GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,

EAST DELHI CAMPUS,

SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

DETAILED
SYLLABUS
FOR
th
4 SEMESTER

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 GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,
EAST DELHI CAMPUS,
SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

Semester: 4th
Paper code: AIDS202/AIML202/IOT202 L T/P Credits
Subject: Object Oriented Programming 3 0 3
Marking Scheme
1. Teachers Continuous Evaluation: As per university examination norms from time to time
2. End term Theory Examination: As per university examination norms from time to time
INSTRUCTIONS TO PAPER SETTERS: Maximum Marks: As per university norms
1. There should be 9 questions in the end term examination question paper
2. Question No. 1 should be compulsory and cover the entire syllabus. This question should
have objective or short answer type questions.
3. Apart from Question No. 1, the rest of the paper shall consist of four units as per the
syllabus. Every unit should have two questions. However, students may be asked to
attempt only 1 question from each unit.
4. The questions are to be framed keeping in view the learning outcomes of course/paper.
The standard/ level of the questions to be asked should be at the level of the prescribed
textbooks.
5. The requirement of (scientific) calculators/ log-tables/ data-tables may be specified if
required.
Course Objectives:
1. To Identify importance of object-oriented programming and difference between
structured oriented and object-oriented programming features.
2. To use various object oriented concepts to solve different problems.
3. To Learn Java programming Language applying the concepts of object-oriented
programming language.
4. To design and implement programs for complex problems, making good use of the
features of the language such as classes, inheritance, polymorphism.
Course Outcomes:

CO1 Ability to understand the concepts of object oriented programming i.e. abstract
datatypes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism.
CO2 Identify classes, objects, members of a class and relationships among them needed for
resolving real world problems.
CO3 Ability to analyse a problem to develop algorithm with suitable logics and concepts of
OOPs for solving real world problems.
CO4 Ability to create application or programs using OOP principles and proper program
structuring.
CO/PO PO01 PO02 PO03 PO04 PO05 PO06 PO07 PO08 PO09 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1 2 3 3 3 1 - - - - - - -
CO2 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 -
CO3 2 3 3 3 1 - - - - - - 3
CO4 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Approved by BoS of USAR: 15/06/23, Approved by AC sub-committee : 04/07/23

Applicable from Batch Admitted in Academic Session 2022-23 Onwards Page | 45
 GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,
EAST DELHI CAMPUS,
SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

Course Overview:
This course provides an introduction to object oriented programming (OOP) using
the Java programming language. This course will provide the students with a solid theoretical
understanding of, as well as practical skills. Its main objective is to teach the basic concepts and
techniques which form the object-oriented programming paradigm. It aims to design solutions for
the complex problems.

UNIT I: [8]
Introduction of Object-Oriented Programming, Benefits of Object Oriented Development,
Classes and Objects, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Object- Oriented Design. Overview &
characteristics of Java, Program Compilation, Execution Process Organization of the Java Virtual
Machine and security aspects, sandbox model.

UNIT II: [8]

Java Fundamentals, Data Types & Literals Variables, Wrapper Classes, Arrays, Arithmetic
Operators, Logical Operators, Control of Flow, Loops, Classes and Instances, Class Member
Modifiers Anonymous Inner Class Interfaces and Abstract Classes, Inheritance using java,
Exception Handling. Collection API Interfaces, Vector, stack, Hashtable, enumeration, set, List,
Map, Iterators.

UNIT III: [8]

Multithreading- Extending Thread Class, Runnable Interface, Starting Threads, Thread
Synchronization. GUI components in Java: AWT Components, Component Class, Container
Class, Layout Managers, swing package. Event Handling: AWT Events, Event, Listeners, Class
Listener, Action Event Methods, Focus Event Key Event, Mouse Event, Window Event Adapters.

UNIT IV: [8]

Java I/O: Input/Output Streams, Readers and Writers. JDBC (Database connectivity with MS-
Access, Oracle, MS-SQL Server), Object serialization, Socket Programming, development of
client Server applications, Design of multithreaded server.

Text Books:
1. Patrick Naughton and Herbertz Schidt. Java-2 the complete Reference, TMH.
2. Sierra & bates. Head First Java, O‟Reilly.

Reference Books:
1. E. Balaguruswamy. Programming with Java, TMH.
2. Horstmann. Computing Concepts with Java 2 Essentials, John Wiley.
3. Decker & Hirshfield. Programming. Java, Vikas Publication.

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 GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,
EAST DELHI CAMPUS,
SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

Semester: 4th
Paper code: AIDS252/AIML252/IOT252 L P Credits
Subject: Object-Oriented Programming Lab 0 2 1
Marking Scheme
1. Teachers Continuous Evaluation: As per university examination norms from time to time
2. End term Examination: As per university examination norms from time to time

INSTRUCTIONS TO EVALUATORS: Maximum Marks: As per university norms

1. This is the practical component of the corresponding theory paper.
2. The practical list shall be notified by the teacher in the first week of the class
commencement under the intimation to the office of the HOD/ Institution in which the
appear is being offered from the list of practicals below.
3. Instructors can add any other additional experiments over and above the mentioned in the
experiment list which they think is important.
4. At least 8 experiments must be performed by the students.
Course Objectives:
1. To implement real-world entities like inheritance, hiding, polymorphism, etc in
developing software applications.
2. To understand how binding together the data and the methods operating on them helps in
developing the applications.
Course Outcomes:
CO1 Apply object-oriented principles to design programming solutions to actual problems.
CO2 Analyse different packages of object-oriented programming language.

CO/PO PO01 PO02 PO03 PO04 PO05 PO06 PO07 PO08 PO09 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3
CO2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - -

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Generate a random number up to 100 and print whether it is prime or not.

