UIF 50 QB ANSWERS

NOTE : These answers are from chatGPT

UNIT-1

✅ What is React?

React is an open-source JavaScript library developed by Facebook for building user interfaces (UI),
especially single-page applications (SPA) where data changes dynamically without refreshing the
page.

React follows a component-based architecture, meaning the UI is divided into reusable components,
each managing its own state.

✅ Why is React used?

 Efficient UI updates: React uses a Virtual DOM that efficiently updates and renders only the
components that change.

 Reusable Components: Encourages code reusability with independent components.

 Fast Performance: With virtual DOM and optimized rendering, React apps are faster.

 Strong Community Support: Backed by Facebook and a large developer community.

 SEO Friendly: Compared to other frontend libraries, React is better optimized for SEO.

 Easier Debugging: React DevTools help in inspecting component states and props easily.

✅ Features of React

1. JSX (JavaScript XML):

o Allows writing HTML within JavaScript code.

o Makes the code easier to understand and write.

jsx

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const element = <h1>Hello, React!</h1>;

2. Virtual DOM:

o React creates an in-memory data structure cache and only updates changed
elements.

o Improves performance by minimizing real DOM manipulations.

3. Component-Based Architecture:
 o UIs are broken into small, isolated, reusable components.

Example:

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function Welcome() {

return <h1>Welcome to React</h1>;

4. One-Way Data Binding:

o Data flows from parent to child component using props, ensuring better control.

5. Declarative UI:

o You describe what the UI should look like, and React takes care of the how.

6. React Native:

o A framework to build mobile apps using React concepts.

7. Hooks (From React 16.8 onwards):

o Functional components can manage state and lifecycle methods using hooks like
useState, useEffect, etc.

Q2. What is a React Component? Explain Class Component and Functional Component with
examples.

✅ What is a React Component?

A component is the building block of any React application. It returns JSX (HTML + JavaScript) that
tells what should appear on the screen.

React has two main types of components:

🔹 1. Class Component

 Written using ES6 class syntax.

 Can use state and lifecycle methods.

Example:

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import React, { Component } from 'react';

class Welcome extends Component {

render() {
 return <h1>Hello from Class Component</h1>;

🔹 2. Functional Component

 Simple JavaScript function.

 With Hooks (since React 16.8), can also handle state and side effects.

Example:

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import React from 'react';

function Welcome() {

return <h1>Hello from Functional Component</h1>;

export default Welcome;

Using useState in Functional Component:

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import React, { useState } from 'react';

function Counter() {

const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

return (

<div>

<p>You clicked {count} times</p>

<button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>Click Me</button>

</div>

);

}
Q3. Write the steps involved in React installation.

✅ Steps to Install and Run a React App

1. Install Node.js & npm:

o Download and install from https://nodejs.org

o Verify:

bash

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node -v

npm -v

2. Install Create React App (CRA):

o CRA is a tool to set up a React project easily.

bash

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npx create-react-app my-app

3. Navigate into Project:

bash

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cd my-app

4. Start the React App:

bash

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npm start

This will open your React app in the browser at http://localhost:3000.

Q4. Explain how State is declared in React with an example.

✅ What is State in React?

 state is an object used to store dynamic data in a component.

 When state changes, the component re-renders.

🔹 Declaring State in Class Component:

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class Counter extends React.Component {

constructor() {

super();

this.state = { count: 0 };

render() {

return (

<div>

<p>{this.state.count}</p>

</div>

);

🔹 Declaring State in Functional Component (using useState Hook):

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import React, { useState } from 'react';

function Counter() {

const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

return (

<div>

<p>{count}</p>

<button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>Increment</button>

</div>

);

}
Q5. What are Props in React and how do they differ from React State?

✅ Props (short for "Properties")

 Used to pass data from parent to child components.

 Immutable: cannot be changed by the receiving component.

Example:

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function Welcome(props) {

return <h1>Hello, {props.name}</h1>;

// Usage

<Welcome name="John" />

✅ Differences between Props and State

Feature Props State

Definition Passed to component Managed within component

Mutability Read-only Can be modified

Use Case For configuration For dynamic data

Ownership Parent sets it Component owns it

Q6. Explain the types of forms in React. Write a code to create a basic form in React.

