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Python Pandas Tutorial

Pandas is an open-source, BSD-licensed Python library providing high-performance,
easy-to-use data structures and data analysis tools for the Python programming
language. This Pandas tutorial has been prepared for those who want to learn about
the foundations and advanced features of the Pandas Python package. Python with
Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and commercial domains
including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc. In this tutorial, we will learn the
various features of Python Pandas and how to use them in practice.

What is Pandas?
Pandas is a powerful Python library that is specifically designed to work on data frames
that have "relational" or "labeled" data. Its aim aligns with doing real-world data analysis
using Python. Its flexibility and functionality make it indispensable for various data-
related tasks. Hence, this Python package works well for data manipulation, operating a
dataset, exploring a data frame, data analysis, and machine learning-related tasks. To
work on it we should first install it using a pip command like "pip install pandas" and
then import it like "import pandas as pd". After successfully installing and importing, we
can enjoy the innovative functions of pandas to work on datasets or data frames. Pandas
versatility and ease of use make it a go-to tool for working with structured data in
Python.

Generally, Pandas operates a data frame using Series and DataFrame; where Series
works on a one-dimensional labeled array holding data of any type like integers, strings,
and objects, while a DataFrame is a two-dimensional data structure that manages and
operates data in tabular form (using rows and columns).

Why Pandas?
The beauty of Pandas is that it simplifies the task related to data frames and makes it
simple to do many of the time-consuming, repetitive tasks involved in working with data
frames, such as:

Import datasets - available in the form of spreadsheets, comma-separated values

(CSV) files, and more.

Data cleansing - dealing with missing values and representing them as NaN, NA,
or NaT.

Size mutability - columns can be added and removed from DataFrame and higher-
dimensional objects.

Data normalization – normalize the data into a suitable format for analysis.
Data alignment - objects can be explicitly aligned to a set of labels.
Intuitive merging and joining data sets – we can merge and join datasets.

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Reshaping and pivoting of datasets – datasets can be reshaped and pivoted as

per the need.
Efficient manipulation and extraction - manipulation and extraction of specific
parts of extensive datasets using intelligent label-based slicing, indexing, and
subsetting techniques.

Statistical analysis - to perform statistical operations on datasets.

Data visualization - Visualize datasets and uncover insights.

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Applications of Pandas
The most common applications of Pandas are as follows:

Data Cleaning: Pandas provides functionalities to clean messy data, deal with
incomplete or inconsistent data, handle missing values, remove duplicates, and
standardize formats to do effective data analysis.

Data Exploration: Pandas easily summarize statistics, find trends, and visualize
data using built-in plotting functions, Matplotlib, or Seaborn integration.

Data Preparation: Pandas may pivot, melt, convert variables, and merge datasets
based on common columns to prepare data for analysis.

Data Analysis: Pandas supports descriptive statistics, time series analysis, group-
by operations, and custom functions.

Data Visualisation: Pandas itself has basic plotting capabilities; it integrates and
supports data visualization libraries like Matplotlib, Seaborn, and Plotly to create
innovative visualizations.
Time Series Analysis: Pandas supports date/time indexing, resampling, frequency
conversion, and rolling statistics for time series data.

Data Aggregation and Grouping: Pandas groupby() function lets you aggregate
data and compute group-wise summary statistics or apply functions to groups.
Data Input/Output: Pandas makes data input and export easy by reading and
writing CSV, Excel, JSON, SQL databases, and more.

Machine Learning: Pandas works well with Scikit-learn for data preparation,
feature engineering, and model input data.
Web Scraping: Pandas may be used with BeautifulSoup or Scrapy to parse and
analyse structured web data for web scraping and data extraction.

Financial Analysis: Pandas is commonly used in finance for stock market data
analysis, financial indicator calculation, and portfolio optimization.
Text Data Analysis: Pandas' string manipulation, regular expressions, and text
mining functions help analyse textual data.

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Experimental Data Analysis: Pandas makes manipulating and analysing large

datasets, performing statistical tests, and visualizing results easy.

Audience: Who Should Learn Pandas

This Pandas tutorial has been prepared for those who want to learn about the
foundations and advanced features of the Pandas Python package. It is most widely used
in the domain of data science, engineering, research, agriculture science, management,
statistics, and other related fields where computation on a data set requires or explores
the data frames to find out the data insights that are required to make fruitful decisions.
After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself skilled in pandas Python package
from where you can take yourself to the next levels of expertise on other Python
packages like Matplotlib, SciPy, scikit-learn, scikit-image, and many more to keep
mastering Python language.