2. A. Design a program to generate first 10 terms of Fibonacci series.

B. Find the factorial of a given number using Recursion.

3. Find the average and sum of array of N numbers entered by user.

4. Create a class to find out the Area and perimeter of rectangle.

5. Design a class that perform String operations (Equal, Reverse the string, change case).

6. Demonstrate the use of final keyword with data member, function and class.

7. Demonstrate the use of keywords try, catch, finally, throw and throws.
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 GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,
EAST DELHI CAMPUS,
SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

8. Design a program to demonstrate multi-threading using Thread Class.

9. Design a program to create game ‘Tic Tac Toe’.

10. Design a program to basic calculator using Applet and Event Handling.

11. Design a program to read a text file and after printing that on scree write the content to

another text file.

12. Design a program to count number of words, characters, vowels in a text file.

13. Design a program to create simple chat application using Socket Programming.

14. Design a program to connect to access database and display contents of the table.

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 GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,
EAST DELHI CAMPUS,
SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

Semester: 4th
Paper code: AIDS204/AIML204/IOT204 L T/P Credits
Subject: Database Management Systems 3 0 3
Marking Scheme
1. Teachers Continuous Evaluation: As per university examination norms from time to time
2. End term Theory Examination: As per university examination norms from time to time

INSTRUCTIONS TO PAPER SETTERS: Maximum Marks: As per university norms

1. There should be 9 questions in the end term examination question paper
2. Question No. 1 should be compulsory and cover the entire syllabus. This question should
have objective or short answer type questions.
3. Apart from Question No. 1, the rest of the paper shall consist of four units as per the
syllabus. Everyunit should have two questions. However, students may be asked to attempt
only 1 question from each unit.
4. The questions are to be framed keeping in view the learning outcomes of course/paper.
The standard/ level of the questions to be asked should be at the level of the prescribed
textbooks.
5. The requirement of (scientific) calculators/ log-tables/ data-tables may be specified if
required.
Course Objectives:
1. To introduce the concepts of databases, database models, and their uses.
2. To assess the need for Database design to create a strong foundation for application.
3. To understand the various complications & its solution for Transaction management.
4. To understand advanced data bases and its application.
Course Outcomes:
CO1 Understand the principles of Database Management Systems.
CO2 Apply Structured Query Language to a varied range of queries and work on database
using state of art tools.
CO3 Analyse various techniques and various models used for designing databases for different
real-life situations.
CO4 Investigate normalized database schema and prepare a report for a real-life scenario.
CO/PO PO01 PO02 PO03 PO04 PO05 PO06 PO07 PO08 PO09 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 2 3 2 2 1 - - - - - 1 2
CO2 2 3 2 2 3 - - - - - 1 1
CO3 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
CO4 2 3 2 2 1 - - - - - 1 3

Approved by BoS of USAR: 15/06/23, Approved by AC sub-committee : 04/07/23

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 GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,
EAST DELHI CAMPUS,
SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

Course Overview:
The objective of the course is to present an introduction to database management systems with
advanced topics of DBMS, with an emphasis on how to organize, maintain and retrieve -
efficiently, and effectively - information from databases. It includes Entity-Relational model,
Normalization, Relational model, Relational algebra, and data access queries as well as an
Introduction to SQL, MongoDB.

UNIT I: [8]
Introduction-Overview of Database System and various Data Models (Hierarchical,
Network, and Relational Models), Views of Data, Comparison of Database Management
System with File System, Architecture of DBMS, components of DBMS. Data
Independence. Entity-Relationship Model- Entities, Entity Types, Attributes, Relationships,
Relationship types, E/R diagram notation, Conversion of E/R diagram to relations.

UNIT II: [8]

Relational Data Model- Concept of Relations, Overview of Various Keys, Referential
Integrity, and foreign keys. Relational Language- Relational Algebra, Tuple and Domain
Relational Calculus, SQL, DDL and DML, Introduction and basic concepts of PL/SQL
(Cursors, Procedures, Triggers). Basic steps in Query Processing and Optimization.

UNIT III: [8]

Database Design- Dependencies and Normal forms, Functional Dependencies, 1NF, 2NF,
3NF, and BCNF. Higher Normal Forms-4NF and 5NF. Transaction Management: ACID
properties, Serializability, Concurrency Control (2PL, Timestamp protocol), Database
recovery management – Log based recovery, checkpoints.

UNIT IV: [8]

Advanced Topics- CAP Theorem, Data Storage and Indexes, Hashing Techniques, NOSql,
Types of NOSql databases, MongoDB: Introduction, History of MongoDB, Installation and
configuration. Key Features. Core servers & tools. Basic commands, Comparison of
relational databases to MongoDB, Cassendra, HBASE, etc.

Text Books:
1. Silberschatz, A., Korth, Henry F., and Sudharshan, S., Database System Concepts, 5th
Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2016.
2. Elmasri, Ramez and Navathe, Shamkant B., Fundamentals of Database Systems 7th
Edition, Pearson, 2015.

Reference Books:
1. Date, C. J, Kannan, A. and Swamynathan, S., An Introduction to Database Systems, 8th
edition, Pearson Education, 2012.
2. J. D. Ullman, Principles of Database Systems, 2nd Ed., Galgotia Publications, 1999.