Difficulty: Medium

✅ Types of Forms in React:

There are two types of forms:

1. Controlled Components

o The form data is handled by the React component state.

o Every change updates the state via onChange events.

2. Uncontrolled Components

o Uses Refs to access form values directly from the DOM.

o React doesn't control input fields directly.

🔹 Example: Controlled Form

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import React, { useState } from 'react';

function MyForm() {

const [name, setName] = useState('');

const handleSubmit = (e) => {

e.preventDefault();

alert(`Submitted Name: ${name}`);

};

return (

<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>

<label>Name: </label>

<input

type="text"

value={name}

onChange={(e) => setName(e.target.value)}

/>

<button type="submit">Submit</button>

</form>

);

export default MyForm;

Q7. Explain phases of React Component Lifecycle.

Difficulty: Medium

✅ Lifecycle Phases (Class Components):

React class components have three main lifecycle phases:

Phase Description Common Methods

When the component is created and constructor(), render(),

Mounting
inserted into the DOM. componentDidMount()

shouldComponentUpdate(),
Updating When state or props change.
componentDidUpdate()

When the component is removed from the

Unmounting componentWillUnmount()
DOM.

🔹 Example Lifecycle Methods:

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class LifecycleDemo extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {

super(props);

console.log('Constructor');

componentDidMount() {

console.log('Component Mounted');

componentDidUpdate() {

console.log('Component Updated');

componentWillUnmount() {

console.log('Component Unmounted');

render() {

return <h1>Hello Lifecycle</h1>;

}
}

Note: Functional components use Hooks like useEffect to simulate lifecycle behavior.

Q8. Explain React Props with an example.

Difficulty: Medium

✅ What are Props?

 Props allow data to be passed from one component to another.

 They are read-only and cannot be changed by the child component.

🔹 Example:

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function Greet(props) {

return <h1>Hello, {props.name}</h1>;

// Usage

<Greet name="Alice" />

Props can be strings, numbers, functions, components, etc.

Q9. What is React JSX? What are the advantages of React JSX? Write a program using React JSX.

Difficulty: Easy

✅ What is JSX?

JSX stands for JavaScript XML. It allows writing HTML-like syntax inside JavaScript, which React
converts into React.createElement() calls.

✅ Advantages of JSX:

1. Easier to write and read UI code.

2. Enables compile-time checks and better error handling.

3. Helps to describe the UI more clearly.

🔹 JSX Program Example:

jsx

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import React from 'react';

function Greeting() {

const name = "React";

return <h1>Welcome to {name}!</h1>;

export default Greeting;

Q10. What is Virtual DOM? How virtual DOM is different from actual DOM?

Difficulty: Easy

✅ Virtual DOM:

 A lightweight copy of the actual DOM created by React.

 Whenever the state of a component changes, a new Virtual DOM is created and compared
with the previous one using Diffing Algorithm.

 Only the actual changes are updated in the real DOM.

✅ Differences between Virtual DOM and Real DOM:

Feature Virtual DOM Real DOM

Efficiency Very fast Slower to update

Updates Selective (only changed elements) Repaints entire UI

Control Managed by React Managed by the browser

✅ UNIT-2: Q11–Q20
Q11. How to define an event in React? Write a program for creating an “onClick” event.

Difficulty: Medium

✅ Event Handling in React:

 React handles events similarly to HTML, but with camelCase and JSX syntax.

 Functions are passed as event handlers.

🔹 Example: onClick Event

jsx

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import React from 'react';

function ClickButton() {

const handleClick = () => {

alert("Button was clicked!");

};

return (

<button onClick={handleClick}>Click Me</button>

);

export default ClickButton;

 onClick is the event.

 handleClick is called when the button is clicked.

Q12. Write a program to display the following ordered list in React:

a. HTML, b. Java, c. JavaScript, d. SQL, e. Python

Difficulty: Medium

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import React from 'react';

function CourseList() {

const subjects = ["HTML", "Java", "JavaScript", "SQL", "Python"];

return (

<ol>

{subjects.map((item, index) => (

<li key={index}>{item}</li>

))}

</ol>

);

export default CourseList;

 We use map() to dynamically generate list items from an array.

