E- Commerce

UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION TO E COMMERCE
1) Define E- commerce and its types
Ecommerce, also known as electronic commerce or internet commerce, refers to the buying and
selling of goods or services using the internet, and the transfer of money and data to execute these
transactions.
Whereas e-business refers to all aspects of operating an online business, ecommerce refers
specifically to the transaction of goods and services.
The history of ecommerce begins with the first ever online sale: on the August 11, 1994 a man sold a
CD by the band Sting to his friend through his website NetMarket, an American retail platform.Since then,
ecommerce has evolved to make products easier to discover and purchase through online retailers and
marketplaces.
Types of Ecommerce Models
There are four main types of ecommerce models that can describe almost every transaction that takes
place between consumers and businesses.
Business to Consumer (B2C):
When a business sells a good or service to an individual consumer (e.g. You buy a pair of shoes from
an online retailer).
Business to Business (B2B):
When a business sells a good or service to another business (e.g. A business sells software-as-a-
service for other businesses to use.
Consumer to Consumer (C2C)
When a consumer sells a good or service to another consumer (e.g. You sell your old furniture on
eBay to another consumer).
Consumer to Business (C2B):
When a consumer sells their own products or services to a business or organization (e.g. An
influencer offers exposure to their online audience in exchange for a fee).
Examples of Ecommerce
Ecommerce can take on a variety of forms involving different transactional relationships between
businesses and consumers, as well as different objects being exchanged as part of these transactions.
Retail:
The sale of a product by a business directly to a customer without any intermediary.
Wholesale:

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The sale of products in bulk, often to a retailer that then sells them directly to consumers.
Dropshipping:
The sale of a product, which is manufactured and shipped to the consumer by a third party.
Crowdfunding:
The collection of money from consumers in advance of a product being available in order to raise the
startup capital necessary to bring it to market.
Subscription:
The automatic recurring purchase of a product or service on a regular basis until the subscriber
chooses to cancel.
Physical products:
Any tangible good that requires inventory to be replenished and orders to be physically shipped to
customers as sales are made.
Digital products:
Downloadable digital goods, templates, and courses, or media that must be purchased for
consumption or licensed for use.
Services:
A skill or set of skills provided in exchange for compensation. The service provider’s time can be
purchased for a fee.
1) Define scope of e commerce
E-Commerce is a general concept covering any form of business transaction or information exchange
executed using information and communication technologies ((ICT’s).
• It includes electronic trading of goods, services and electronic material.
• It takes place between companies, between companies and their customers or between companies
and public administrations.

Electronic Markets:-

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An electronic market is the use of information and communication technology to present a range of
offerings available in a market segment so that the purchaser can compare the prices of the offerings and
make a purchase decision
e.g. Airline Booking System
Electronic Data Interchange:-
It provides a standardized system for coding trade transactions so that they can be communicated
from one computer to another without the need for printed orders and invoices & delays & errors in paper
handling.
It is used by organizations that make a large no. of regular transactions.
e.g. EDI is used in the large supermarket chains for transactions with their suppliers.
Internet Commerce:-
Information and communications technologies can be used to advertise & make sales of wide range
of goods & services.
This application is both for business to business & business to consumer transactions.
e.g: The purchase of goods that are then delivered by post or the booking of tickets that can be picked up by
the clients.
2) Define about E-commerce trade cycle
A trade cycle is the series of exchanges, between a customer and supplier, that take place when a
commercial exchange is executed. A general trade cycle consists of:
▪ Pre-Sales: Finding a supplier and agreeing the terms.
▪ Execution: Selecting goods and taking delivery.
▪ Settlement: Invoice (if any) and payment.
▪ After-Sales: Following up complaints or providing maintenance.
For business-to-business transactions the trade cycle typically involves the provision of credit with
execution preceding settlement whereas in consumer-to-business these two steps are typically co-incident.
The nature of the trade cycle can indicate the e-Commerce technology most suited to the exchange.
➢ Commercial transactions that are repeated on a regular basis, such as supermarkets replenishing their
shelves, is one category of trade cycle. EDI is the e-Commerce technology appropriate to these
exchanges,

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➢ Consumer transactions tend to be once-off (or at least vary each time) and payment is made at the
time of the order.Internet e-Commerce is the technology for these exchanges,

➢ The third generic trade cycle is the non-repeating commercial trade cycle and Internet e-Commerce
or an electronic market is the appropriate e-technology
3) Define about Internet Commerce
Internet Commerce is the use of the Internet for all phases of creating and completing business
transactions. Various surveys suggest that the amount of business conducted online will increase ten times
over the past few years.
Electronic commerce has been used for carrying out the final transactional phases – the ordering and
payment. While such a perspective is all right when there are established supply chains for regular and
routine purposes, this overlooks the wider perspective. Thus, in its broadest sense we view Internet
Commerce as also including:
Identifying new markets - Internet Commerce is helpful to create to a global audience through the
World Wide Web.
Developing ongoing customer relationships – We can maintain relationships lifetime with
customers by achieving loyalty through ongoing email interaction

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Providing 24 hours of sale -With the help of i-commerce making it easy for buyers to order online,
irrespective of location at anytime.
Ongoing Customer Support -We can provide extensive after-sales support to customers by online
methods; thus increasing satisfaction.
Internet commerce benefits:
• Timeliness -Web site is accessible round the clock. Email queries can be handled more expeditiously
and completely than is often possible by mail or phone.
• Reduced Marketing Costs - Online catalogues are cheaper to produce and maintain that paper
catalogues.
• Better Targeting - Internet communities are self-selecting. People with particular interests tend to
visit particular places in Cyberspace. Customers find us, rather than vice versa.
• Greater Market Reach - Distance is no object. Sending information or exchanging messages costs
virtually the same as someone locally. We no need to pay expensive courier bills.
• Reduced communications costs - With electronic networking it cost virtually the same to send a
message to 100 people as to one.
• Improved After Sales Service - By providing online support, customers can serve themselves for
many of the common post-sales information needs.
Challenges
Those who have focused on electronic transactions cite a number of issues. Some challenges are:
▪ Bandwidth - There is concern that as usage of the Internet grows exponentially, that there will be
insufficient bandwidth and it will grind to a halt.
▪ Authentication - When orders are placed over a network the buyer needs reassurance that it was an
authorized transaction. Electronic signatures, trusted third party validation.
▪ Security - Both parties want assurance that their confidential transaction details have not been
intercepted Solutions Maintain secure servers.
▪ Payment - How can someone set up simple, reliable and risk free mechanisms for payment, in
multiple currencies and without hefty bank charges.
4) Differences b/w traditional commerce and e-commerce
Traditional Commerce E-commerce
Traditional commerce refers to the commercial E-commerce refers to the commercial transactions or
transactions or exchange of information, buying or exchange of information, buying or selling
selling product/services from person to person product/services electronically with the help of
without use of internet. internet.

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In traditional commerce it is difficult to establish and In traditional commerce it is easy to establish and
maintain standard practices. maintain standard practices.
In traditional commerce direct interaction through In traditional commerce indirect interaction through
seller and buyer is present. seller and buyer occurs using electronic medium.
Traditional commerce is carried out by face to face, E-commerce is carried out by internet or other
telephone lines or mail systems. network communication technology.
5) Define various Business Models
E-commerce business models can generally be categorized into the following categories.
1. Business - to - Business (B2B)
2. Business - to - Consumer (B2C)
3. Consumer - to - Consumer (C2C)
4. Consumer - to - Business (C2B)
5. Business - to - Government (B2G)
6. Government - to - Business (G2B)
7. Government - to - Citizen (G2C)
Business - to - Business
A website following the B2B business model sells its products to an intermediate buyer who then
sells the product to the final customer. As an example, a wholesaler places an order from a company's
website and after receiving the consignment, sells the endproduct to the final customer who comes to buy
the product at one of its retail outlets.

Business - to - Consumer
A website following the B2C business model sells its products directly to a customer. A customer
can view the products shown on the website. The customer can choose a product and order the same. The
website will then send a notification to the business organization via email and the organization will dispatch
the product/goods to the customer.

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Consumer - to - Consumer
A website following the C2C business model helps consumers to sell their assets like residential
property, cars, motorcycles, etc., or rent a room by publishing their information on the website. Website may
or may not charge the consumer for its services.