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 GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,
EAST DELHI CAMPUS,
SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

3. Vipin C. Desai, An Introduction to Database Systems, West Publishing Co.

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 GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,
EAST DELHI CAMPUS,
SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

Semester: 4th
Paper code: AIDS254/AIML254/IOT254 L T/P Credits
Subject: Database Management System Lab 0 2 1
Marking Scheme
1. Teachers Continuous Evaluation: As per university examination norms from time to time
2. End term Examination: As per university examination norms from time to time

INSTRUCTIONS TO EVALUATORS: Maximum Marks: As per university norms

1. This is the practical component of the corresponding theory paper.
2. The practical list shall be notified by the teacher in the first week of the class
commencement under the intimation to the office of the HOD/ Institution in which the
appear is being offered from the list of practicals below.
3. Instructors can add any other additional experiments over and above the mentioned in the
experiment list which they think is important.
4. At least 8 experiments must be performed by the students.
Course Objectives:
1. To create a database as per the proper rules.
2. To organize, maintain and efficiently, and effectively retrieve information from a
database.
Course Outcomes:

CO1 Apply Database management principles to fetch and maintain details efficiently and
effectively from the databases of the real world.
CO2 Use the basics of SQL, MongoDB commands and construct queries using in database
creation and interaction.
CO/PO PO01 PO02 PO03 PO04 PO05 PO06 PO07 PO08 PO09 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
CO2 2 3 3 2 3 - - - - - - 2

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Study and practice various database management systems like
MySQL/Oracle/PostgreSQL/SQL Server and others.
2. Implement simple queries of DDL and DML.
3. Implement basic queries to Create, Insert, Update, Delete and Select Statements for two
different scenarios (For instance: Bank, College etc.)
4. Implement queries including various functions- mathematical, string, date etc.
5. Implement queries including Sorting, Grouping and Subqueries- like any, all, exists, not
exists.
6. Implement queries including various Set operations (Union, Intersection, Except etc.).
7. Implement various JOIN operations- (Inner, Outer).

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SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

8. Write a PL/SQL program using FOR loop to insert ten rows into a database table.
9. Given the table EMPLOYEE (Emp No, Name, Salary, Designation, DeptID), write a
cursor to select the five highest-paid employees from the table.
10. Illustrate how you can embed PL/SQL in a high-level host language such as C/Java And
demonstrates how a banking debit transaction might be done.
The students should be motivated to make a project using MySql and MongoDb.

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 GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,
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SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

Semester: 4th
Paper code: AIDS206/AIML206/IOT206 L T/P Credits
Subject: Software Engineering 3 0 3
Marking Scheme
1. Teachers Continuous Evaluation: As per university examination norms from time to time
2. End term Theory Examination: As per university examination norms from time to time

INSTRUCTIONS TO PAPER SETTERS: Maximum Marks: As per university norms

1. There should be 9 questions in the end term examination question paper
2. Question No. 1 should be compulsory and cover the entire syllabus. This question should
have objective or short answer type questions.
3. Apart from Question No. 1, the rest of the paper shall consist of four units as per the
syllabus. Everyunit should have two questions. However, students may be asked to attempt
only 1 question from each unit.
4. The questions are to be framed keeping in view the learning outcomes of course/paper.
The standard/ level of the questions to be asked should be at the level of the prescribed
textbooks.
5. The requirement of (scientific) calculators/ log-tables/ data-tables may be specified if
required.
Course Objectives:
1. To familiarize students with basic Software engineering methods and practices and their
applications.
2. To explain layered technology in software engineering
3. To teach software metrics and software risks.
4. To familiarize students with software requirements and the SRS documents.
5. To facilitate students in software design.
Course Outcomes:
CO1 Understand software systems of the real world and their life cycle.
CO2 Design the software solutions per the SRS requirement and proper tools.
CO3 Estimate software development cost and its maintenance.
CO4 Deploy various testing techniques to test software.
CO/PO PO01 PO02 PO03 PO04 PO05 PO06 PO07 PO08 PO09 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
CO2 2 2 2 2 3 - - - - - 1 2
CO3 2 2 2 2 3 - - - - - 1 2
CO4 3 2 2 2 3 - - - - - 1 2

Approved by BoS of USAR: 15/06/23, Approved by AC sub-committee : 04/07/23

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 GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,
EAST DELHI CAMPUS,
SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

Course Overview:
Software Engineering comprises the core principles consistent in software construction and
maintenance: fundamental software processes and life cycles, mathematical foundations of
software engineering, requirements analysis, software engineering methodologies, and
standard notations, principles of software architecture and re-use, software quality
frameworks and validation, software development, and maintenance environments and tools.
It’s an introduction to the object-oriented software development process and design.

UNIT I: [8]
Introduction to Software- Nature of Software, Introduction to Software Engineering,
Software Engineering Layers, Software Myths, The Software Processes, Project, Product,
Process Models: A Generic Process Model, Waterfall Model, Incremental Process Models,
Evolutionary Process Models, Spiral Model. COCOMO Model. UML diagrams -Sequential,
Class Diagram, Activity Diagram, Component Diagram, Use-Case Diagram, State Machine
Diagram.

UNIT II: [8]

Requirements Engineering- Functional and Non-Functional Requirements, The Software
Requirements Document, Requirements Specification, Requirements Engineering,
Requirements Elicitation and Analysis, Requirement Validation, Requirement Management,
DFD, Data Dictionary. Introduction to ER diagrams

UNIT III: [8]

Software Design- Design concepts and principles - Abstraction - Refinement - Modularity
Cohesion coupling, Architectural design, Detailed Design Transaction Transformation,
Refactoring of designs, Object-oriented Design User-Interface Design. Software Testing:
White-Box Testing, Black Box Testing. Stress Testing. Alpha, Beta, and Acceptance
Testing. Debugging.

UNIT IV: [8]

Software Maintenance and Management- Software Maintenance, Types of Maintenance,
Software Configuration Management, Overview of RE-engineering Reverse Engineering,
Reliability: Failure and Faults, Reliability Models. Quality and Risk Management: Product
Metrics, Software Measurements, Metrics for Software Quality, Risk Management: Software
Risks, Risk Identification, Risk Projection, Risk Refinements, Risk Mitigation Monitoring
and Management (RMMM). Overview Of Quality Management. CMM, ISO 9000, and Six
Sigma.

Text Books:
1. Roger S. Pressman (2011), Software Engineering, A Practitioner’s Approach, 7th edition,
McGraw Hill International Edition, New Delhi.
2. Sommerville (2001), Software Engineering, 9th edition, Pearson Education, India.