 Each item gets a unique key.

Q13. Explain the purpose of Keys in React lists with an example.

Difficulty: Hard

✅ What are Keys?

 Keys help React identify which items changed, are added, or are removed.

 They must be unique among siblings.

🔹 Why are Keys Important?

 Boosts performance.

 Helps React diff algorithm efficiently re-render only necessary items.

🔹 Example:

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const items = ['Apple', 'Banana', 'Mango'];

const List = () => (

<ul>

{items.map((fruit, index) => (

<li key={index}>{fruit}</li>

))}

</ul>

);

⚠️Avoid using index as key unless there's no stable ID.

Q14. What is the difference between key and ref in React?

Difficulty: Easy

Feature Key Ref

Purpose Identify list items uniquely Access DOM nodes or React elements

Used in Lists Forms, animations, uncontrolled inputs

Access Not accessible in component Accessed via React.createRef()

Example <li key={id}> inputRef.current.focus()

Q15. What is React Router? Explain the purpose of React Router with an example.

Difficulty: Hard

✅ React Router:

 A routing library for React used to create single-page applications with navigation between
views.

✅ Why Use React Router?

 Enables URL-based navigation.

 Renders components based on the route.

🔹 Example:

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import { BrowserRouter, Routes, Route } from 'react-router-dom';

import Home from './Home';

import About from './About';

function App() {

return (

<BrowserRouter>

<Routes>

<Route path="/" element={<Home />} />

<Route path="/about" element={<About />} />

</Routes>

</BrowserRouter>

);

Q16. Explain the concept of Higher-Order Components (HOCs) in React.

Difficulty: Hard

✅ What is an HOC?

A Higher-Order Component is a function that takes a component and returns a new enhanced
component.

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const withLogger = (WrappedComponent) => {

return function EnhancedComponent(props) {

console.log("Props:", props);

return <WrappedComponent {...props} />;

};

};

Use Case: Add logging, auth checks, theming, etc., without changing original components.

Q17. Write a program to create a table in React.

Difficulty: Medium
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function StudentTable() {

const students = [

{ id: 1, name: "John", age: 20 },

{ id: 2, name: "Alice", age: 22 },

];

return (

<table border="1">

<thead>

<tr><th>ID</th><th>Name</th><th>Age</th></tr>

</thead>

<tbody>

{students.map((student) => (

<tr key={student.id}>

<td>{student.id}</td>

<td>{student.name}</td>

<td>{student.age}</td>

</tr>

))}

</tbody>

</table>

);

Q18. What are React Hooks? Write a program using useState Hook in React.

Difficulty: Hard

✅ What are Hooks?

Hooks let you use state and lifecycle features in functional components.
🔹 Common Hooks:

 useState()

 useEffect()

 useContext()

 useRef()

🔹 Example: useState Hook

jsx

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import React, { useState } from 'react';

function Counter() {

const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

return (

<>

<p>Count: {count}</p>

<button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>Increment</button>

</>

);

Q19. What is React Redux? Explain the components of Redux architecture.

Difficulty: Medium

✅ What is Redux?

Redux is a state management library used with React. It stores the entire application state in a
single object.

✅ Components of Redux:

Component Description

Store Holds the state of the app

Component Description

Actions Describe what happened (plain objects)

Reducer Specifies how state changes

Dispatch Sends actions to reducers

Provider Connects Redux to React

Q20. What is the importance of code splitting in React? Explain with an example.

Difficulty: Hard

✅ What is Code Splitting?

 Technique to load JavaScript bundles on demand.

 Improves initial load time by loading only what’s needed.

🔹 Example using React.lazy and Suspense:

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import React, { Suspense, lazy } from 'react';

const LazyComponent = lazy(() => import('./MyComponent'));

function App() {

return (

<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>

<LazyComponent />

</Suspense>

);

⚡ React loads MyComponent only when needed, improving performance.

