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11th Maths Study Material

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A  B and B A What can you say about A and B ?
We can say two sets are equal i.e. A = B
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The number of Subsets of A= P(A) = 2n

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(AUB) – (AB)
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Yes it is correct to say that

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find AXB

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Draw a real line and fix where the numbers  2 , e and π

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Give the examples which are not intervals

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Give the examples which are finite and infinite intervals

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Infinity is a Number (or) not

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(i) [-2,0] (ii) (0,8) (iii) (-8,-2] iv) [-5,9]

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Define neighborhood and deleted neighborhood

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Give some examples of Relations in Mathematics

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What is Cryptography ? Explain

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Yes it is
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Define Relation

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Define reflexive , symmetric, and transitive

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Define equivalence relation

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Example for reflexive

www.Padasalai.Net (Only if the above 4 pairs are in R it is reflexive)

R is not reflexive

In the above relation

i.e., In the above relation (2,1) (1,2)  R and also (1,3) and (3,1) R

In the above relation

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P = { l,m,n ……………}

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(consist of both male and female0

( female is a sister of male and male cannot be sister of female)

So

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Suppose

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It is reflexive
It becomes symmetric
It is not transitive
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The relation is defined as

R=

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A contains n elements and B contains m elements

A x B has mn elements
The subsets of AXB has 2mn elements

When A=B

= 2n(n-1)

= 2n(n+1)/2
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Define inverse relation Give an example

Example

Note:

Ie., Domain of R = Range of R-1

Range of R = Domain of R-1
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Define Identity relation
If A = { 1,2,3,4,5,6}

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Then Identity relation {(1,1) (2,2) (3,3) (4,4) (5,5) (6,6,)

Every element of A should be related to itself

Universal relation
Given A = {1,2,3}
Then the relation R= { (1,1),(1,2)(1,3) ( 2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (3,1) (3,2) (3,3)
R is universal relation
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FUNCTIONS
Function is a relation

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Every element of domain is mapped on to exactly one element in the range according to
some rule, (or) law. The rule is called function
F : A  B A is called domain
B is called co domain
The set image of every element is called range.
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Condition
1)Every element in the domain must have image.
2) An element in the domain cannot have two (or) more images.
Every function is a relation ( but) a relation is not a function.

Let f = { (a,1) (b,2) (c,2) (d,4) } If f is a function?

This is a function from the set {a, b, c, d} to {1,2,4}
But This is not a function {a ,b, c, d ,e} to { 1,2,3,4} because “e” has no image
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Vertical line Test

If we draw a line parallel to y axis which meets the curve at only one point then it is a
function .

Note :
If the vertical line through a point x in the domain meets the curve at more than one point
(or) does not meet the curve , then the curve will not represent a function.

Identity function
f(x) =x is called identity function
The graph of the function is y=x Which is a straight line.

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Constant function
f(x) = c is called constant function.

Modulus (or) absolute value function

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Signum function

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Greatest integer function (or) floor function

f(x) is the greatest integer less than (or) equal to x It is denoted by f(x) =

Smallest integer function (or) ceil function

f(x) is the smallest integer greater (or) equal to x It is denoted by f(x) =

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TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
One to one function

On to function

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Example 1.1
Find the number of subsets of A if A = {x: x=4n+1, 2≤n≤5, n N
Solution
n takes the value {2,3,4,5} =A
When n = 2 x= 4(2)+1 = 8+1 =9 n =3 x = 4(3)+1=12+1= 13
N=4 x+4(4)+1 =16+1=17 n =5 x =4(5)+1=20+1=21
The elements in the set A ={ 9,13,17,21}
The number of elements in A = n(A) =4
The number of subsets = n P(A) =2n Here n=4 therefore n(PA) = 24=16
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Example1. 2
In a Survey 5000 persons in a town , it was found that 45% of the person know
Language A 25% know Language B, 10% know Language C, 5% know Language A
and B 4% know Language B and C and 4% know Languages A and C. If 3% of the
persons know all the three Languages , find the number of persons who knows
only Language A

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Solution
From the Venn diagram we see that