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 GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,
EAST DELHI CAMPUS,
SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

References:
1. K. K. Aggarwal, Yogesh Singh (2007), Software Engineering, 3rd edition, New Age
International Publishers, India.
2. Lames F. Peters, Witold Pedrycz (2000), Software Engineering an Engineering approach,
John Wiley & Sons, New Delhi, India.
3. Shely Cashman Rosenblatt (2006), Systems Analysis and Design, 6th edition, Thomson
Publications, India

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 GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,
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SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

Semester: 4th
Paper code: AIDS208/AIML208/IOT208 L T/P Credits
Subject: Computer Networks and Internet Protocol 3 0 3
Marking Scheme
1. Teachers Continuous Evaluation: As per university examination norms from time to time
2. End term Theory Examination: As per university examination norms from time to time
INSTRUCTIONS TO PAPER SETTERS: Maximum Marks: As per university norms
1. There should be 9 questions in the end term examination question paper
2. Question No. 1 should be compulsory and cover the entire syllabus. This question should
have objective or short answer type questions.
3. Apart from Question No. 1, the rest of the paper shall consist of four units as per the
syllabus. Every unit should have two questions. However, students may be asked to
attempt only 1 question from each unit.
4. The questions are to be framed keeping in view the learning outcomes of course/paper.
The standard/ level of the questions to be asked should be at the level of the prescribed
textbooks.
5. The requirement of (scientific) calculators/ log-tables/ data-tables may be specified if
required.
Course Objectives:
1. To implement a simple LAN with hubs, bridges and switches.
2. To describe how computer networks are organized with the concept of layered
approach.
3. To demonstrate internet protocols using the modern tools of computer networks.
4. To design and implement a network for an organization.
Course Outcomes:
CO1 Understand concepts of computer networks and various Internet protocols.
CO2 Analyse given data segments/packets/frames and protocols in various layers of
computer networks.
CO3 Design real networks using state of art components using simulation tools.
CO4: Design and implement a network for an organization.
CO/PO PO01 PO02 PO03 PO04 PO05 PO06 PO07 PO08 PO09 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 1
CO2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - -
CO3 2 2 2 2 3 - - - - - - -
CO4 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

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 GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,
EAST DELHI CAMPUS,
SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

Course Overview:
This course deals with fundamentals of computer networks and Internet protocols. It
addresses various network models, Data link protocols, network layer protocols and
implementation of computer network models and OSI layers. The course also deals with
Transport layer protocols. The main emphasis of this course is on the organization and
management of networks and internet protocols.

UNIT I: [8]
Introduction to Layered Network Architecture- What are computer networks, Layered
models for networking, different types of communication models, ISO-OSI Model, TCP/IP.

UNIT II: [8]

Data Link Protocols- Stop and Wait protocols, Noise-free and Noisy Channels,
Performance and Efficiency, Sliding Window protocols, MAC Sublayer: The Channel
Allocation Problem, Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols, Collision Free Protocols,
FDDI protocol. IEEE Standard 802.3 & 802. 11 for LANs and WLANs

UNIT III: [8]

Network Layer protocols- Design Issues: Virtual Circuits and Datagrams, Routing
Algorithms, Optimality principle, shortest path routing Algorithms, Flooding and
Broadcasting, Distance Vector Routing, Link State Routing, Flow-Based Routing, Multicast
Routing; Flow and Congestion Control.

UNIT IV: [8]

Transport Layer Protocols- Design Issues, Quality of Services. The Internet Transport
Protocols. IPV4 vs IPV6. Session Layer protocol: Dialog Management, Synchronization,
Connection Establishment. Quality of service, security management, Firewalls. Application
layer protocols: HTTP, SMTP, FTP, SNMP, etc.

Text Books:
1. Tanenbaum, S., Computer Networks, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, India, 2013.
2. Behrouz A. Forouzan, Data communication and networking, 5E, Tata McGraw Hill, 2013.

Reference Book:
1. Computer networking- A top-down approach, Pearson Publications. 2017 edition.

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 GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,
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SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

Semester: 4th
Paper code: AIDS256/AIML256/IOT256 L P Credits
Subject: Computer Networks and Internet Protocol Lab 0 2 1
Marking Scheme
1. Teachers Continuous Evaluation: As per university examination norms from time to time
2. End term Examination: As per university examination norms from time to time
INSTRUCTIONS TO EVALUATORS: Maximum Marks: As per university norms
1. This is the practical component of the corresponding theory paper.
2. The practical list shall be notified by the teacher in the first week of the class
commencement under the intimation to the office of the HOD/ Institution in which the
appear is being offered from the list of practicals below.
3. Instructors can add any other additional experiments over and above the mentioned in the
experiment list which they think is important.
4. At least 8 experiments must be performed by the students.
Course Objectives:
1. To analyse various computer network protocols and components of computer network.
2. To design and evaluate the challenges in building networks and as per the requirement of
an organization.
Course Outcomes:
CO1 Design and analyse network protocols using state of art simulation tools.
CO2 Design, analyse and evaluate network services for homes, data centres, IoT, LANs and
WANs.
CO/PO PO01 PO02 PO03 PO04 PO05 PO06 PO07 PO08 PO09 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 2 2 2 2 3 - - - - 1 - -

CO2 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Introduction to basic networking tools: Wireshark and Network Miner.
2. Introduction to Datadog tool for data monitoring in network.
3. Running and using services/commands like ping, trace, route, nslookup, arp, ftp etc.
4. Introduction to Network Bandwidth analyser tool for network monitoring.
5. Implementation of Packet Capture and observations using packet Sniffer.
6. Explore various aspects of HTTP Protocol.
7. Tracing DNS with Wireshark.
8. Analyzing various parameters for TCP protocol in action.
9. Create Ring, Bus, Star and Mesh topology using Cisco Packet Tracer.
10. Configure a network using distance vector routing and link state vector routing protocol.
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SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