✅ UNIT-3: Angular Basics (Q21–Q30)

Q21. What is Angular? Explain the features of Angular.

Difficulty: Easy

✅ What is Angular?

Angular is a TypeScript-based open-source front-end web application framework developed by

Google for building single-page applications (SPAs).

✅ Key Features of Angular:

Feature Description

Component-Based Everything is a component (UI, logic, styles).

Two-Way Binding Syncs data between the component and the template automatically.

Dependency Injection Manages dependencies and improves modularity.

Routing Built-in support for navigating between views.

Directives Special markers in the template that control rendering or behavior.

Pipes Transform data in templates (e.g., currency, date).

RxJS and Observables Supports reactive programming using RxJS for asynchronous data streams.

Q22. State the differences between Angular and React.

Difficulty: Easy

Feature Angular React

Type Full-fledged framework Library for UI

Language TypeScript JavaScript (optionally TypeScript)

Data Binding Two-way One-way (with optional two-way)

DOM Real DOM Virtual DOM

Routing Built-in Needs React Router

Structure Opinionated Flexible

Learning Curve Steep Easier

Q23. Explain how to generate a component in Angular with an example.

Difficulty: Medium
✅ Generating a Component:

Use Angular CLI command:

bash

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ng generate component component-name

# or shorthand

ng g c component-name

🔹 Example:

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ng g c student

It creates:

 student.component.ts

 student.component.html

 student.component.css

 student.component.spec.ts

You can then use <app-student></app-student> to render the component.

Q24. Write the classification of Angular directives. Explain ngIf directive with an example.

Difficulty: Medium

✅ Types of Directives:

1. Structural Directives – Change the DOM layout (e.g., *ngIf, *ngFor, *ngSwitch)

2. Attribute Directives – Change the appearance or behavior of an element (e.g., ngClass,

ngStyle)

3. Custom Directives – User-defined for custom behaviors.

🔹 ngIf Example:

html

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<div *ngIf="isLoggedIn">Welcome, User!</div>

<div *ngIf="!isLoggedIn">Please log in.</div>

In component:

ts

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export class AppComponent {

isLoggedIn = true;

Q25. Explain the following structural directives in Angular with an example:

i. ngFor
ii. ngSwitch
Difficulty: Medium

✅ i. ngFor – Iterates over a list:

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<ul>

<li *ngFor="let fruit of fruits">{{ fruit }}</li>

</ul>

Component:

ts

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fruits = ['Apple', 'Banana', 'Mango'];

✅ ii. ngSwitch – Conditional block rendering:

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<div [ngSwitch]="role">

<div *ngSwitchCase="'admin'">Admin Panel</div>

<div *ngSwitchCase="'user'">User Dashboard</div>

<div *ngSwitchDefault>Guest Access</div>

</div>
Q26. Write down the steps for Routing in Angular and write a program to create a simple webpage
using Angular Router.

Difficulty: Hard

✅ Steps for Routing:

1. Import RouterModule in app.module.ts

ts

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import { RouterModule, Routes } from '@angular/router';

2. Define Routes:

ts

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const routes: Routes = [

{ path: '', component: HomeComponent },

{ path: 'about', component: AboutComponent }

];

3. Add to imports:

ts

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@NgModule({

imports: [RouterModule.forRoot(routes)],

exports: [RouterModule]

})

4. Use router-outlet in app.component.html:

html

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<nav>

<a routerLink="/">Home</a>

<a routerLink="/about">About</a>

</nav>

<router-outlet></router-outlet>
Q27. Write down the installation steps of Angular.

Difficulty: Easy

✅ Installation Steps:

1. Install Node.js
Download from: https://nodejs.org

2. Install Angular CLI:

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npm install -g @angular/cli

3. Create Angular App:

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ng new my-app

4. Run the App:

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cd my-app

ng serve

App runs at: http://localhost:4200

Q28. Write a program in Angular using ngStyle directive.

Difficulty: Medium

html

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<p [ngStyle]="{'color': 'blue', 'font-size.px': 18}">

This text uses ngStyle.