Consumer - to - Business
In this model, a consumer approaches a website showing multiple business organizations for a
particular service. The consumer places an estimate of amount he/she wants to spend for a particular service.
For example, the comparison of interest rates of personal loan/car loan provided by various banks via
websites. A business organization that fulfils the consumer's requirement within the specified budget,
approaches the customer and provides its services.

Business - to - Government

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B2G model is a variant of B2B model. Such websites are used by governments to trade and exchange
information with various business organizations. Such websites are accredited by the government and
provide a medium to businesses to submit application forms to the government.

Government - to - Business
Governments use B2G model websites to approach business organizations. Such websites support
auctions, tenders, and application submission functionalities.

Government - to - Citizen
Governments use G2C model websites to approach citizen in general. Such websites support
auctions of vehicles, machinery, or any other material. Such website also provides services like registration
for birth, marriage or death certificates. The main objective of G2C websites is to reduce the average time
for fulfilling citizen’s requests for various government services.

Characteristics of B2B and B2C Markets:

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6) Different types of B2B commerce

Direct Connection B2B Model:
In the direct model your business connects directly to each of your trading partners for sending and
receiving electronic documents. Your IT organization is responsible for all mapping, translation, technical
support and tracking documents. As long as everyone agrees on a single connectivity protocol, e.g. FTP over
VPN, RosettaNet, OFTP, AS2, and the community size remains relatively small (generally less than 100)
this approach works well.
Network B2B Model: To avoid the complexity of the direct model, many companies decide to work
exclusively through a B2B Service Provider, which, in the days prior to the internet, was referred to as a
Value-Added Network (VAN). In this model, you have a single connection to the Service Provider using
whatever protocol you prefer. The Service Provider facilitates the exchange of electronic documents via its
network.

Hybrid B2B Model:

The hybrid approach to B2B is a combination of the direct and network models. Typically,
businesses will connect directly via the internet to their trading partners with whom they do the highest
volume of transactions, using one or two preferred protocols, in order to save on Service Provider
transaction fees.
Managed B2B Model:
In the managed model, the business outsources the entire B2B process to an external Service
Provider. This greatly reduces resource requirements, expenses and complexityThe Service Provider
receives your business documents directly from your ERP system (SAP, Oracle, etc.) and then assumes
responsibility for all the mapping, translation, technical support, data center operations and document
tracking.
7) Explain role of Software agents in E-commerce
E-commerce means doing business over interconnected networks. The term commerce is treated as
transactions between business clients. So the meaning Electronic Commerce is narrow to some people thus
there is a usage of term E-Business.

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Software agents are a piece of software which works for the user. However software agent is not just
a program. An agent is a system situated within and a part of an environment that senses that environment
and acts on it. Over time in pursuit of its own agenda and so as to effect what it senses in the future
Characteristics of Software agents:
Software agents are like guards and locomotives of most E-Commerce. The following are very few
characteristics:
• Software agents can do their task without any outsource intervention.•Social interactionwith other
software agents and human.
• Software agents are specific in their goals.
• Good software agent is the one which has the attitudeto receive and adopt changes. The agent must
be programmed in a powerful language so as to express the rules.
• Safety of the information must be promised by the agent.
Type of Software agents:
Agents are classified into different types based on the characteristics they posses. In order to possess
the above properties agents must have distinct features such as locomotion, integration, co-operation,
information,stimulation, etc. For the same sake software agents are classified into 8 agents.
Collaborative agents:
A collaborative agent is a software program that helps users solve problem, especially in complex or
unfamiliar domains by correcting errors, suggesting what to do next, and taking care of low level details.
Collaborative agents are also refereed as collagen.
Interface agents:
Interface agents are computer programs that employ machine learning techniques in order to provide
assistance to a user dealing with a particular application. These agents take sufficient amount of time to
understand and learn human behavior before they are onto work. In spite of their artificial learning thoughts
they are limited co-operative with other agents.
Mobile agents:
A mobile agent is an executing program that can migrate during execution from one machine to
another in a heterogeneous network. Mobile agents are used to solve many problem of network computing
with minimum bandwidth and connectivity.
Information/Internet agents:
The intelligentpart of software which can automatically search for information on the websiteis
termed as information agents. Information system can be considered as knowledge base system. These
agents are defined by what they do unlike collaborative agents or interface agents whichare defined by what
they are.
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Reactive agents:
These agents are responsible for stimulating the response to the present state of the environment in
which they are embedded. These agents interact with other agents in a very simple and basic way.
Hybrid agents:
Combining two or more of the previous mentioned agent philosophies will yield a better functioning
agent. E.g.: Synergy of reactive and collaborative model. The expectation is that this hypothesis will come
true.
Applications and Benefits Of Software Agents:
1. Agents make less work for the end user and application developer.
2. The agent can adapt to its user preferences and habit over a courseof time.
3. It will intelligently get shared among the community.
4. Mobile agents manage the user’s E-mail, fax, phone and pager as well as linking the user to
Telescript-enabled messaging and communication services such as America Online and AT&T
PersonaLink Services.
5. The most favorite area with respect to reactive agents isgames and entertainmentindustry.
6. Shopping agents are ideal applications of AgentBuilder agents. These agents can be used to
locatemerchandise, compare prices, place orders, etc.
8) Describe about challenges in B2B e-commerce
E-commerce business is quite rewarding when you run it successfully but at the same time challenging
as well. The product which you are selling might be pretty exclusive.
In B2B e-commerce business, first thing is to choose the right platform where one can expect high
business prospects. B2B business is the selling process which is similar to B2C but over here the products or
service are sold to other businesses who have their own consumers. Now, these business system supports
the customer communication, transaction, sales, logistics etc. Whereas, in B2C the product is directly sold to
consumer without any third party.
The major challenges faced by B2B e-commerce business are as follows:
• No Customer Specific Rate:
In B2B the rates differ because B2B do not have own customer set, B2B sells their service or
product to B2C clients, who further push the product to their own set of customers for selling it.
Therefore the third party rates get additional for the customers.
• Payment:
The mode of payment is different as B2B deals in bulk sales, it is definitely not the exchange
process, where one pays the amount directly to the vendor. It is a partial payment or credit B2C
offers B2B, where after sales the pending amount gets cleared.
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• Decision Maker:
B2B involves many decision makers, for example one purchase can involve two decision
maker. Hence it is a little lengthy process.
• Customer:
The customer never purchase directly from B2B, so it is not possible for a B2B to know their
potential clientele. At this point it is not easy to carry out a competitor analysis.
9) What is Internet and WWW
Internet, a system architecture that has revolutionized communications and methods of commerce by
allowing various computer networks around the world to interconnect. Sometimes referred to as a “network
of networks,” the Internet emerged in the United States in the 1970s but did not become visible to the
general public until the early 1990s. By 2020, approximately 4.5 billion people, or more than half of the
world’s population, were estimated to have access to the Internet.
Applications and services of internet
The Internet carries many applications and services, most prominently the World Wide Web,
including social media, electronic mail,mobile applications, multiplayer online games, Internet telephony,
file sharing, and streaming media services.
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web is a global collection of documents, images, multimedia, applications,
and other resources, logically interrelated by hyperlinks and referenced with Uniform Resource
Identifiers (URIs), which provide a global system of named references. URIs symbolically identify
services, web servers, databases, and the documents and resources that they can provide. Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the main access protocol of the World Wide Web.
Communication
Email is an important communications service available via the Internet. The concept of
sending electronic text messages between parties, analogous to mailing letters or memos, predates
the creation of the Internet. Pictures, documents, and other files are sent as email attachments. Email
messages can be cc-ed to multiple email addresses.
Data transfer
File sharing is an example of transferring large amounts of data across the Internet. A
computer file can be emailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can be
uploaded to a website or File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server for easy download by others.
Uses of Internet
• Electronic mail. At least 85% of the inhabitants of cyberspace send and receive e-mail.
• Research.
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• Downloading files.
• Discussion groups.
• Interactive games.
• Education and self-improvement.
10) What are the equipment’s required to design e-commerce website
E-commerce has become one of the most popular business trends. Doing online business means
transaction of goods from your Web store to the customer.
Like all business requires proper planning, discussion, backup plans, contingency plan, similarly
before building any e-commerce store, we need proper planning about everything.
The Process of E-commerce Website Development:
There are many technologies required to build an e-commerce store and operate a successful online
business. Both software and hardware technologies must be included in your e-business plan.
➢ Web Server:
A web server is used to host an e-commerce website. All the Html, JavaScript, PHP files,
databases, media files that make up the entire website are stored on this server. The web server runs
on Windows or Linux operating system. Managing a web server is a very specific job. The website
development companies host the site on their own web server or pay a hosting company to provide
space on a secure web server.
➢ Server Software:
When a user visits any website on a web browser, the web server knows the client is
requesting some specific information. So it processes that request and serves the correct files to the
client. The web browser then displays these files tothe user. There are many types of server software
available including application software, database server, file server software and cloud computing
software.
➢ Web Tools:
A web authoring tool is used to create the front end of an e-commerce website. Html files are
created by Dreamweaver along with the CSS (cascading style sheet) which enhance the visual
appearance of the site. Another web authoring tool would be Visual Studio .net that can be used to
make the sites which have integrated databases in it.
➢ Database System:
A database is an integral part of an e-commerce website.
▪ The database is used to store the information about the products and services of the website
such as pricing, description, image, details, and sales.