The percentage of persons who know Language A only = 39 %

The number of persons who knows Only Language A out of 5000 = 5000 x 39/100 =50 x 39 =1950

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Example 1.3
Prove that (( AUB’UC) (AB’C’)) U ( (AUBUC’)(B’C’) ) = (B’C’)

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Another Method

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Example 1. 4
If X = { 1,2,3,………….10} and A ={1,2,3,4,5} Find the number of sets BX such that
A – B = {4}
Solution
B = CU {1,2,3,5} Where C= {6,7,8,9,10} B X such that A-B = {4}
The Number of subsets of { 6,7,8,9,10} = 25 =32
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Example1.5
If A and B are two sets so that n(B-A)=2n(A-B)=4n n(B-A) =4k and if n(AUB)=14
then find nP(A)
Solution
Let n(AB) = k , n(A-B) = 2k and n(B-A) =4k
We know that n(AUB)= n(A-B)+ n(B-A)+ n(AB)
14 = 2k + 4k + k = 7k
7k =14  k=2

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Therefore n(B-A)=4k= 4(2) =8
We have a result n(A) = n(A-B) + n(AB)
= 4
and

+
n(A-B) =2k= 2(2) =4

2 = 6
There fore n(A) = 6
Hence nP(A)= 26= 64

Example 1. 6
Two sets have m and k elements. If the total number of subsets of the first set is 112
more than that of the second set, find the values of m and k

Solution
Let n(A) =m and n(B) =k
A contain more number of elements than B
There fore m>k
(Number of subsets of A ) - (Number of subsets of B) = 112
2m -2k =112
Taking 2k as common term from the above equation
We have 2k(2m-k-1 )= 112 = 24 x 7

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Since 2k = 24  k = 4
2m-k -1 =7
2m-k = 7+1=8=23
m-k =3 (Since K =4)
m-4=3  m = 7
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Example 1. 7
If n(A) =10 and n(AB) =3, find n ( (AB)’A)
Solution
(AB)’A)=(A’UB)’A
= ( A’ A)U (B’A) By distributive law
=  U (B’A) (Since A’ A = )
= (B’A) = A-B
There fore n [ (AB)’A ] = n(A) – n(AB) By formula
= 10 -3 =7

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Hence n [ (AB)’A ] =7
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Example 1. 8
If A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {3,4,5,6} Find n((AUB) x (AB) x (AB))
Solution
AUB = [1,2,3,4,5,6}  n(AUB) =6
AB ={ 3,4 }  n(AB) =2
AB = (A-B ) U (B-A)
= {1,2} U {5,6} ={1,2,5,6}
n(AB) = 4
Therefore n((AUB) x (AB) x (AB)) = n(AUB) x n (AB) x n (AB)
= 6 x 2 x 4 =48

Example 9
Solution

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If P(A) denotes the power set of A then Find n[P(P(P())) ]

We Know that  = { }
Therefore n() =0
n[P() ]= 20 = 1
P(P() = { , {} }
n[ P(P()) ] = 21 =2
then n(P(P(P())) = 22 = 4
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Exercise Problems
Ex 1.1

1.
(i) Write in the roster form
Solution

Prime numbers are {2, 3,5,7 , 11,13,……….}

22 =4 32 =9 52 = 25 72 =49 112 =121 (this is not less than 121 we have x=7 only)

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Hence the set A ={ 2,3,5,7 }
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(ii) Write in the roster form

Solution
x-1=0 x=1
x+1 =0 x=-1
x2-1 =0 x= ± 1
The roots are { 1} Since x is Positive ( -1 not to be included

(iii) Write in the roster form

Solution
N= set of natural number ={1,2,3,4,5,……………..}
When n=1 ( satisfying the condition 4x+9 < 52) 4(1)+9=13
When n =2 4(2)+9 = 17

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When n=3 4(3)+9=21 and so on…………….. finally n=10 4(10)+9 =49

Therefore the set A = {1,2,3,4,5,6…………….10}
(OR)
4x+9 <52  4x+9<52 4x <43  x = 43/4  x<10.75 xN
Hence the set A = {1, 2,3,4,5,6…………….10}
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(iv) Write in the roaster form.