</p>

Or dynamically:

html

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<p [ngStyle]="styleObject">Styled dynamically</p>

In component:

ts

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styleObject = {

color: 'green',

'font-size.px': 20

};

Q29. What are attribute directives in Angular? Write a program in Angular using ngClass directive.

Difficulty: Medium

✅ Attribute Directives:

They change appearance or behavior of an element without changing structure.

Examples: ngClass, ngStyle, required, disabled.

🔹 ngClass Example:

html

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<p [ngClass]="{highlight: isImportant}">This is a paragraph</p>

In component:

ts

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isImportant = true;

CSS:

css

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.highlight {

color: red;

font-weight: bold;

}
Q30. Write a program in Angular to display the message “Welcome to Angular” and style the text
by applying any three different CSS styles.

Difficulty: Medium

html

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<h2 [ngStyle]="styles">Welcome to Angular</h2>

Component:

ts

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styles = {

color: 'purple',

'font-size.px': 30,

'text-align': 'center'

};

✅ UNIT-4: Angular Forms & Services (Q31–Q40)

Q31. Write the differences between template driven forms and reactive forms in Angular.

Difficulty: Easy
Feature Template Driven Form Reactive Form

Form Creation Created in HTML using directives Created in component class using code

Data Flow Two-way binding One-way data flow

Form Validation Template-based (directives) Programmatic (using validators)

Scalability Less scalable More scalable

Flexibility Limited Highly flexible

Control Less control over form Full control via FormGroup, FormControl

Example Directive Used ngModel formControlName

Q32. Write a program to create a Template driven form in Angular.

Difficulty: Medium

🔹 Step 1: Import FormsModule in app.module.ts

ts

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import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';

@NgModule({

imports: [FormsModule]

})

🔹 Step 2: app.component.html

html

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<form #myForm="ngForm" (ngSubmit)="submitForm(myForm.value)">

<label>Name:</label>

<input name="name" ngModel required>

<label>Email:</label>

<input name="email" ngModel>

<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

🔹 Step 3: app.component.ts

ts

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submitForm(data: any) {

console.log(data);

Q33. Write a program to create a Reactive form in Angular.

Difficulty: Hard

🔹 Step 1: Import ReactiveFormsModule in app.module.ts

ts

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import { ReactiveFormsModule } from '@angular/forms';

@NgModule({

imports: [ReactiveFormsModule]

})

🔹 Step 2: app.component.ts

ts

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import { FormGroup, FormControl, Validators } from '@angular/forms';

export class AppComponent {

userForm = new FormGroup({

name: new FormControl('', Validators.required),

email: new FormControl('', [Validators.required, Validators.email])

});

submitForm() {

console.log(this.userForm.value);
 }

🔹 Step 3: app.component.html

html

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<form [formGroup]="userForm" (ngSubmit)="submitForm()">

<label>Name:</label>

<input formControlName="name">

<label>Email:</label>

<input formControlName="email">

<button type="submit">Submit</button>

</form>

Q34. Define Angular Pipes. Explain built-in Angular pipes with examples.

Difficulty: Medium

✅ What are Pipes?

Pipes in Angular are used to transform data in templates.

🔹 Common Built-in Pipes:

Pipe Purpose Example

uppercase Converts text to uppercase `{{ 'hello'

date Formats date `{{ today

currency Formats number as currency `{{ 100

json Converts object to JSON string `{{ obj

Q35. Write a program using the following pipes in Angular:

a) Lowercase pipe
b) Uppercase pipe
c) Date pipe
d) Currency pipe
Difficulty: Medium
🔹 app.component.ts

ts

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today = new Date();

price = 1234.56;

text = "Angular Pipes";

🔹 app.component.html

html

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<p>Lowercase: {{ text | lowercase }}</p>

<p>Uppercase: {{ text | uppercase }}</p>

<p>Date: {{ today | date:'fullDate' }}</p>

<p>Currency: {{ price | currency:'INR' }}</p>

Q36. Write a program to create a custom pipe in Angular.