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▪ In addition to this, the customer details are also stored in the database like what they ordered,
their payment details, shipping details, and contact information.
▪ It is necessary to program the website to connect securely to the database so that all the
orders are processed correctly and your business runs smoothly.
▪ Technologies like PHP and MySQL are the communication route between the website and
the DBMS (database management system).
➢ Networking:
TCP (transfer control protocol) and IP (internet protocol) define as how computers should
connect with each other through the internet and how they share information. Common TCP/IP
protocols are HTTPS, HTTP and FTP.
➢ Browser Compatibility:
A web browser is a software application that is used to locate, receive and display content
received from the web servers. Popular web browsers include Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome,
Internet Explorer and Safari.
➢ Domain Names:
Domain names link to a company or a brand. Successful e-commerce companies have
recognizable domain names. If you have any smaller business then it is best to select the domain
name as per your business name. This would help to rank highly in search engines.

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UNIT-II
ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS
11) Explain about Electronic Payment Systems
E-commerce sites use electronic payment, where electronic payment refers to paperless monetary
transactions. Electronic payment has revolutionized the business processing by reducing the paperwork,
transaction costs, and labour cost. Being user friendly and less time-consuming than manual processing, it
helps business organization to expand its market reach/expansion.

Listed below are some of the modes of electronic payments −

➢ Credit Card
➢ Debit Card
➢ Smart Card
➢ E-Money
➢ Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT)
Credit Card
Payment using credit card is one of most common mode of electronic payment. Credit card is small
plastic card with a unique number attached with an account. It has also a magnetic strip embedded in it
which is used to read credit card via card readers.
• When a customer purchases a product via credit card, credit card issuer bank pays on behalf of the
customer and customer has a certain time period after which he/she can pay the credit card bill.
• It is usually credit card monthly payment cycle.
• Following are the actors in the credit card system.
▪ The card holder– Customer
▪ The merchant − seller of product who can accept credit card payments.
▪ The card issuer bank − card holder's bank
▪ The acquirer bank − the merchant's bank
▪ The card brand − for example , visa or Mastercard.

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Debit Card
Debit card, like credit card, is a small plastic card with a unique number mapped with the bank
account number. It is required to have a bank account before getting a debit card from the bank. The major
difference between a debit card and a credit card is that in case of payment through debit card, the amount
gets deducted from the card's bank account immediately and there should be sufficient balance in the bank
account for the transaction to get completed.
Smart Card
Smart card is again similar to a credit card or a debit card in appearance, but it has a small
microprocessor chip embedded in it. It has the capacity to store a customer’s work-related and/or personal
information. Smart cards are also used to store money and the amount gets deducted after every transaction.
E-Money
E-Money transactions refer to situation where payment is done over the network and the amount gets
transferred from one financial body to another financial body without any involvement of a middleman. E-
money transactions are faster, convenient, and saves a lot of time.
Online payments done via credit cards, debit cards, or smart cards are examples of emoney
transactions. Another popular example is e-cash. In case of e-cash, both customer and merchant have to sign
up with the bank or company issuing e-cash.
Electronic Fund Transfer
It is a very popular electronic payment method to transfer money from one bank account to another
bank account. Accounts can be in the same bank or different banks. Fund transfer can be done using ATM
(Automated Teller Machine) or using a computer.
o Nowadays, internet-based EFT is getting popular. In this case, a customer uses the website provided
by the bank, logs in to the bank's website and registers another bank account. He/she then places a
request to transfer certain amount to that account.
o Customer's bank transfers the amount to other account if it is in the same bank, otherwise the transfer
request is forwarded to an ACH (Automated Clearing House) to transfer the amount to other account
and the amount is deducted from the customer's account.
o Once the amount is transferred to other account, the customer is notified of the fund transfer by the
bank.
12) Explain Challenges present in E-payments
Security is an essential part of any transaction that takes place over the internet. Customers will lose
his/her faith in e-business if its security is compromised. Following are the essential requirements for safe e-
payments/transactions –

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Confidentiality:
Information should not be accessible to an unauthorized person. It should not be intercepted during the
transmission.
Integrity − Information should not be altered during its transmission over the network.
Availability:
Information should be available wherever and whenever required within a time limit specified.
Authenticity:
There should be a mechanism to authenticate a user before giving him/her an access to the required
information.
Non-Reputability:
It is the protection against the denial of order or denial of payment. Once a sender sends a message, the
sender should not be able to deny sending the message. Similarly, the recipient of message should not be
able to deny the receipt.
Encryption
Information should be encrypted and decrypted only by an authorized user.
Auditability:
Data should be recorded in such a way that it can be audited for integrity requirements.
Measures to ensure Security
Major security measures are following –
Encryption:
It is a very effective and practical way to safeguard the data being transmitted over the network. Sender
of the information encrypts the data using a secret code and only the specified receiver can decrypt the data
using the same or a different secret code.
Digital Signature:
Digital signature ensures the authenticity of the information. A digital signature is an e-signature
authenticated through encryption and password.
Security Certificates:
Security certificate is a unique digital id used to verify the identity of an individual website or user.
Security Protocols in Internet
Some of the popular protocols used over the internet to ensure secured online transactions are,
Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
It is the most commonly used protocol and is widely used across the industry. It meets following security
requirements –
Authentication
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Encryption
Integrity
Non-reputability
13) Discuss about Digital Signatures:
Digital signatures are the public-key primitives of message authentication. In the physical world, it is
common to use handwritten signatures on handwritten or typed messages. They are used to bind signatory to
the message.
Similarly, a digital signature is a technique that binds a person/entity to the digital data. This binding can
be independently verified by receiver as well as any third party.
Digital signature is a cryptographic value that is calculated from the data and a secret key known only by
the signer.
Model of Digital Signature
As mentioned earlier, the digital signature scheme is based on public key cryptography. The model
of digital signature scheme is depicted in the following illustration –

Importance of Digital Signature

Out of all cryptographic primitives, the digital signature using public key cryptography is considered
as very important and useful tool to achieve information security.
Apart from ability to provide non-repudiation of message, the digital signature also provides message
authentication and data integrity. Let us briefly see how this is achieved by the digital signature –
▪ Message authentication –
When the verifier validates the digital signature using public key of a sender, he is assured
that signature has been created only by sender who possess the corresponding secret private key and
no one else.

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▪ Data Integrity –
In case an attacker has access to the data and modifies it, the digital signature verification at
receiver end fails. The hash of modified data and the output provided by the verification algorithm
will not match. Hence, receiver can safely deny the message assuming that data integrity has been
breached.
▪ Non-repudiation –
Since it is assumed that only the signer has the knowledge of the signature key, he can only
create unique signature on a given data. Thus the receiver can present data and the digital signature
to a third party as evidence if any dispute arises in the future.
14) Explain about payment gateways
Payment Gateway is an online payment processing technology which helps businesses to accept credit
cards and electronic checks. In other words, payment gateways are “Manin-the-middle” which are located
between e-commerce platforms and clients.

A payment gateway allows you to –

• Make and take payments quickly and easily.
• Keep your customer's data (information) and money secure.
• Gain trust of your customers, so they are willing to hand over their money.
To choose the right payment gateway, you should follow the following guidelines −
• You should finalize that payment gateway which is supported in your country, not all them operate
globally.
• You should check what payment gateways are supported better from your ecommerce platform. For
example, PayPal gateway is fully supported by Magento because the same group have created them.
Most Popular Payment Gateway Providers
Following is the list of the most widely used and popular payment getaway providers along with a
brief history about them.