11. Implement Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm in network routing.

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SURAJMAL VIHAR-110092

Semester: 4th
Paper code: AIDS210/AIML210 L T/P Credits
Subject: Fundamentals of Machine Learning 3 0 3
Marking Scheme
1. Teachers Continuous Evaluation: As per university examination norms from time to time
2. End term Theory Examination: As per university examination norms from time to time

INSTRUCTIONS TO PAPER SETTERS: Maximum Marks: As per university norms

1. There should be 9 questions in the end term examination question paper
2. Question No. 1 should be compulsory and cover the entire syllabus. This question should
have objective or short answer type questions.
3. Apart from Question No. 1, the rest of the paper shall consist of four units as per the
syllabus. Every unit should have two questions. However, students may be asked to attempt
only 1 question from each unit.
4. The questions are to be framed keeping in view the learning outcomes of course/paper.
The standard/ level of the questions to be asked should be at the level of the prescribed
textbooks.
5. The requirement of (scientific) calculators/ log-tables/ data-tables may be specified if
required.
Course Objectives:
1. To understand regression, classification and prediction algorithms to classify data.
2. To gain knowledge about feature selection.
3. To analyse feature engineering techniques to formulate the solutions for the complex
problems
4. To apply machine learning techniques in real world problems.
Course Outcomes:
CO1 Understand machine learning tools and techniques with their applications.
CO2 Apply machine learning techniques for classification and regression.
CO3 Perform feature engineering techniques.
CO4 Design supervised and unsupervised machine learning based solutions for real-world
problems.

CO/PO PO01 PO02 PO03 PO04 PO05 PO06 PO07 PO08 PO09 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
CO2 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CO3 3 3 3 3 2 - - - - - - -
CO4 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

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Course Overview:
This course covers fundamental concepts and methods of computational data analysis,
including pattern classification, prediction, visualization, and recent topics in machine
learning. The course will give the student the basic ideas and intuition behind modern
machine learning methods as well as a bit more formal understanding of how, why, and
when they work. The underlying theme in the course is a statistical inference as it
provides the foundation for most of the methods covered.
UNIT I: [8]
Introduction to Machine Learning- Basic concepts, developing a learning system, Learning
Issues, and challenges. Types of Machine Learning. Feature Selection Mechanisms, Imbalanced
Data, Bias in Data, Outlier Detection

UNIT II: [8]

Supervised Learning- Linear Regression, Multiple Regression, Logistic Regression,
Classification; Classifier Models, K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Naive Bayes, Decision Trees,
Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest

UNIT III: [8]

Unsupervised Learning- Dimensionality Reduction; Clustering; K-Means Clustering; C-Means
Clustering; Fuzzy C Means Clustering, Association Analysis- Association Rules in Large
Databases, Apriori Algorithm, Markov Models: Hidden Markov Models (HMMs).

UNIT IV: [8]

Reinforcement Learning- Introduction to Reinforcement Learning, Elements of Reinforcement
Learning, Approaches to Reinforcement Learning, Applications of Reinforcement learning.
Applications of Machine Learning in different sectors: Medical Diagnostics, Fraud Detection,
Email Spam Detection

Text Books:
1. Tom M. Mitchell, Machine Learning, McGraw-Hill, 2010.
2. Ethem Alpaydin, Introduction to Machine Learning, MIT Press, Pearson, Third
Edition, 2014.
3. Bishop, Christopher. Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition. New York, NY:
Oxford University Press, 1995

Reference Books:
1. Ethem Alpaydin, (2004), Introduction to Machine Learning (Adaptive Computation and
Machine Learning), The MIT Press
2. T. Astie, R. Tibshirani, J. H. Friedman, The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer
(2nd ed.), 2009
3. Bishop, C., Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Berlin: Springer-Verlag

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Semester: 4th
Paper code: AIDS258/AIML258 L P Credits
Subject: Fundamentals of Machine Learning Lab 0 2 1
Marking Scheme
3. Teachers Continuous Evaluation: As per university examination norms from time to time
4. End term Examination: As per university examination norms from time to time
INSTRUCTIONS TO EVALUATORS: Maximum Marks: As per university norms
1. This is the practical component of the corresponding theory paper.
2. The practical list shall be notified by the teacher in the first week of the class
commencement under the intimation to the office of the HOD/ Institution in which the
appear is being offered from the list of practicals below.
3. Instructors can add any other additional experiments over and above the mentioned in the
experiment list which they think is important.
4. At least 8 experiments must be performed by the students.
Course Objectives:
3. To formulate and analyse algorithm based on machine learning.
4. To design the use cases of machine learning algorithms as per the user requirement.
Course Outcomes:
CO1 Apply and differentiate machine learning algorithms for regression, classification and
prediction problems.
CO2 Implement supervised and unsupervised machine learning models to analyse data for
executing feature engineering and feature selection for real-life scenarios.
CO/PO PO01 PO02 PO03 PO04 PO05 PO06 PO07 PO08 PO09 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
CO2 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Study and Implement Linear Regression.
2. Study and Implement Logistic Regression.
3. Study and Implement K Nearest Neighbour (KNN).
4. Study and Implement classification using SVM.
5. Study and Implement Bagging using Random Forests.
6. Study and Implement Naive Bayes.
7. Study and Implement Decision Trees.
8. Study and Implement K-means Clustering to Find Natural Patterns in Data.
9. Study and Implement Gaussian Mixture Model Using the Expectation Maximization.
10. Study and Implement Classification based on association rules.
11. Study and Implement Evaluating ML algorithm with balanced and unbalanced datasets.
12. Comparison of Machine learning algorithms based on different-different parameters.