Difficulty: Medium

🔹 Step 1: Generate pipe

bash

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ng generate pipe reverse

🔹 reverse.pipe.ts

ts

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import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';

@Pipe({ name: 'reverse' })

export class ReversePipe implements PipeTransform {

transform(value: string): string {

return value.split('').reverse().join('');

}
🔹 app.component.html

html

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<p>{{ "angular" | reverse }}</p> <!-- Output: ralugna -->

Q37. Explain Angular services and Dependency injections.

Difficulty: Hard

✅ Angular Services

Services are used to write reusable logic, such as API calls, data sharing, etc.

✅ Dependency Injection (DI)

DI is a design pattern in Angular that allows injecting services into components or other services.

🔹 Example Service:

ts

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@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })

export class DataService {

getMessage() {

return "Hello from service!";

🔹 Injecting in a Component:

ts

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constructor(private dataService: DataService) {}

ngOnInit() {

console.log(this.dataService.getMessage());

Q38. What are Angular HTTP services? Explain HTTP services.

Difficulty: Medium
✅ Angular HTTP Services:

Used to communicate with backend servers using HttpClient.

🔹 Setup:

Import HttpClientModule in app.module.ts:

ts

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import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

@NgModule({

imports: [HttpClientModule]

})

🔹 Example HTTP GET:

ts

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constructor(private http: HttpClient) {}

ngOnInit() {

this.http.get('https://api.example.com/data').subscribe(result => {

console.log(result);

});

Q39. Explain the core parts of Angular HTTP request services.

Difficulty: Medium

✅ Core Parts of HTTP in Angular:

Part Description

HttpClient Angular's main HTTP client used to send requests

HttpHeaders Used to set request headers

HttpParams Set query parameters

Observable Returns an observable that can be subscribed to

interceptors Modify requests/responses globally

Part Description

HttpErrorResponse Used to handle errors in HTTP requests

Q40. Write a program using the following pipes in Angular:

a) Percent pipe
b) Decimal pipe
c) Slice pipe
Difficulty: Medium

🔹 app.component.ts

ts

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value = 0.5678;

price = 1234.56789;

text = "Welcome to Angular!";

🔹 app.component.html

html

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<p>Percent: {{ value | percent }}</p>

<p>Decimal: {{ price | number:'1.2-2' }}</p>

<p>Slice: {{ text | slice:0:7 }}</p> <!-- Output: Welcome -->

Q41. What is Tkinter? Write the steps to create a simple window using Tkinter.

Difficulty: Easy

✅ What is Tkinter?

Tkinter is the standard GUI (Graphical User Interface) library for Python. It provides a fast and easy
way to create GUI applications using widgets such as buttons, labels, text boxes, and menus. Tkinter
acts as a wrapper around the Tcl/Tk GUI toolkit.
🔹 Key Features of Tkinter:

 Cross-platform: Works on Windows, macOS, and Linux.

 Lightweight: Comes built-in with Python (no need to install separately).

 Widget-rich: Supports a variety of widgets like Label, Button, Entry, Menu, Canvas, etc.

 Event-driven: Supports event handling for interactive applications.

 Easy to learn: Ideal for beginners in GUI development.

✅ Steps to Create a Simple Window using Tkinter

Here’s how you can create a basic window using Tkinter:

python

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# Step 1: Import tkinter module

import tkinter as tk

# Step 2: Create main application window

window = tk.Tk()

# Step 3: Set window title and size

window.title("My First Tkinter Window")

window.geometry("400x300")

# Step 4: Start the GUI event loop

window.mainloop()

✅ Explanation:

 tk.Tk(): Initializes the main window.

 title(): Sets the window title.

 geometry(): Sets the dimensions (width x height).

 mainloop(): Runs the application and waits for events (like button clicks or key presses).

**Q42. Define Widget in Tkinter. Write a Python program to create the following widgets:

a. Label Widget
b. Button Widget**
Difficulty: Medium
✅ What is a Widget in Tkinter?

In Tkinter, a widget is an element of the graphical user interface (GUI). Each widget serves a specific
purpose in building interactive applications. For example:

 A Label displays text or images.

 A Button can perform an action when clicked.

 An Entry is used for text input.

 Other widgets include Text, Canvas, CheckButton, RadioButton, ListBox, etc.

Tkinter provides object-oriented classes for each of these widgets.