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• PAYPAL − You can find all the terms and conditions of their business model on their URL –
https://www.paypal.com/. PayPal is one of the longest established and probably the best-known
service for transferring money online.
• Amazon Payments − The URL of this immensely popular payment getaway provider is –
https://payments.amazon.com/. It was created in 2007, Amazon Payments provides your customers
with the same checkout experience they get on Amazon.com
• Stripe − The URL of this payment getaway is – https://stripe.com/. No monthly fees, no extra
charges for different cards and different payment methods, also for different currencies. Stripe also
offers a great API (Application Program Interface) as well.
• Authorize Net − The URL for this popular payment getaway provider is https://www.authorize.net/.
It is among the most powerful and well-known payment gateways. It is well-supported by e-
commerce WordPress plugins.
• 2Checkout − The URL for this payment getaway provider is – https://www.2checkout.com/.
2checkout is one of the most simple and affordable credit card gateways.
15) Explain about Online Banking
Online banking allows a user to conduct financial transactions via the Internet. Online banking is also
known as Internet banking or web banking.
Online banking offers customers almost every service traditionally available through a local branch
including deposits, transfers, and online bill payments. Virtually every banking institution has some form of
online banking, available both on desktop versions and through mobile apps.
• Online banking allows a user to conduct financial transactions via the Internet.
• Consumers aren't required to visit a bank branch in order to complete most of their basic banking
transactions.
• A customer needs a device, an Internet connection, and a bank card to register. Once registered, the
consumer sets up a password to begin using the service.
Advantages of Online Banking
✓ Convenience is a major advantage of online banking.
✓ Basic banking transactions such as paying bills and transferring funds between accounts can easily
be done 24 hours a day, seven days a week, wherever a consumer wishes.
✓ Online banking is fast and efficient. Funds can be transferred between accounts almost instantly,
especially if the two accounts are held at the same institution.
✓ Consumers can open and close a number of different accounts online, from fixed deposits to
recurring deposit accounts that typically offer higher rates of interest.

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✓ Consumers can also monitor their accounts regularly closely, allowing them to keep their accounts
safe.
✓ Around-the-clock access to banking information provides early detection of fraudulent activity,
thereby acting as a guardrail against financial damage or loss.
Disadvantages of Online Banking
 For a novice online banking customer, using systems for the first time may present challenges that
prevent transactions from being processed, which is why some consumers prefer face-to-face
transactions with a teller.
 Online banking doesn't help if a customer needs access to large amounts of cash. While he may be
able to take a certain amount at the ATM—most cards come with a limit—he will still have to visit a
branch to get the rest.
 Although online banking security is continually improving, such accounts are still vulnerable when it
comes to hacking.
 Consumers are advised to use their own data plans, rather than public Wi-Fi networks when using
online banking, to prevent unauthorized access.
 Additionally, online banking is dependent on a reliable Internet connection. Connectivity issues from
time to time may make it difficult to determine if banking transactions have been successfully
processed.

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UNIT – III
ONLINE BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS
16) Define about Online Transactions
Online transactions allow people to save many items, such as paper used to make notes, time spent on
transactions & counting. Online transactions are very simple and can be performed from wherever using devices that
are readily accessible to everybody, such as smart phones, laptops, and so on
Online transactions helps us to save many things like paper which is used for making notes, time which is spend in
transaction and counting. Online transaction is very easy and it can be done from any where using devices like smart
phones, laptops etc which is easily available to all of us. It also helps in reducing corruption in countries like India.
Online transaction Advantages
➢ Easy and best solution for online shoppers.
➢ These systems are most efficient and have excellent response times.
➢ Online banking is completely based on online transaction processing systems.
➢ Credit cards are also well-handled by these systems.
➢ You can access anything on the web and choose to buy it because all financial transactions methods
are supported by these systems.
Online Transaction Disadvantages
• At times, there occur millions and millions of requests at a time which gets difficult to handle.
• During purchases even if the servers hang for few seconds a large number of transactions get
affected, in turn affecting the organizations’ reputation.
• Databases store all user data and account information, if these servers are hacked, it could lead to
financial and personal problems (thefts).
• Electricity problem is another issue, i.e., if there is a shortage in electric supply additional backup
facilities like generators and related hardware, is a must.
• Online transaction processing involves a lot of staff working in groups to maintain inventory.These
online transaction systems impose processing costs on the buyers and sellers as well.
• These systems do not have efficient methods of transferring products to buyers by themselves. That’s
where the e-commerce websites come in.
17) Explain about e commerce applications
The term “Electronic commerce” (or e-Commerce) is use of an electronic medium to carry out
commercial transactions. Most of the time, it refers to the sale of products through Internet.
Definition:
E-commerce is a process of buying and selling of products and services by businesses and
consumers through an electronic medium, without using paper documents.

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E-commerce is widely considered the buying and selling of products over the internet.
APPLICATIONS OF E-COMMERCE:
The applications of E-commerce are used in various business areas such as retail and wholesale and
manufacturing. The most common E-commerce applications are as follows:
1. Online marketing and purchasing
2. Retail and wholesale
3. Finance
4. Manufacturing
5. Online Auction
6. E-Banking
7. Online publishing
8. Online booking (ticket, seat.etc)
Online marketing and purchasing

Data collection about customer behaviour, preferences, needs and buying patterns is possible through
Web and E-commerce. This helps marketing activities such as price fixation, negotiation, product feature
enhancement and relationship with the customer.
Retail and wholesale:
E-commerce has a number of applications in retail and wholesale. E-retailing or on-line retailing is
the selling of goods from Business-to-Consumer through electronic stores that are designed using the
electronic catalog and shopping cart model.
Finance:
Financial companies are using E-commerce to a large extent. Customers can check the balances of
their savings and loan accounts, transfer money to their other account and pay their bill through on-line
banking or E-banking. Another application of E-commerce is on-line stock trading.

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Manufacturing:
E-commerce is also used in the supply chain operations of a company. Some companies form an
electronic exchange by providing together buy and sell goods, trade market information and run back office
information such as inventory control.
Auctions:
Customer-to-Customer E-commerce is direct selling of goods and services among customers. It also
includes electronic auctions that involve bidding. Bidding is a special type of auction that allows prospective
buyers to bid for an item. For example, airline companies give the customer an opportunity to quote the
price for a seat on a specific route on the specified date and time.
E-Banking:
Online banking or E- banking is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a financial
institution to conduct financial transactions on a website operated by the institution, Online banking is also
referred as internet banking, e-banking, virtual banking and by other terms.
Online publishing:
Electronic publishing (also referred to as e-publishing or digital publishing) includes the digital
publication of e-books, digital magazines, and the development of digital libraries and catalogs.
Online booking (ticket, seat.etc)
An Internet booking engine (IBE) is an application which helps the travel and tourism industry
support reservation through the Internet. It helps consumers to book flights, hotels, holiday packages,
insurance and other services online. This is a much needed application for the aviation industry as it has
become one of the fastest growing sales channels.
18) Discuss about E-auctions
An e-auction is a transaction between sellers (the auctioneers) and bidders (suppliers in business to
business scenarios) that takes place on an electronic marketplace. It can occur business to business, business
to consumer, or consumer to consumer, and allows suppliers to bid online against each other for contracts
against a published specification.
This kind of environment encourages competition, with the result that goods and services are offered at
their current market value.
Types of e-auction
• Classic reverse auction
Multiple sellers compete to obtain the buyer’s business. The buyer can see all the offers and
may choose which they would prefer. Predominantly used for procurement.