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Semester: 4th
Paper code: IOT210 L T/P Credits
Subject: Internet of Things 3 0 3
Marking Scheme
1. Teachers Continuous Evaluation: As per university examination norms from time to time
2. End term Theory Examination: As per university examination norms from time to time
INSTRUCTIONS TO PAPER SETTERS: Maximum Marks: As per university norms
1. There should be 9 questions in the end term examination question paper
2. Question No. 1 should be compulsory and cover the entire syllabus. This question should
have objective or short answer type questions.
3. Apart from Question No. 1, the rest of the paper shall consist of four units as per the
syllabus. Every unit should have two questions. However, students may be asked to
attempt only 1 question from each unit.
4. The questions are to be framed keeping in view the learning outcomes of course/paper.
The standard/ level of the questions to be asked should be at the level of the prescribed
textbooks.
5. The requirement of (scientific) calculators/ log-tables/ data-tables may be specified if
required.
Course Objectives:
1. To learn fundamentals of IoT and how to build IoT based systems.
2. To emphasize on development of Industrial IoT applications.
Course Outcomes:
CO1 Ability to understand design flow of IoT based systems.
CO2 Analyse and understand different communication protocols for connecting IoT nodes to
server.
CO3 Apply design concept to IoT solutions.
CO4 Develop the state-of-the-art IoT based systems, suitable for real life and Industry
applications.
CO/PO PO01 PO02 PO03 PO04 PO05 PO06 PO07 PO08 PO09 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1 - - 2 2 2 - 1 1 - - 1 1
CO2 - - 2 2 2 - 1 - - - 1 1
CO3 - - 2 2 2 - 1 - - - 1 1

CO4 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Course Overview:
The course enables student to understand the basics of Internet of things and protocols. It
introduces some of the application areas where Internet of Things can be applied. Students
will learn about the middleware for Internet of Things. The course addresses various
components of Internet of things such as Sensors, internetworking, protocols. In the end
students will also be able to design and implement IoT circuits and solutions.

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UNIT I: [8]
The Internet of Things: An Overview of what is IoT? Why IoT? Explain the definition
and usage of the term "Internet of Things (IOT)" in different contexts. Design Principles for
Connected Devices, internet principles: internet communications-An overview, Physical
Design of IoT, Logical Design of IoT, IoT standards, IoT generic architecture and IoT
protocols. IoT future trends, Understand IoT Applications and Examples. Understand
various IoT architectures based on applications. Understand different classes of sensors and
actuators. Sensors: sensor terminology, sensor dynamics and specifications. Understand the
basics of hardware design needed to build useful circuits using basic sensors and actuators.

UNIT II: [8]

Network protocols: Understand various network protocols used in IoT, Understand
various communication protocols (SPI, I2C, UART).
Arduino Code and building circuits: Design and develop Arduino code needed to
communicate the microcontroller with sensors and actuators, build circuits using IoT
supported Hardware platforms such as Arduino, ESP8266 etc., Use of software libraries
with an Arduino sketch that allows a programmer to use complicated hardware without
dealing with complexity, Learning IoT application programming and build solutions for
real life problems and test them in Arduino and Node MCU environments. Understand
various wireless Technologies for IoT and its range, frequency and applications.

UNIT III: [8]

Importance of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and PHY layer: Importance of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
and IEEE 802.15.4 PHY layer in constrained networks and their header format, Importance
of Zigbee technology and its applications, use of IPv6 in IoT Environments, Understanding
importance of IPv6 and how constrained nodes deal with bigger headers (IPv6). Understand
IPv6 over Low-Power WPAN (6LoWPAN) and role of 6LoWPAN in wireless sensor
network. Various routing techniques in constrained network. Understanding IoT
Application Layer Protocols, HTTP, CoAP Message Queuing Telemetry Transport
(MeTT).

UNIT IV: [8]

Role of big data, cloud computing and data analytics: Role of big data, cloud computing
and data analytics in a typical IoT system. Analyze various case studies implementing IoT
in real world environment and find out the solutions of various deployment issues. Smart
parking system, Smart irrigation system-block diagram, sensors, modules on Arduino and
Node MCU.

Text Books
1. "IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the
Internet of things" by David Hanes, Cisco Press.
2. Internet of things with ESP 8266, Macro Schwartz, Pact publication.
3. Bahga, A., & Madisetti, V. (2014). Internet of Things: A hands-on approach. Vpt.
4. Francis daCosta, “Rethinking the Internet of Things: A Scalable Approach to
Connecting Everything”, 1st Edition, Apress Publications, 2013

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Reference Books:
1. Building the Internet of Things with IPv6 and MIPv6 The Evolving World of M2M
Communications, Daniel Minoli, Wiley Publications.
2. Mastering internet of things by Peter Waher, Pact publication.
3. The Internet of Things: connecting objects to the web, Hakima chaouchi, Wiley
Publications.
4. Course Era: "Interfacing with the Arduino" by Ian Harris, University of Irvine,
California.

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Semester: 4th
Paper code: IOT258 L P Credits
Subject: Internet of Things Lab 0 2 1
Marking Scheme
1. Teachers Continuous Evaluation: As per university examination norms from time to time
2. End term Examination: As per university examination norms from time to time
INSTRUCTIONS TO EVALUATORS: Maximum Marks: As per university norms
1. This is the practical component of the corresponding theory paper.
2. The practical list shall be notified by the teacher in the first week of the class
commencement under the intimation to the office of the HOD/ Institution in which the
appear is being offered from the list of practicals below.
3. Instructors can add any other additional experiments over and above the mentioned in the
experiment list which they think is important.
4. At least 8 experiments must be performed by the students.
Course Objectives:
1. To teach students how to analyse different protocols, simulation platforms and
applications of IoT
2. To design IoT systems and applications to solve real time problems.
Course Outcomes:
CO1 Apply IoT principles to design programs using a software and hardware to using variety
of available resources to create IoT ecosystem
CO2 Implement applications based on IoT for solving different problems using Arduino or
Raspberry PI boards.
CO/PO PO01 PO02 PO03 PO04 PO05 PO06 PO07 PO08 PO09 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1 1 1 2 2 2 - 1 1 - - 1 1

1 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CO2

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Introduction to Arduino platform and programming and Introduction to various sensors

and various actuators & its applications.
2. Introduction with running a blinking LED and fading LED with PWM.
3. A. Arduino IDE and Operators in IDE.
B. Frequently used Functions in Arduino IDE.
4. Control Structure writing programs for if else, for and While.
5. Custom functions that can be created for specific Needs.