Pandas library uses most of the functionalities of NumPy. It is suggested to you to go

through our tutorial on NumPy.

Prerequisites To Learn Pandas

You should have a basic understanding of computer programming. A basic understanding
of Python and any of the programming languages is a plus. Basic knowledge of statistics
and mathematics is helpful for data analysis and interpretation. Pandas provide functions
for descriptive statistics, aggregation, and computation of summary metrics. By having a
strong foundation of above mentioned, you'll be well-equipped to leverage the power of
Pandas for data manipulation and analysis tasks.

Pandas Codebase
You can find the source for the Pandas at https://github.com/jvns/pandas-cookbook

Frequently Asked Questions about Python Pandas

There are some very Frequently Asked Questions(FAQ) about Python Pandas, this section
tries to answer them briefly.

What is Python pandas used for?

Pandas is a Python library used for data manipulation and analysis. It is widely used in
the domain of data science, engineering, research, agriculture science, management,
statistics, and other related fields where you need to work with datasets.

List Key Features of Pandas.

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The key features of Pandas as follows −

Fast and Efficient DataFrame Object.

Pandas supports various data loading tools for in-memory data objects.

Data alignment and handling of missing data.

Pandas allows you to reshaping and pivoting of datasets.

Label-based slicing, indexing and subsetting of large data sets.

Insert or delete columns from a data structure.

Group by data for aggregation and transformations.

High performance merging and joining.

Time Series functionality.

Define Series in Pandas?

A Series in Pandas is a one-dimensional labeled array capable of holding data of any type
(integer, string, float, Python objects, etc.).

What are the two main data types in pandas?

The two primary data structures of pandas are −

Series (1-dimensional)

DataFrame (2-dimensional)

Why do we need pandas in Python?

Pandas is the best tool for handling real-world messy data. It is built on top of NumPy
and is open-source. Pandas allows for fast and effective data manipulation using its data
structures, Series and DataFrame. It handles missing data, supports multiple file
formats, and facilitates data cleaning and analysis.

Is Python pandas free for commercial use?

Yes, Python pandas is free for commercial use. It is accessible to everyone and free for
users to use and modify.

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Who developed Python pandas?

Pandas development began in 2008 at AQR Capital Management. By the end of 2009, it
had been open-sourced, and it is now actively supported by a community of contributors
worldwide.

What is the structure of pandas?

The two primary data structures of pandas are:

Series − 1-dimensional labeled array.

DataFrame − 2-dimensional table of data with labeled axes.

How to Install Pandas in Python?

The easiest way to install pandas is to install it as part of the Anaconda distribution, a
cross-platform distribution for data analysis and scientific computing. The Conda package
manager is the recommended installation method for most users. For further details,
refer to our Environment Setup Tutorial.

What is the difference between pandas and NumPy?

Pandas provides high-level data manipulation tools built on top of NumPy. The Pandas
module mainly works with tabular data, whereas the NumPy module works with
numerical data.

What can you do using Pandas?

Pandas is a Python package that provides fast, flexible, and expressive data structures
designed to make working with "relational" or "labeled" data both easy and intuitive. It is
a fundamental high-level building block for performing practical, real-world data analysis
in Python, aiming to be the most powerful and flexible open-source data
analysis/manipulation tool available in any language.

Which is the best place to learn Python pandas?

The best place to learn Python pandas is through our comprehensive and user-friendly
tutorial. Our Python Pandas tutorial provides an excellent starting point for

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understanding data analysis programming with Python pandas. You can explore our
simple and effective learning materials at your own pace.

How to Learn Python pandas?

Following are some tips to learn Python Pandas −

Decide to learn Python Pandas and stay committed to your goal.

Install the necessary tools like Anaconda or Miniconda on your computer.

Start with our Python Pandas tutorial and progress step by step from the basics.

Read more articles, watch online courses, or buy a book on Python Pandas to
deepen your understanding.

Apply what you’ve learned by developing small projects that incorporate Python
Pandas and other technologies.

How do I handle missing values in a DataFrame?

You can handle missing values in a DataFrame by −

Inserting missing data

Performing calculations with missing data

Dropping missing data

Filling missing data

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