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• English auction
English auctions are where bids are announced by either an auctioneer or the bidders, and
winners pay what they bid to receive the object. The most common and straightforward form of e-
auction, they’re intuitive, user-friendly, and can help to reduce transaction costs.
• Dutch auction
Dutch auctions start at a high price, which is then incrementally lowered until a buyer accepts
the price. The first person to bid wins the auction, which makes them good for quick decisions.
• Japanese auction
Here the buyer sets a high price which decrements at pre-set amounts at pre-set intervals e.g.
Rs.500 every 2 hours. If a supplier is happy to provide the goods and services at that price, the
transaction then goes ahead.
The benefits of e-auctions
For buyers
An e-auction provides procurement professionals with competitive prices for their products, pitching
the suppliers directly against each other to see who can offer the lowest prices. It also streamlines the
procurement process and saves time, since each supplier is not required to submit a full proposal.
For suppliers
E-auctions tend to be open, allowing smaller businesses to compete in the process, which in turn also
enables suppliers to compete in new sectors. A winning bid can lead to more business, as most buyers will
look to source their ‘non-core’ products from their existing supplier.
19) Discuss about Online Shopping
The process of purchasing products online is said to be online shopping. In online shopping, the buyer
goes online to search for products on the seller's website and choose the product to purchase. It is also
possible to pay Cash on delivery or buyer can pay online via the internet. The most popular online shopping
websites are Amazon, Flipkart, Myntra, etc.
Advantages of online shopping
• Convenience
It is the major benefit of online shopping. Customers can purchase from their homes, workplaces as
per their comfort. It is easy to cancel the transactions in online shopping. Online shopping made shopping
easy as there are no lines to wait so that we can do shopping in minutes.
• No Crowds
During festivals, weekends, or holidays it is common to see the crowd at shopping places; it will be a
huge headache and hectic to purchase products in this type of environment. But in online shopping, we do
not have to face crowds, and also, we do not have any need to do unusual battles for parking.
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• Saves time
In online shopping, customers don't require to stand in queues to pay the price of products that they
have been purchased. Online shopping provides the facility to shop from their office or home, so it saves
traveling time.
• Saves Money
Marketers or e-tailers offer discounts to the customers in order to attract them to shop online.
Retailers can sell the products with attractive discounts through online because of the removal of
maintenance, real-estate cost.
• Reviews of product
Most consumers read online reviews of a product to take basic information written by customers who
already used it. Online reviews help to get the inside information of the product in which we are interested.
• Online tracking
In online shopping, consumers are facilitated with online tracking as they can easily track the order
and delivery status.
Disadvantages of online shopping
• Risk of fraud
There is a risk of frauds such as hacking, identity theft, credit card scams, phishing, and other scams
during online shopping. Frauds can even be carried out via telephonic calls with the name of reputed
companies to get the buyer's card or bank details.
• Less community contact
Online shopping majorly decreases contact with the community. If we do shopping online
continuously, we never have to leave home to shop outside.
• Delay in delivery
Sometimes buyers have to face an unexpected delay in the delivery of the booked item. Booking an
order hardly takes five minutes, but its delivery sometimes takes a delay of 5-10 days. While, if we shop the
things offline from the store, we can get our product instantly.
• Faulty products
It is one of the major drawbacks of online shopping. In the process of online shopping, a product is
collected from a packaging unit, and it further goes through various different locations during transit. There
is a chance of broken or scratches on sensitive products during transit.

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UNIT – IV
WEB DESIGNING
20) Explain the Structure of an HTML Document
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is used to design or create web pages that are to be
published on the web.
A webpage can be created by marking up an ASCII text file using HTML tags. The HTML tags are
predefined combinations of characters enclosed between < and > characters (angle brackets). Some tags are <HTML>,
<TITLE> etc.
 HTML is not case sensitive. Hence the tags <HTML> and <html> both are same.
 To create a HTML document a text editor can be used such as notepad or WordPad or Microsoft WORD.
After coding in HTML the file must be saved with the extension •html or •htm.
 AHTML document has two parts namely(i)head and (ii)body
 Syntax:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
------- head part------
</HEAD>
<BODY>
------- body part-------
</BODY>
</HTML>
Example:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Welcome to the website of Sri Vivekananda Degree College </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
Sri Vivekananda Degree College, Dharmavaram, Anantapur District, A.P.
</BODY>
</HTML>
➢ The head part will be enclosed in <HEAD> and </HEAD> tags. The body part will be closed in <BODY> and
</BODY> tags.
➢ The head part consist a tag called <TITLE> where the title of the web page can be mentioned. The closing of
this tag is </TITLE>
➢ The body part consist the code of the web page to be displayed with various tags.

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21) Define Documentation in HTML

Document Head:
The document head holds control information to be used by browsers and servers. Head does not contain
any attributes. Instead, in will consists of other tags as part.
TITLE is used to display the title of the webpage in title bar of browser
<TITLE>Welcome to the website of Vivekananda DMM</TITLE>
META Tag:
This tag is used to include additional information about a document and can be used topass
additional information to a browser. There is no ending tag for <META> and adocument can have multiple
<META> tags. It has the attributes NAME, CONTENT. When some one is searching for a particular topic,
the page is returned if one or more of keywords match search request.

<HEAD>
<METANAME=“keywords” CONTENT =“college, degree, vivekananda,”>
</HEAD>
Document Body:
This tag is the second main part of HTML document. The actual coding of HTML document
must present in this tag. The attributes and its functionality are as follows.
Attribute Functionality
TEXT This attribute is used to change the default text color for an entire
document.Ex:<BODYTEXT = “#800000”>
BGCOLOR This attribute is used to set a background color to the web
pageEx:<BODYBGCOLOR= “#0000FF”>
BACKGROUND ThisattributeisusedtosetanexistingpictureasbackgroundtothewebpageEx:<BODY
BACKGROUND= “marble.jpg”>
LINK Unvisited Hyperlink.With this color can be mentioned to unvisited
hyperlink.Ex:<BODYLINK= “#FF0000”>
VLINK VisitedHyperlink.Withthiscolorcanbementionedtovisitedhyperlink.Ex:<BODYV
LINK= “#808080>
ALINK Active Hyperlink.Color given to a hyperlink where the mouse over
it.Ex:<BODYALINK= “#FFFF00>
22) Define Paragraph Tag in HTML
The Paragraph tag is used to break the text into paragraphs.To designate a block of text as a
paragraph, enclose it within the paragraph beginning and ending tags: <P> and </P>.The ending tag is
considered optional.
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Ex: <P>This is the title scene for first paragraph. This is paragraph one. </P>Ina web pageto skip
some vertical space it can be done as follows.
<P> <P> <P> <P>
The align attribute can be used in the paragraph tag with either of the values left, center or right.
Hence the syntax of the paragraph tag is as follows
<P[ALIGN= “left” |“center” |“right”] > </P>
23) Define Heading Tags in HTML
Heading tags are used to include section headings. Headings are six in number. The form of a heading
tag is <Hi>and </Hi>where i is a value ranging from 1 to 6.These are very much useful for dividing a
document into sections.
Example:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Example: Header Tag</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1>Level1Header</H1>
<H2>Level2Header</H2>
<H3>Level3Header</H3>
<H4>Level4Header</H4>
<H5>Level5Header</H5>
<H6>Level6Header</H6>
</BODY>
</HTML>
24) Define Horizontal Rule (HR) Tag in HTML
A Horizontal line can be produced using Horizontal Rule (HR) tag. There is no corresponding ending
tag for HR tag. It has the attributes WIDTH, SIZE, NOSHADE, and ALIGN
Tag Attributes Functionality
HR WIDTH This attribute values can be specified either as a percentage of the browser
window’s width, or as a fixed number of pixels.
Ex:<HRWIDTH=“75%”>
<HRWIDTH=“150”>
SIZE This attribute allows mentioning the thickness of the line.

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Ex:<HRWIDTH= “75%”SIZE =“10”>

ALIGN When a horizontal line is less than 100 percent it can be aligned either left or
center or right using this attribute.
Ex:<HRALIGN=“center” WIDTH=“ 45%”SIZE=“9”>
NOSHADE It is used to produce a darker, flatter–looking horizontal line
Ex:<HRALIGN=“center” WIDTH=“100”NOSHADE>
25) Explain Text Formatting in HTML
The text on a HTML page can be altered in a number of ways. The actual font used can be changed
to attempt to force the browser to use a specific font and the look of the text can be changed for emphasis.
BASEFONT Tag:
This tag is used to set the size for basic text but not for headings using SIZE attribute. The SIZE
argument takes an integer from1to 7. No closing tag is required for this tag.
<HEAD>
<BASEFONTSIZE=“4”>
</HEAD>
FONT Tag:
This tag allows changes to any portion of text. The attributes of this tag are as follows.
Attribute Functionality
SIZE Allows increasing the size of font.
Ex:<FONTSIZE=“3”>Welcome</FONT>
FACE Allows changing the style of font.
Ex:<FONTFACE=“Arial”>Welcome</FONT>
COLOR Allows changing the color of the text Ex:<FONT
COLOR=“#rrggbb”
Various other tags for text formatting, with their attributes and functionality areas follows…
Tag Symbols Functionality
Bold <B></B> This tag is used to make text in boldface.
Ex: Windows <B>XP </B>
Italic <I></I> This tag is used to place a portion of text in italics
Ex: Windows <I>XP </I>
Mono spaced <TT></TT> This tag is used for placing text in a Mono spaced type writer font.
Typewriter Ex: In DOS type <TT>DIR</TT> to list files and directories