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6. Reading and writing digital and analog values. Digital and analog read/write
demonstration.
7. Measuring light with Lux and a photoresistor demonstration
8. Measuring temperature and humidity.
9. Adding an LCD screen and sketch walkthrough.
10. Create an echo server with the Ethernet Shield over Arduino.
11. Upload data from a single sensor to ThingSpeak using ESP8266 (NodeMCU).
12. Upload data from multiple sensors to ThingSpeak using ESP8266 (NodeMCU).
13. Setting up logging and visualizing data on ThingSpeak.
14. Making Project- on real-world Problems.

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Semester: 4th
Paper code: AIDS212/AIML212/IOT212 L T/P Credits
Subject: Computational Methods 3 0 3
Marking Scheme
1. Teachers Continuous Evaluation: As per university examination norms from time to time
2. End term Theory Examination: As per university examination norms from time to time
INSTRUCTIONS TO PAPER SETTERS: Maximum Marks: As per university norms
1. There should be 9 questions in the end term examination question paper
2. Question No. 1 should be compulsory and cover the entire syllabus. This question should
have objective or short answer type questions.
3. Apart from Question No. 1, the rest of the paper shall consist of four units as per the
syllabus. Everyunit should have two questions. However, students may be asked to attempt
only 1 question from each unit.
4. The questions are to be framed keeping in view the learning outcomes of course/paper.
The standard/ level of the questions to be asked should be at the level of the prescribed
textbooks.
5. The requirement of (scientific) calculators/ log-tables/ data-tables may be specified if
required.
Course Objectives:
1. To develop a practical approach to mathematical problem solving.
2. To introduce many commonly used tools and techniques in numerical work.
3. To convert algorithms and techniques to working computer codes.
4. To understand the nuances of the numerical techniques and computer applications of the
same.
Course Outcomes:
CO1 Ability to understand numerical techniques to find the roots of non-linear equations and
solution of system of linear equations.
CO2 Ability to understand the solution of the linear simultaneous equations using iterative
methods and apply them to real world applications.
CO3 Ability to understand numerical differentiation and integration and numerical solutions of
ordinary and partial differential equations.
CO4 Ability to understand numerical methods to solve the ordinary differential equation and
partial differential equation.
CO/PO PO01 PO02 PO03 PO04 PO05 PO06 PO07 PO08 PO09 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1 3 2 2 3 - - - - - - - -
CO2 3 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CO3 3 2 3 3 - - - - - - - -
CO4 3 2 3 3 - - - - - - - -

Course Overview:

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The Computational Methods course equips students with essential techniques for solving complex
problems in various domains using computers. Students will learn numerical methods, algorithms,
and data structures to perform simulations, optimization, and data analysis. The course covers
topics such as numerical integration, root finding, linear algebra, and optimization algorithms.
Practical implementation using programming languages and software tools will be emphasized,
enhancing problem-solving skills. By the end, students will have a solid foundation in
computational methods to tackle real-world challenges and support advancements in science,
engineering, and technology.

UNIT I: [8]
Numerical solution to Linear algebraic & transcendental equations- Numerical algorithms
and their complexities, Computer implementation and efficiency, Root finding- bracketing
methods: Bracketing Methods, graphical methods, Bisection method, False Position (Regula
Falsi), Root finding -Open Methods: Simple Fixed-Point Iteration, Newton-Raphson method,
Secant methods, Brent's method

UNIT II: [8]

Numerical linear algebra- Gauss elimination, Pivoting, Tridiagonal systems, LU factorization,
Gauss elimination as LU factorization, Cholesky factorization, Matrix inverse and condition, Error
analysis and system condition. Iterative Methods: Gauss-Seidel method, Nonlinear Systems.
Eigenvalues: The Power Method, Interpolations: Newton and Gauss formulas, Stirling and Bessel
Formula, Lagrange's, piecewise/splines

UNIT III: [8]

Numerical Differentiation- High-Accuracy differentiation formulas, Richardson Extrapolation,
Derivatives of unequally spaced data, Partial Derivatives. Numerical Integration: Newton-Cotes
Formulas, The trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s Rules, Higher-Order Newton-Cotes formula, Romberg
integration, Gauss quadrature, Adaptive quadrature

UNIT IV: [8]

Ordinary differential equations- Euler's Method, Runge-Kutta Methods, Adaptive methods,
finite difference methods, Initial value problems, Boundary value problems, Partial differential
equations.

Text Books:
1. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 9th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
2. Numerical Methods for Engineers, Steven Chapra, Raymond Canale, McGraw-Hill Higher
Education, 2010

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Reference Books:
1.Numerical Methods in Engineering & Science (with Programs in C,C++ & MATLAB), B. S.
Grewal, Khanna Publishers.
2. B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers, 35th Edition, 2000.

