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III - Vectors

The document covers the fundamentals of vectors, including the distinction between scalars and vectors, methods for vector addition both graphically and analytically, and the multiplication of vectors. It outlines key concepts such as components of vectors, unit vectors, and the laws governing vector operations. The content is aimed at helping students solve problems related to vectors and understand their applications in physics.

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Acidrain
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5 views38 pages

III - Vectors

The document covers the fundamentals of vectors, including the distinction between scalars and vectors, methods for vector addition both graphically and analytically, and the multiplication of vectors. It outlines key concepts such as components of vectors, unit vectors, and the laws governing vector operations. The content is aimed at helping students solve problems related to vectors and understand their applications in physics.

Uploaded by

Acidrain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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VECTORS

BY: ENGR. DENNIS P. MANEJERO


OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this session, students should be able to:
1. Differentiate scalar and vector;
2. Perform addition of vectors graphically and analytically; and
3. Solve problems about vectors.
SUB – TOPICS:
• Vectors and Scalars
• Adding Vectors Geometrically
• Components of Vectors
• Unit Vectors
• Adding Vectors By Components
• Vectors and the Law of Physics
• Multiplying Vectors
SCALAR AND VECTORS
• Scalars, such as temperature, have magnitude only. They
are specified by a number with a unit (10 °C) and obey the
rules of arithmetic and ordinary algebra.
• Vectors, such as displacement, have both magnitude and
direction (5 m, north) and obey the rules of vector
algebra.
ADDING VECTORS GEOMETRICALLY
• Two vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏 may be added geometrically by drawing them
to a common scale and placing them head to tail.
• The vector connecting the tail of the first to the head of the
second is the vector sum 𝑠.

𝒔= 𝒂+ 𝒃
ADDING VECTORS GEOMETRICALLY
• To subtract 𝑏 from 𝑎, reverse the direction of 𝑏 to get – 𝑏; then
add – 𝑏 to 𝑎.

𝒅 = 𝒂 − 𝒃 = 𝒂 + −𝒃
ADDING VECTORS GEOMETRICALLY
• Vector addition is commutative and obeys the associative law.
𝒂+ 𝒃=𝒃+𝒂 (Commutative Law)
ADDING VECTORS GEOMETRICALLY
𝒂+ 𝒃 +𝒄=𝒂+ 𝒃+𝒄 (Associative Law)
ADDING VECTORS GEOMETRICALLY
COMPONENTS OF VECTORS
• A component of a vector is the projection of the vector on an axis.
• The projection of a vector on an x axis is its x component, and
similarly the projection on the y axis is the y component.
• The process of finding the components of a vector is called
resolving the vector.
COMPONENTS OF VECTORS
• The components are given by
𝒂𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
and
𝒂𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
where
θ is the angle between the
positive direction of the
x axis and the direction of vector 𝑎
COMPONENTS OF VECTORS
• Given its components, we can find the magnitude and orientation
of the vector 𝑎 with

𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝒚
𝒂= 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 and 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝒂𝒙
COMPONENTS OF VECTORS
COMPONENTS OF VECTORS
COMPONENTS OF VECTORS
Problem – Solving Tactics:
COMPONENTS OF VECTORS
COMPONENTS OF VECTORS
COMPONENTS OF VECTORS
UNIT VECTOR
• Unit vectors i, j, and k have magnitudes of unity and are directed
in the positive directions of the x, y, and z axes, respectively, in a
right-handed coordinate system.
• We can write a vector in terms of unit vectors as
𝒂 = 𝒂𝒙 𝒊 + 𝒂𝒚 𝒋 + 𝒂𝒛 𝒌
in which 𝒂𝒙 𝒊, 𝒂𝒚 𝒋, and 𝒂𝒛 𝒌 are the vector components
of 𝒂 and 𝒂𝒙 , 𝒂𝒚 , and 𝒂𝒛 are its scalar components.
ADDING VECTORS BY COMPONENTS
Consider the statement
𝒓= 𝒂+ 𝒃

• To add vectors in component form, we use the rules


𝒓𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 ; 𝒓𝒚 = 𝒂𝒚 + 𝒃𝒚 ; 𝒓𝒛 = 𝒂𝒛 + 𝒃𝒛
Note that we add components axis by axis.
ADDING VECTORS BY COMPONENTS
ADDING VECTORS BY COMPONENTS
VECTORS AND THE LAW OF PHYSICS
• We may have different pairs of components for 𝑎, hence

𝒂= 𝒂𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒂𝒚 𝟐 = 𝒂′ 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒂′ 𝒚 𝟐

𝜽 = 𝜽′ + 𝝓
MULTIPLYING VECTORS
Product of a Scalar and a Vector:
• The product of a scalar s and a vector v is a new vector
whose magnitude is sv and whose direction is the same as
that of v if s is positive, and opposite that of v if s is
negative.
• To divide by s, multiply by 1/s.
MULTIPLYING VECTORS
The Scalar Product (Dot Product):
• The Scalar Product of two vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏 is
written 𝑎 ⦁ 𝑏 and is the scalar quantity given by

𝒂 ⦁ 𝒃 = 𝒂 𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓
MULTIPLYING VECTORS
MULTIPLYING VECTORS
MULTIPLYING VECTORS
MULTIPLYING VECTORS
The Vector Product (Cross Product):
• The Vector Product of two vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏 is written 𝑎 x 𝑏 and is a
vector 𝑐 whose magnitude c is given by
𝒄 = 𝒂 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝓

𝝓 is the smaller of the angles between the directions of 𝑎 and 𝑏.


MULTIPLYING VECTORS
• The direction of 𝑐 is perpendicular to the plane defined by 𝑎 and 𝑏
and is given by a right – hand rule, as shown in Fig. 3-19.
• Note that 𝑎 x 𝑏 = − 𝑏 x 𝑎
MULTIPLYING VECTORS
MULTIPLYING VECTORS
MULTIPLYING VECTORS
MULTIPLYING VECTORS
MULTIPLYING VECTORS
THE END

BY: ENGR. DENNIS P. MANEJERO

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