conductor
𝑵𝑷 𝟏
𝑰𝑺 = 𝑰𝑷 ∗ = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 ∗
𝑵𝑺 𝟖𝟎𝟎
Iron Core
𝑰𝑺 = 1 A
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

What is the usage Current Transformer ?

• Measuring. (Energy Meter)
• High Accuracy.
• Low saturation curve.

• Protection. (Power Transformer, Motor, ..etc.)

• High Accuracy during fault
• High saturation curve.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER CLASSES

IEC61869 Standard
CURRENT TRANSFORMER CLASSES

• PX Class:
• Special Order CT with high accuracy 0.25% acceptance error, the customer should provide
the supplier with the below information:
• Turns ratio
• Minimum kneepoint voltage
• Maximum secondary resistance
• Maximum excitation current at the rated minimum kneepoint voltage
CURRENT TRANSFORMER PROTECTION ZONES

Transformer
Generator Transmission
CTCTTransformer CT Line CT Transmission
Bus Bar CT Bus BarLine
CT CT
CURRENT TRANSFORMER PROTECTION ZONES

• Zone direction detected by CT Earthing.

• Usually the CT earthing should be towards the protected object.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Transforming High Voltage (11, 132, 220, 400 KV) to Low Voltage (110, 100 V)
𝑉𝑆 𝑵𝑺
=
𝑉𝑃 𝑵𝑷
𝑵𝑆
𝑉𝑺 = 𝑉𝑷 ∗ = 110 V
𝑵𝑃
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

What is the usage Voltage Transformer ?

• Measuring. (Energy Meter)
• Protection. (Directional Over current, Distance, ..etc.)
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER CLASSES

IEC61869 Standard
CIRCUIT BREAKER

• Air Circuit Breaker

• Oil Circuit Breaker
• Vacuum Circuit Breaker
• SF6 Circuit Breaker
CIRCUIT BREAKER COMPONENT

• Closing Coil
• Tripping Coil (For MV, HV CBs have
2 Trip Coil)
• Spring for Close and Open
• Spring Charging Motor.
• Main Contacts.
• Auxiliary Contacts.
PROTECTION RELAY

• Protection purpose
• Detect electrical faults and disturbances
• Protect people and property
• Protection requirements
• Sensitive
• Fast
• Selective
• Reliable
• Stability
PROTECTION RELAY

• Blackout
• September 4, 2014 - Egypt - A major blackout struck Cairo and other cities.
• July 30 and 31, 2012 – India - Two severe power outages affected most
of northern and eastern India.
• List of major power outages - Wikipedia
PROTECTION RELAY
PROTECTION RELAY

• Digital Protection Relays have many protection functions included in one protection
relays like (OC, EF, OV, UV, BF, ….etc.).
• The More Importance,The More Protection.
PROTECTION RELAY
PROTECTION PANEL COMPONENTS

• Protection Relay
• Test Block
• Lockout Relay
• Trip Circuit Supervision
TYPES OF FAULT
TYPES OF FAULT

• Symmetrical & Unsymmetrical Faults

• Symmetrical Fault Like 3 phase short circuit
• Remaining Faults are Unsymmetrical Faults
• Symmetrical Components (Positive Sequence - Negative Sequence - Zero Sequence)
TYPES OF FAULT
INTRODUCTION TO SIMPLE PROTECTION RELAYS

• Overcurrent Protection Function

• Directional Overcurrent Protection Function
• Earth Fault Protection Function
• Directional Earth Fault Protection Function
• Under and Over Voltage protection Function
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION FUNCTION

• Protection against excess current was naturally the earliest protection system to evolve
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION FUNCTION

• Defined Time Overcurrent “Instantaneous Overcurrent”

• Time Inverse: (For Example)
• Standard Inverse (SI)
• Very Inverse (VI)
• Extremely Inverse (EI)
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION FUNCTION

• Time Multiplier Setting

TIME GRADING “TIME COORDINATION”

• Withstand during Motor Start or Transformer Inrush current

• Coordinated with the equipment damage curve
• Upstream and downstream coordination
DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
FUNCTION
• Protection coordination depends on knowing both the magnitude of the fault current
and the direction of power flow to the fault location
EARTH FAULT PROTECTION FUNCTION “3I0”

• Measured
• Calculated
DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
FUNCTION
UNDER & OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION FUNCTION

• Under Voltage due to Heavy Loads and Motor starting.

• Over Voltage due to Ferranti effect
INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED PROTECTION
RELAYS
• Differential Protection “Unit Protection”
• Line Differential
• Transformer Differential
• BB Protection

• Distance Protection
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

• Basically any differential protection he just compare the entry current with the exit
current.
• Idaly the differential should be zero during normal operation even during external fault
but actually that is not true due do many reasons: 2187
= 0.87
3849
= 0.96
2500 4000
1. CT Error at both end
2. Current Losses inside the equipment:
1. Magnetizing current inside the Transformers
2. Charging current inside the cables.
3. CT Mismatching for Transformer both End
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

• Differential Characteristic

• 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼ഥ𝐿 + 𝐼ഥ𝑅

• 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑖𝑠 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑅
LINE DIFFERENTIAL

• Main protection Depending on the

communication between two
stations.
• Line differential will be blocked if
the communication failed.
• Overcurrent and Earth fault
functions are backup protection for
line differential
BB PROTECTION

• Low Impedance
• High Impedance
Central Unit

PU PU PU PU PU
BB PROTECTION
BB PROTECTION

• BB Protection blocked due to

• if Optical fiber cable fails
• Disconnectors switch position not clear
• CT Saturation detection

• Breaker Fail
TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL

• Transformer Differential obstacles:

1. CT Mismatching
2. No-load Current
3. Vector Group

• Digital Protection Relay

• Transformer Differential Blocked during Inrush Current “2nd Harmonic Block”
TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL

• Restricted Earth Fault “REF”

• Backup Protection:
1. Overcurrent
2. Earth Fault
3. Sensitive Earth Fault
DISTANCE PROTECTION

• Impedance Protection for Transmission Line

• Measure Voltage and Current then convert it to Impedance
• Divide the Transmission Lines to Zones
DISTANCE PROTECTION

• Distance Blocked due to:

• VT Fail
• Power Swing
DISTANCE PROTECTION

• Other Protection function

1. Switching On To Fault “SOTF”
2. Auto Recloser
3. Synchronoss
1. Same magnitude
2. Same Frequency
3. No phase Shift
DISTANCE PROTECTION

• Backup Protection
1. Over Current or Directional Over Current
2. Earth Fault or Directional Earth Fault
3. Under Voltage
4. Over Voltage