✅ Types of Widgets in this Program

🔹 a. Label Widget:

 Used to display static text, images, or both.

 Syntax:

python

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label = tk.Label(parent, text="Your Text")

🔹 b. Button Widget:

 Used to perform an action when clicked.

 Syntax:

python

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button = tk.Button(parent, text="Click Me", command=function_name)

✅ Python Program to Create Label and Button Widgets

python

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import tkinter as tk

# Create the main window

window = tk.Tk()
window.title("Tkinter Widgets Example")

window.geometry("400x200")

# Create a Label Widget

label = tk.Label(window, text="Welcome to Tkinter!", font=("Arial", 16), fg="blue")

label.pack(pady=20) # Add some vertical spacing

# Function to be called when button is clicked

def on_button_click():

label.config(text="Button Clicked!", fg="green")

# Create a Button Widget

button = tk.Button(window, text="Click Me", font=("Arial", 14), bg="lightgray",

command=on_button_click)

button.pack()

# Start the GUI event loop

window.mainloop()

✅ Explanation of Code:

Line Description

tk.Tk() Initializes the window

Label() Creates a label with text "Welcome to Tkinter!"

pack() Places the label and button in the window

command=on_button_click Binds the button click event to the function

label.config() Changes the text and color of the label on button click

Q43. Explain the importance of Entry widget and CheckButton widget with an example.

Difficulty: Medium

✅ Entry Widget:

 The Entry widget allows users to input a single line of text (like usernames, emails, etc.).
  Commonly used for collecting data from the user.

Syntax:

python

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entry = tk.Entry(parent)

✅ CheckButton Widget:

 A Checkbutton allows the user to select or deselect options (like "I agree", "Subscribe").

 Each checkbutton maintains an associated variable (usually IntVar or BooleanVar).

Syntax:

python

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check = tk.Checkbutton(parent, text="I agree", variable=var)

✅ Program Example

python

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import tkinter as tk

def show_data():

name = entry_name.get()

agreement = var_agree.get()

message = f"Name: {name}\nAgreed: {'Yes' if agreement else 'No'}"

label_output.config(text=message)

window = tk.Tk()

window.title("Entry & CheckButton Example")

window.geometry("300x200")

# Entry widget

tk.Label(window, text="Enter your name:").pack()

entry_name = tk.Entry(window)
entry_name.pack()

# Checkbutton widget

var_agree = tk.IntVar()

check = tk.Checkbutton(window, text="I agree to terms", variable=var_agree)

check.pack()

# Submit Button

submit = tk.Button(window, text="Submit", command=show_data)

submit.pack(pady=10)

# Label to display result

label_output = tk.Label(window)

label_output.pack()

window.mainloop()

Q44. Define Geometry Manager classes and list the types of Geometry Manager classes. Explain
any one type with an example.

Difficulty: Hard

✅ Geometry Managers in Tkinter

Geometry managers are used to control the placement and layout of widgets in a window.

🔹 Types of Geometry Managers:

1. pack() – Automatically arranges widgets in blocks before placing them.

2. grid() – Organizes widgets in a table/grid structure (rows and columns).

3. place() – Places widgets at specific (x, y) positions.

✅ Example using pack() Geometry Manager

python

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import tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk()

window.title("pack() Example")

window.geometry("300x200")

tk.Label(window, text="Top Label", bg="lightblue").pack(side="top", fill="x")

tk.Label(window, text="Left Label", bg="lightgreen").pack(side="left", fill="y")

tk.Label(window, text="Right Label", bg="lightcoral").pack(side="right", fill="y")

window.mainloop()

 side: Specifies the side (top, bottom, left, right).

 fill: Expands the widget to fill the space (x, y, or both).

Q45. Explain grid() Geometry class with an example

Difficulty: Hard

✅ grid() Method in Tkinter

 The grid() manager places widgets in a matrix format using rows and columns.

 It’s ideal for forms and structured layouts.