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Text Tag

Strike <STRIKE> The text in this tag will be visible as strike off i.e, a line over it
</STRIKE> Ex: Nail Polish now<STRIKE>50</STRIKE>60%off
Subscript <SUB> This tag is used to generate a subscript.
</SUB> Ex: H<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB>
Superscript <SUP> This tag is used to generate a superscript.
</SUP> Ex: a<SUP>2 </SUP>+b<SUP>2</SUP>
Underline <U></U> This tag is used to underline the text
Ex: This is <U>important </U>
Emphasis <EM> This tag, with its corresponding ending tag is used for highlighting
</EM> text.
Ex:<P>This version is Windows <EM>98</EM></P>
Strong <STRONG> This tag is used to indicate an even higher level of emphasis (to set
</STRONG> bold)
Ex: This is <STRONG>important </STRONG>
Small <SMALL> The text appearing in this tag will be proportionally smaller than the
</SMALL> surrounding text.
Ex: The quick brown fox <SMALL> jumped </SMALL> over the
quite lazy dog.
Big <BIG> The text appearing in this tag will be proportionally bigger than the
</BIG> surrounding text.
Ex: The quick brown fox<BIG>jumped</BIG>over the quire lazy
dog.
<br> Tag:
This tag forces a line break within a passage of text where a paragraph is not desirable. On
complex pages it is sometimes useful to put a <br> before and after tables, lists and<hr>
<pre> … </pre>:
Inside a <pre> tag the text is only wrapped when the source has a line break and tabs or
multiple white spaces are not converted to a single space.
26) Define Hyperlinks in HTML
The anchor tag, <A>and</A>, is the mechanism by which hyperlinks are placed in hypertext
documents. The three basic parts of a hyperlink are,

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 The beginning and ending tag pair<A> . . .</A>

 The HREF attribute that specifies the URL of the page to be loaded when the hyperlink is selected.
 The text or graphic that appears on–screen as the active link.
Three types of hyper links can be created by using anchor tag. They are
i. Clickable Text Hyperlinks
ii. Clickable Image Hyperlinks
iii. Mailto Hyperlinks
Clickable Text Hyperlinks:
Ex:<A HREF = “http://www.aponlne.gov.in>AP Govt. Website </A>
For the above example, we can see the output
APGovt.Website
And a click up on this text leads the user to the website http://www.aponline.gov.in
Clickable Image Hyperlinks:
Ex: <AHREF=“http://www.aponline.gov.in>
<IMG SRC = “C:\bliss.gif” ALT = “Not Available” HEIGHT= “50” WIDTH=“35”>
</A>
An image will be visible present in bliss.gif containing hyperlink. By clicking on the image user
can be lead to the page http://www.aponline.gov.in.For this purpose Image tag was used in place of text. The
message in the ALT is visible if the picture is not available.
Mailto Hyperlinks:
This provides a convenient method for someone viewing page to send e – mail. For example, a
person with id [email protected] wants to include a mailto hyperlink labelled Contact Me it can be
done as follows.
<AHREF=“mailto: [email protected]”> Contact Me </A>
27) Discuss about Intra document linking
The NAME attribute is used to create internal link in a web page. If a web page is longer than
three or more screens then this method can be used for creation.NAME hyperlinks allow the users to
navigate through web pages easily.
<a href =“#target”> </a>
▪ The start of the link simply requires an address to which the browser should jump.
▪ The address is prefixed by # and has to be given a name that is unique for that document.
<a name=“target”>……………..</a>, the target jump requires a target

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Example
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Intra document Linking</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<P>Welcome to the Computer Parts </P>
<A HREF="#Input Parts"> Input Parts</A><BR>
<A HREF= "#Processing Parts"> Processing Parts </A><BR>
<A HREF="#Output Parts"> Output Parts</A> <br><br><br><br><br><br>
<A NAME="Input Parts">
<H3>Input Parts</H3>
<P>
Keyboard<br>
Mouse <br>
Joystick
</P>
</A><br><br><br><br><br><br>
<A NAME= "Processing Parts">
<H3> Processing Parts</H3>
<P>
Arithmetic Logic Unit<br>
Memory Unit <br>
Control Unit</P>
</A><br><br><br><br><br><br>
<A NAME="Output Parts">
<H3>Output Parts</H3>
<P>
Monitor<br>
Printer<br>
Plotter</P>
</A>
</BODY>
</HTML>
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28) Define LISTS in HTML

Lists in HTML are used to present the information in well-formed and semantic way. The three primary lists
available in HTML are
1. Ordered Lists
2. Unordered Lists
3. Definition Lists
Ordered Lists:
In an ordered list, the elements are prefixed by a symbol that denotes their relative order within the
list. The most commonly used symbols for marking the elements of an ordered list are Arabic numbers,
letters, and Roman numerals.
❖ An ordered list is used for a series of sequential steps or specifically ordered items.
❖ The beginning and ending tags for an ordered list are<OL>and</OL>respectively.
❖ The beginning tag for each list item is <LI>.No ending tag is necessary for an item, since the
browser can determine the end of a list item by encountering another list item.
❖ Default numbering is Arabic numbers. It is possible to change it by specifying.
❖ The TYPE attribute can be used in <OL> tag to specify the type of number system such as a, A, i,
and I. If the type is i then it will results in i, ii, iii, iv etc.
Example for Ordered list
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Ordered Lists in HTML</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR=”YELLOW”>
<B> Ordered by Arabic Numbers </B><br>
<OLTYPE= “I”>
<LI>Input Parts
<LI>Processing Unit
<LI>Output Parts
</OL>
<B> Ordered by Numericals </B><br>
<OL TYPE=“1”>
<LI>Monitor
<LI>Printer
<LI>Pl otter
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</OL>
<B> Ordered by Alphabets </B><br>
<OL TYPE=“A”>
<LI>SVDC, DMM
<LI>Regatipalli Road
<LI>Dharmavaram
</OL>
</BODY>
</HTML>
The <LI> tag has an attribute called VALUE, used to change an item’s label.After changing thelabel
the succeeding items continue on from that new value.
<OL>
<LI>Step1
<LI>Step2
<LI VALUE = “5”>Step5
<LI>Step 6
</OL>
Unordered Lists:
If the order is not important in a list, then an unordered list can be used.Rather than being numbered,
the items are usually marked with bullets.
▪ The beginning and ending tags for an unordered list are <UL>and </UL>
▪ Each item in an unordered list is identified by a list item<LI>tag.
▪ The default bullet is a shaded disk. It is possible to use other bullets by using the TYPE attribute in
UL tag.
Example for Unordered list
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Unordered Lists in HTML</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR=”YELLOW”>
<B> by Squares </B><br>
<ULTYPE= “square”>
<LI>Input Parts
<LI>Processing Unit
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<LI>Output Parts
</UL>
<B> by Circle </B> <br>
<ULTYPE=“circle”>
<LI>Monitor
<LI>Printer
<LI>Pl otter
</UL>
<B> by Rectangle </B><br>
<ULTYPE=“rectangle”>
<LI>SVDC, DMM
<LI>Regatipalli Road
<LI>Dharmavaram
</UL>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Definition Lists:
Definition lists are unordered lists in which each item has two parts, a term and its corresponding
definition.
The beginning and ending tags for the definition lists are<DL>and </DL>respectively.
The term portion requires a definition term tag, <DT>.
The definition portion uses a data definition tag, <DD>. The corresponding ending tags for the
definition term and data definition tags are </DT>and</DD>, and can be omitted.
Example for Definition Lists
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Definition Lists –Test </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H3> Computer Parts</H3>
<DL>
<DT> <B> Input Parts</B>
<DD>Keyboard
<DD>Mouse
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<DD>Scanner
</DT>
<DT><B> Output Parts</B>
<DD>Monitor
<DD>Printer
<DD>Speaker
</DT>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Nested Lists:
It is possible to nest the different types of lists within one another, or to nest multiple lists of the
same type. When listing list environments they must not overlap. An HTML program for nested list is
below.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Nested Lists</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H3>Critters</H3>
<OL>
<LI><B>Mammals</B>
<UL>
<LI>BlueWhale
<LI>CAT
<LI>WaterBuffalo
</UL>
<LI><B>Reptiles</B>
<UL>
<LI>Alligator
<LI>Lizard
<LI>Snakes
<UL>
<LI>Boa
<LI>Cobra
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<LI>Python
</UL>
</UL>
<LI><B>Insects</B>
<UL>
<LI>Dobb'sFly
<LI>Hornet
<LI>Mosquito
</UL>
</OL>
</BODY>
</HTML>
29) Explain TABLES in HTML
A table in HTML allows organizing information in a row and column format. The horizontal and vertical
lines in a table are called dividers. A webpage can be produced more effectively if a table approach was used
in constructing a web page.
Table Usage: In HTML a table can be used for following reasons
✓ Present tabular information:
If data is divided in to rows and columns it can probably be easily and effectively formatted using
HTML tables.
✓ Control Layout:
For controlling layout of text, images or to achieve desired appearance a table can be used
✓ Express relationships: If there is a need to display relationships between a group of items.
HTML Table Tags:
Tables are created using the table tag, <TABLE>with the ending tag</TABLE>.
Tag Attributes Functionality
The Table will be aligned at either left or center or right
<TABLE> ALIGN depending up on the value provided to ALIGN attribute
Ex:<TABLEALIGN= “center” |“left” |“right”>
This attribute can have a pixel value as an argument. It gives the
BORDER thickness of the border of table.
Ex: <TABLEBORDER=“n”>
By default, the pixel width is 2.