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Semester: 4th
Paper code: AIDS214/AIML214/IOT214 (NUES) L T/P Credits
Subject: Effective Technical Writing 1 0 1
Marking Scheme
1. Teachers Continuous Evaluation: 100
Note: Submission of Research Paper will be an evaluation parameter for the completion of
course. (100 marks)
Course Objectives:
1. To understand the fundamentals of effective technical writing.
2. To develop the skill of preparing logical and persuasive technical papers/proposals/ reports.
3. To apply standard technical formats for drafting protocol and research papers.
4. To inculcate habits of effective technical writing applying precision, conciseness, and
lucidity.
Course Outcomes:
CO1 The concepts of effective technical writing
CO2 Apply precision, conciseness and lucidity while writing
CO3 Demonstrate by writing a technical paper/article by using global standard formats.
CO4 Develop skills to gather, evaluate, and synthesize technical information from various
sources, including interviews, surveys, technical documents, and online resources.
CO/PO PO01 PO02 PO03 PO04 PO05 PO06 PO07 PO08 PO09 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1 - - - - 2 - - - 1 3 - 2
CO2 - - - - 2 - - - 1 3 - 2

CO3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 2

CO4 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 2

Course Overview: -
Under Effective Technical Writing, students are expected to understand the process of
writing technical research papers/ articles. The students are required to take up a topic of
their choice and write a research paper/ article on the same using state-of-art document
preparation software like Latex, overleaf, etc. Students must be familiar with all primary
international template styles of a research paper like IEEE, Springer, ACM, etc. Students
will also be taught various referencing formats (for example: APA). Research paper/ article
writing is a must-have skill for future scientists & researchers, and it opens up their domain
of knowledge. The research paper/article/proposal submitted by students will be checked

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for plagiarism. This will lead to the development of skills including proper paper format,
proper referencing, inclusion of figures, tables, use of keywords, writing abstract, title etc.

Unit-I [No. of Hours: 6]

Introduction to Technical Writing: Basics and guidelines of technical writing, Layout of
research/review paper, Finalization of Problem Statement, Collection of Primary and
Secondary data. Processing and analysing the data. Relevance of Literature Review,
Objectives of Literature Review, Sources of Literature, References, How to Conduct the
Review of Literature, Precautions in Library Use, Reporting the Review of Literature. Title
finalization, Abstract formulation, keywords. Citations format: APA, Harvard, Chicago,
Vancouver. Proper way of writing and citing equations, Proper use of figures and tables,
Writing a good review paper.

Unit-II [No. of Hours: 6]

Introduction to Latex: Installation of Latex software, Basics of overleaf, basic syntax,
writing equations, tables, inserting figures. Page layout- Title, Abstract, Chapters, Sections,
References, Equation references, Citations. Preparation of table and contents, Figure
handling numbering, generating index, Creating ordered and unordered list. Packages:
Geometry, maths, algorithms.
Introduction to various International template styles- IEEE, Springer, ACM, etc. Indexing-
Clarivate, Scopus, Web of Science, etc.

Unit-III [No. of Hours: 2]

Ethics and Plagiarism: Seeking consent, ethical committees (human & animal), Ethical
issues to consider relating to the researcher, IPR- intellectual property rights and patent law,
commercialization, scholarly publishing, citation and acknowledgement, plagiarism,
reproducibility and accountability.

Concluding the Research Paper: Writing results section, explaining the figures and
tables, summarizing the result and conclusion, references. Choosing a journal.

Unit-IV [No. of Hours: 2]

Presenting Manuscript: Presentation of Research paper.

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Semester: 4th
Paper code: AIDS216/AIML216/IOT216 (NUES) L T/P Credits
Subject: Emerging Trends in Technological Industries 1 0 1
Marking Scheme
1. Teachers Continuous Evaluation: 100
Course Objectives:
1. To Understand the importance of seeking experts in the technological domain
2. To remain technically abreast with latest developments world-wide.
Course Outcomes:

CO1 Understand the importance of having awareness of latest technological Trends.

CO2 Apply the knowledge gained by interacting with experts in their day to day lives.
CO/PO PO01 PO02 PO03 PO04 PO05 PO06 PO07 PO08 PO09 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1 - 1 - 1 3 1 1 - - 1 - 2

CO2 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

Course Overview:
In this, the faculty coordinator will invite experts from the industry/ academia to give
seminars/webinars/expert lectures to students on recent technological advances in the
industry. In every semester, at least 8 seminars/webinars/expert lectures should be
conducted. An evaluation would be conducted by the faculty coordinator based on quiz,
report submissions, etc. on the seminars/webinars/expert lectures conducted. The aim is to
give the latest technical and research exposure to the students.

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Semester: 4th
Paper code: AIDS260/AIML260/IOT260 L T/P Credits
Subject: Practicum (Integrated Project) 0 2 1
Marking Scheme
1. Teachers Continuous Evaluation: As per university examination norms from time to time
2. End term Examination: As per university examination norms from time to time
INSTRUCTIONS TO EVALUATORS: Maximum Marks: As per university norms
1. This is an Integrated Project to be created by the students on the basis of the knowledge gained
by them.
2. The instructor will continuously evaluate the student's performance in the semester.
3. Practicum shall be evaluated based on the novelty, originality of work, contribution towards
society.
4. Project report of the practicum will be submitted at the end of the semester
Course Objectives:
1. To enhance experiential learning component by applying the knowledge and skills gained
through various subjects in developing a solution for real-world problems.
2. To give an exposure to multi-disciplinary domains to identify problems that exist around
them to develop solutions thereby improving their technical skillset and their
employability.
3. To increase the collaboration skills.
4. To understand the feasibility, quality, novelty, innovation and the application of the
project.
Course Outcomes:
CO1 Apply engineering concepts learned so far for project identification, formulation, and a
feasible solution.
CO2 Develop and demonstrate a comprehensive technical knowledge on the selected project
topic.
CO3 Design novel and innovative technological solutions to real problems utilizing an
integrated approach.
CO4 Apply theoretical knowledge and concepts gained from their coursework to real-world
situations or projects within their field of study.
CO/PO PO01 PO02 PO03 PO04 PO05 PO06 PO07 PO08 PO09 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 3
CO2 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 3
CO3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 3
CO4 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 3

Course Overview:
Under practicum the students will be involved in experiential learning. The students are required
to apply the knowledge and skills gained through various subjects in developing a solution for
solving real world problems. Interdisciplinary projects give an opportunity to students to identify

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problems that exist around them for which they could develop solutions. Working as a team for
the project also increases their collaboration skills.
--------------------------------X---------------------------------X---------------------------------

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