✅ Example: Using grid()

python

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import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()

window.title("grid() Example")

window.geometry("300x150")

tk.Label(window, text="Username").grid(row=0, column=0)

entry_user = tk.Entry(window)

entry_user.grid(row=0, column=1)
tk.Label(window, text="Password").grid(row=1, column=0)

entry_pass = tk.Entry(window, show="*")

entry_pass.grid(row=1, column=1)

btn = tk.Button(window, text="Login")

btn.grid(row=2, column=1)

window.mainloop()

 Each widget is placed using row and column numbers.

 Widgets align automatically into a table layout.

Q46. Explain how events are handled in Tkinter with an example program.

Difficulty: Hard

✅ Event Handling in Tkinter

Tkinter uses an event-driven model, meaning it waits for user actions (events) like clicks, key
presses, etc., and responds using event handlers (callback functions).

🔹 Syntax for binding an event:

python

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widget.bind("<event>", handler_function)

✅ Example Program for Event Handling

python

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import tkinter as tk

def on_key_press(event):

label.config(text=f"Key Pressed: {event.char}")

def on_mouse_click(event):
 label.config(text=f"Mouse Clicked at ({event.x}, {event.y})")

window = tk.Tk()

window.title("Event Handling")

window.geometry("300x150")

label = tk.Label(window, text="Press any key or click mouse")

label.pack(pady=20)

window.bind("<Key>", on_key_press)

window.bind("<Button-1>", on_mouse_click)

window.mainloop()

 <Key> – Keyboard press

 <Button-1> – Left mouse click

**Q47. Write a python program to create the following widgets in Tkinter:

a. RadioButton Widget
b. List Widget**
Difficulty: Medium

python

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import tkinter as tk

def show_selection():

selected = radio_var.get()

listbox.insert(tk.END, f"Selected: {selected}")

window = tk.Tk()

window.title("RadioButton and Listbox")

window.geometry("300x250")
# RadioButton

radio_var = tk.StringVar()

tk.Radiobutton(window, text="Python", variable=radio_var, value="Python").pack()

tk.Radiobutton(window, text="Java", variable=radio_var, value="Java").pack()

tk.Radiobutton(window, text="C++", variable=radio_var, value="C++").pack()

# Button to add selection to list

tk.Button(window, text="Add to List", command=show_selection).pack()

# Listbox

listbox = tk.Listbox(window)

listbox.pack()

window.mainloop()

Q48. Write a program to create a scroll bar widget in Tkinter.

Difficulty: Medium

python

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import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()

window.title("Scrollbar Example")

window.geometry("300x200")

# Text widget

text = tk.Text(window, wrap="none")

text.pack(side="left", fill="both", expand=True)

# Vertical scrollbar

scrollbar = tk.Scrollbar(window, command=text.yview)

scrollbar.pack(side="right", fill="y")

text.config(yscrollcommand=scrollbar.set)

# Insert large text

for i in range(50):

text.insert(tk.END, f"Line {i+1}\n")

window.mainloop()

Q49. Write a program to design a Text Widget and Message Widget using Tkinter.

Difficulty: Medium

python

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import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()

window.title("Text & Message Widget")

window.geometry("400x300")

# Text widget for user input

tk.Label(window, text="Write something:").pack()

text_box = tk.Text(window, height=5, width=40)

text_box.pack()

# Message widget (for displaying static text)

msg = tk.Message(window, text="This is a static message using Message widget.", width=300)

msg.pack(pady=20)

window.mainloop()
Q50. What is a GUI? List the Python libraries available for designing a GUI. Write a program to
display “Hello world!!” message in Tkinter.

Difficulty: Easy

✅ What is a GUI?

A Graphical User Interface (GUI) is a visual interface that allows users to interact with software using
elements like buttons, menus, windows, etc., instead of using a command-line interface (CLI).

✅ Python Libraries for GUI:

 Tkinter – Built-in and widely used

 PyQt / PySide – Advanced, Qt-based GUIs

 Kivy – For mobile and desktop GUIs

 wxPython – Native-looking GUIs

✅ Hello World Program in Tkinter

python

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import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()

window.title("Hello App")

window.geometry("250x100")

label = tk.Label(window, text="Hello world!!", font=("Helvetica", 16))

label.pack(pady=20)

window.mainloop()