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This attribute sets the amount of white space between cells.

CELLSPACING Ex:<TABLEBORDER=“3”CELLSPACING=“6”>
This attribute determines how much space there is between the
CELLPADDING contents of a cell and its border.
Ex:<TABLEBORDER=“3”CELLPADDING= “12”>
The width of the table can be measured in pixels or percentage
WIDTH Ex:<TABLEWIDTH= “600”>
<TABLEWIDTH=“60%>
BGCOLOR Background color of the table can be measured
Ex:<TABLEBGCOLOR=“#FFFFFF”>
ROWSPAN Allows individual cells to be larger than a one by one grid. This
attribute merges specified number of cells horizontally
<TDROWSPAN=“4”>
COLSPAN Allows individual cells to be larger than a one by one grid. This
attribute merges specified number of cells vertically
<TDCOLSPAN=“4”>
Tags Used to implement data in a table:
➢ <TR> stands for Table Row, where the data of a row in a table can be given. Close tag is</TR>
Usually can be omitted.
<TR ALIGN = “left” | “center” | “right”VALIGN=“top”|“center”|“bottom>
➢ <TH> stands for table data Head. These are table cells which are to be used for headings. Typically a
table header will be rendered in emphasized text such as<strong>
➢ <TD> stands for Table Data, where the data in a row can be given. Close tag is </TR> usually can
be omitted.
➢ The <CAPTION> </CAPTION> is used to mention the caption to the table, can be aligned at either
top or bottom using ALIGN attribute.
➢ <THEAD>……</THEAD> is used for Table Header
➢ <TFOOT>……</TFOOT> is used for Table Footer
➢ <TBODY>……</TBODY> is used for including body of the table
Example:
Prepare a TIMETABLE:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Table Program</TITLE>
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</HEAD>
<BODY>
<CENTER>
<TABLE BORDER = "2" BGCOLOR="PINK" WIDTH = "75%" ALIGN =
"CENTER"CELLSPACING= "4"CELLPADDING= "6">
<CAPTIONALIGN="top"><FONTSIZE="15"><B>TIMETABLE</B></CAPTION>
<TR ALIGN="center">
<TD>Week/Period<TD>1<TD>2<TD>3<TD>4<TD>5<TD>6
<TR ALIGN="center">
<TD>Mon<TD>Computers<TD>Physics<TD>Chemistry<TD>Maths
<TD>Electronics<TD>Statistics
<TR ALIGN="center">
<TD>Tue<TD>Computers<TD>Physics<TD>Chemistry<TD>Maths
<TD>Electronics<TD>Statistics
<TR ALIGN="center">
<TD>Wed<TD>Computers<TD>Physics<TD>Chemistry<TD>Maths
<TD>Electronics<TD>Statistics
<TR ALIGN="center">
<TD>Thu<TD>Computers<TD>Physics<TD>Chemistry<TD>Maths
<TD>Electronics<TD>Statistics
<TR ALIGN="center">
<TD>Fri<TD>Computers<TD>Physics<TD>Chemistry<TD>Maths
<TD>Electronics<TD>Statistics
<TR ALIGN="center">
<TD>Sat<TD>Computers<TD>Physics<TD>Chemistry<TD>Maths
<TD>Electronics<TD>Statistics
</TABLE>
</BODY>
</HTML>
30) Define Inserting Images in HTML
Images enhance visual appearance of the web pages by making them more interesting and colorful.
Images can be used in various tags of HTML as follows:
As background for HTML page:
<BODY BACKGROUND =“URL of Image”> </BODY>
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Background is the attribute of the BODY tag which sets the provided image as background for the
HTML page.URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator which gives the unique address or path of the
image.
As an inline image in body of page:
<IMG SRC= “URL”HEIGHT= “n” WIDTH= “n” ALT=“String” ALIGN= “top | center |bottom”>
▪ Displays an inline image that is an image which appears in the body of the text rather than on a page
of its own.
▪ The height and width of the image gives the height and width of the image in pixels.
▪ The text in ALT attribute stands for alternate text that will be displayed when the picture is not
available or unable to load.
▪ Using ALIGN attribute the picture can be aligned either top or center or bottom
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> IMAGES IN HTML </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<CENTER><B> COLLEGE LOGO </B>
<IMG SRC=”c://users/desktop/logo.jpg/”></IMG>
</CENTER>
</BODY>
</HTML>
As an hyperlink (hyper image):
<AHREF= “URL”><IMG SRC= “File Name”></A>
An image can be used as a link to another webpage or another image. Clicking upon the image will
lead the user to another page which was provided in URL.
31) Define Multimedia Objects in HTML
Sometimes you need to add music or video into your web page. The easiest way to add video or sound to
your web site is to include the special HTML tag called <embed>.
This tag causes the browser itself to include controls for the multimedia automatically provided browser
supports <embed> tag and given media type.
You can also include a <noembed> tag for the browsers which don't recognize the <embed> tag.
Attribute Description

Align Determines how to align the object. It can be set to either center, left or right.

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autostart This boolean attribute indicates if the media should start automatically. You can set it
either true or false.
Width Specifies width of the object in pixels

Height Specifies the height of the object in pixels

Volume controls volume of the sound, from 0 to 100

Src Includes source of the object file

<html>
<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<embed src = "c:\\users\downloads\harsha.mp3" width = "100%" height = "60" >
<noembed><imgsrc = "svdc.gif" alt = "Alternative Media" ></noembed>
</embed>
</body>
</html>
Including back ground music
You can use HTML <bgsound> tag to play a soundtrack in the background of your webpage. This
tag is supported by Internet Explorer only and most of the other browsers ignore this tag.
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<bgsoundsrc="c:\\users\downloads\harsha.mp3">
<noembed><imgsrc="yourimage.gif"></noembed>
</bgsound>
</body>
</html>
32) Explain FRAMES in HTML
The word frame can be called as Window Frame. A group of frames in a single browser window is
called a frameset. The frameset tag, <FRAMESET> and corresponding ending tag </FRAMESET> are used
for creating a set of frames, by specifying how the browser’s window is to be portioned. The frameset tag in
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an HTML document replaces the body tag.