Solution

Since ( By cross multiplication)

x-4 = 3(x+2)
x-4 = 3x+6
x-3x =6+4 =10

- 2x =10  x= - 5

2.
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Solution
x= 1 and x= -1
x-1=0 and x+1=0
Hence x2-1=0  x2=1
Therefore the set A = { x / x2 = 1}

3.

Since {2 } is the only even prime number Hence the set is finite

The set of odd prime {3,5,7,11,13,……………………..} Hence the set is infinite

The set of even numbers < 10

{ ………..,-6,-4,-2, ,2,4,6,8} Hence the set is infinite

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Rational Number set is an infinite set { x: p/q Q p,q  Z q≠0)

Hence the set is infinite

Every Natural number is rational

N = {1,2,3,4,…………………….} Hence the set is infinite

4.

(i)

Let A = {1,2,3} B={3,4} C= {4,5}

BC = {4}
A x (BC)= { (1,4), (2,4) , (3,4) }-----------------LHS
A X B = { (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,3) , (3,4) }
A X C = { (1,4) (1,5), (2,4)) ,(2,5) (3,4), (3,5) }

www.Padasalai.Net = { (1,4), (2,4) , (3,4) }-----------------RHS

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(ii)
BUC = {1,2,3,4}
A X (BUC) = { (1,1), (1,2), (1,3) ,(1,4) (2,1), (2,2), (2,3) ,(2,4) (3,1), (3,2), (3,3) ,(4,4)} …LHS
A X B = { (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,3) , (3,4) }
A X C = { (1,4) (1,5), (2,4)) ,(2,5) (3,4), (3,5) }
A X (BUC) = { (1,1), (1,2), (1,3) ,(1,4) (2,1), (2,2), (2,3) ,(2,4) (3,1), (3,2), (3,3) ,(4,4)} …RHS
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(iii)

A X B = { (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,3) , (3,4) }

B X A = { (3,1), (4,1), (3,2), (4,2), (3,3) , (4,3) }

{ (3,3) } …………………………….LHS

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AB={ 3} BA = {3}

= {(3,3)}-----------------------------------RHS
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5. Justify the trueness of the statement
“ An element of a set can never be a subset of it self”
Solution
If A= {2} The sub set of A = [ { } , {2} ] A = [ { },A]
In this case A is a subset of A itself
Hence element of a set can be a subset of itself

 the given statement is not true

6. If n(P(A)) = 1024 n(AUB) =15 and n(P(B)) =32 then find n(AB)
Solution
n(P(A)) = 1024 =210  n(A) = 10
n(P(B)) =32=25  n(B) = 5

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n(AUB) = n(A) + n(B) - n(AB)
15
15
= 10 + 5 - n(AB)
= 15 - n(AB)

 n(AB) = 15-15 =0

7. n(AB) =3 and n(AUB) = 10 then find n(P(A  B)

Solution
A  B = (A-B) U (B-A)
= (AUB) – (AB)
n(A  B) = n (AUB) –n (AB)
= 10-3=7

n(P(A  B) = 27 = 128

8. For a set A A x A contains 16 elements and two of its elements are (1,3) and (0,2)
find the element of A
Solution
We Know that ={ (a, b) / a,b A }
Since (1,3) and (0,2)  A

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n(A x A)=16
n(A) n(A) = 16
n x n =16
Hence A contains only 4 elements (We know already 4 elements of A}
Hence A = { 0,1,2,3}
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9. If A and B be two sets such that n(A)=3 and n(B)=2, If (x,1) (y,2) (z,1) are in A x B
find A and B where x, y, z are distinct elements
Solution
A x B = { (a,b) / aA and b B
 n(A) = 3 we have A = { x, y , z }
 n (B) =2 we have B = {1,2}
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10. If A x A has 16 elements. S ={(a, b) A x A : a< b} (-1,2) (0,1) are two elements of S
Then find the remaining elements of S.

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Solution
A = {-1,0,1,2}
n(A x A)=16
n(A) n(A) = 16 = 42
Hence A has 4 elements
The remaining elements of S = { (-1,0) (-1,1) (0,1) (0,2) (1,2) }

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11th Maths – Study Material

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