<FRAMESETCOLS=“%,%”ROWS=“%,%>
</FRAMESET>
After the partition was over it is need to tell the browser what to load into the different frames.
This can be done using the frame tag, <FRAME>. No ending tag is necessary for the frame tag. Consider the
following example which gives two frames in the browser window of equal size.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Two Vertical Frames of the Same Size</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<FRAMESET COLS="50%,50%">
<FRAME SRC="test1.html"NAME="frame1">
<FRAME SRC="test2.html"NAME="frame2">
<NOFRAMES>
U can choose better frame
<A HREF="noframes.html">View</A> A version of the material without frames
</NOFRAMES>
</FRAMESET>
</HTML>
▪ Here frames can be divided with the help of cols and rows attributes.
▪ We can specify the partitions with the percentages or pixels
Nested Frames:
It is possible to partition a frame into partitions again. This can be accomplished us in nested
frames. The below code is an example for a nested frames.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Three Horizontal Frames of the Same Size</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<FRAMESET ROWS="20%,48%,*">
<FRAMESET COLS="30%,*">
<FRAME SRC="test3.html" NAME="frame4">
</FRAMESET>
<FRAME SRC="test1.html" NAME="frame1">
<FRAME SRC="test2.html" NAME="frame2">
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<FRAME SRC="test3.html" NAME="frame3">

</FRAMESET>
</HTML>
33) Explain forms in html
Form allows the user to give the information on a web server as a document. There are different
types of form controls that you can use to collect data using HTML form.
• Text Input Controls
• Checkboxes Controls
• Radio Box Controls
• Select Box Controls
• Button controls
Text Input Controls
There are three types of text input used on forms.
1. Single-line text input controls − This control is used for items that require only one line of
user input, such as search boxes or names. They are created using HTML <input> tag.
<input type = "text" name = "first_name" />
2. Password input controls − This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as soon as a
user enters it. They are also created using HTML<input> tag.
<input type = "password" name = "password" />
3. Multi-line text input controls − This is used when the user is required to give details that
may be longer than a single sentence. Multi-line input controls are created using HTML
<textarea> tag.
<input type = "textarea" name = "address" />
To apply some more values we can use following attributes
Maxlength → Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into the text
box
Size →Allows specifying the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.
Name →Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized.
Type →Indicates the type of input control and for text input control it will be set to text.
Checkbox Control
Checkboxes are used when more than one option is required to be selected. They are also created
using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to checkbox..
<input type = "check box" name = "group" value=”on”/>

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Radio Button Control

Radio buttons are used when out of many options, just one option is required to be selected. They
are also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to radio.
<input type = "radio" name = "gender" value=”male”/>
Select Box Control
A select box, also called drop down box which provides option to list down various options in the
form of drop down list, from where a user can select one or more options.
<select name = "dropdown">
<option value = "Maths" selected>Maths</option>
<option value = "Physics">Physics</option>
</select>
Button Controls
There are various ways in HTML to create clickable buttons. You can also create a clickable
button using <input>tag by setting its type attribute to button.
<input type = "submit" name = "submit" value = "Submit" />
<input type = "reset" name = "reset"value = "Reset" />
HTML Program to Explain FORMS:
<html>
<head>
<title> Registration Page </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="Lightskyblue">
<br> <br>
<form>
First Name: <input type="text" name="firstname" size="15"/> <br> <br>
Middlename:<input type="text" name="middlename" size="15"/> <br> <br>
Lastname:<input type="text" name="lastname" size="15"/> <br> <br>
Course: <select>
<option value="Course">Course</option>
<option value="BCA">BCA</option>
<option value="BBA">BBA</option>
<option value="BSC">BSC</option>
<option value="BCOM">BCOM</option>
<option value="MCA">MCA</option>
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<option value="M.Tech">M.Tech</option>
</select><br><br>
Gender: <input type="radio" name="male"/> Male
<input type="radio" name="female"/> Female
<input type="radio" name="other"/> Other <br><br>
Phone : <input type="text" name="country code" value="+91" size="2"/>
<input type="text" name="phone" size="10"/> <br> <br>
Address: <textarea cols="80" rows="5" value="address"> </textarea><br> <br>
Email:<input type="email" id="email" name="email"/> <br><br>
Password:<input type="Password" id="pass" name="pass"> <br> <br>
Re-type password:<input type="Password" id="repass" name="repass"> <br> <br>
<input type="button" value="Submit"/>
<input type = "reset" name = "reset" value = "Reset" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
34) Define Document head in html
The Head is a very important part of any HTML page.It contains lots of information that is needed
by browsers and servers.
Document Type Declarations:
HTML is an example of SGML which stands for Standard General Markup Language. While
creating a webpage before the initial tag <html> the type of the document should be specified so that SGML
tools can understand it. The document type declaration for basic HTML is,
<!Doctypehtml>
<title>……</title>
All HTML documents have just one title which is displayed at the top of the browser window. The
HTML recommendations make clear that valid HTML documents must have a title. The title element has to
be made available to users by whatever device they are using.
<base href=”URL”>
This tag is used to enforce relative links. Linking between pages and documents will be explained
in detail in the body section. This tag is optional.
<link rel =“type” href=“URI” type=“string” media=“string”>
The link tag is used to allow other documents to be linked to the current document. This tag has
not commonly been used but it is important and useful when using style sheets.
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<meta name| http–equi =“string” content=“string”>

Any information which describes the whole document should be included using one of these two
alternatives. The http–equi attribute is used to define meta–data which is intended to be part of an HTTP
response message. Such messages are defined as part of the HTTP specification.
35) Define styles in html.
A Style is simply a set of formatting instructions that can be applied to a piece of text. There are
three mechanisms by which we can apply styles to our HTML documents:
➢ ]The style can be defined within the basic HTML tag.
➢ Styles can be defined in the<HEAD> section and applied to the whole document.
Including Style sheets:
The syntax for including a style sheet in <head> part of HTML page is
<link rel=“Stylesheet” href=“url” type=“text/css” media=“screen”>
• The href is a hyperlink to stylesheet
• The rel tells the browser what type of link is being used
• The type statement gives the relevant MIME type
• Finally it is useful, although not compulsory, to tell the browser how the document will be
used.HTML specifies a variety of ways of using a document, including screen viewing, printing, and
as presentations.
• The media attribute is used to describe the type of use.
Example:
<html>
<head>
<title> Including Styles in CSS </title>
<link rel=“Style sheet” href=“http://www.vivekadc.in/mainstyles.css”type=“text/css”media=“screen”>
</head>
</html>
36) Explain CSS and its types
A Style is simply a set of formatting instructions that can be applied to a piece of text. There are
three mechanisms by which we can apply styles to our HTML documents:
External Style Sheet
If you need to use your style sheet to various pages, then its always recommended to define a
common style sheet in a separate file. A cascading style sheet file will have extension as .css and it will be
included in HTML files using <link> tag.

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Style.css
.red {
color: red;
}
.thick {
font-size:20px;
}
.green {
color:green;
}
external.html
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML External CSS</title>
<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href = "/html/style.css">
</head>
<body>
<p class = "red">Hai</p><br>
<p class = "thick">Hello</p><br>
<p class = "green">Welcome to</p><br>
<p class = "thick green">Vivekananda Family</p>
</body>
</html>
Internal Style Sheet
If you want to apply Style Sheet rules to a single document only, then you can include those rules
in header section of the HTML document using <style> tag.
Rules defined in internal style sheet overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file.
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Internal CSS</title>
<styletype="text/css">
.red {
color: red;
}
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.thick{
font-size:20px;
}
.green {
color:green;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<pclass="red">Hai</p>
<pclass="thick">Hello</p>
<pclass="green”>Welcome to</p>
<pclass="thick green">Vivekananda Family</p>
</body>
</html>
Inline Css
You can apply style sheet rules directly to any HTML element using style attribute of the relevant
tag. This should be done only when you are interested to make a particular change in any HTML element
only.
Rules defined inline with the element overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file as well as the rules
defined in <style> element.
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Inline CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<pstyle="color:red;">Hai</p>
<pstyle="font-size:20px;">Hello</p>
<pstyle="color:green;">Welcome to</p>
<pstyle="color:green;font-size:20px;">Vivekananda Family</p>
</body>
</html>

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UNIT – V
SECURITY AND ENCRYPTION
37) What is the need of Security in e commerce
Security is an essential part of any transaction that takes place over the internet. Customers will lose
his/her faith in e-business if its security is compromised. Following are the essential requirements for safe e-
payments/transactions
• Confidentiality
Information should not be accessible to an unauthorized person. It should not be intercepted
during the transmission.
• Integrity
Information should not be altered during its transmission over the network.
• Availability
Information should be available wherever and whenever required within a time limit
specified.
• Authenticity
There should be a mechanism to authenticate a user before giving him/her an access to the
required information.
• Non-Reputability
It is the protection against the denial of order or denial of payment. Once a sender sends a
message, the sender should not be able to deny sending the message. Similarly, the recipient of
message should not be able to deny the receipt.
• Encryption
Information should be encrypted and decrypted only by an authorized user.
• Audit ability
Data should be recorded in such a way that it can be audited for integrity requirements.
Measures to ensure Security
Major security measures are following −
Encryption − It is a very effective and practical way to safeguard the data being transmitted over the
network. Sender of the information encrypts the data using a secret code and only the specified
receiver can decrypt the data using the same or a different secret code.
Digital Signature − Digital signature ensures the authenticity of the information. A digital signature
is an e-signature authenticated through encryption and password.
Security Certificates − Security certificate is a unique digital id used to verify the identity of an
individual website or user
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38) Discuss about Security in E-Commerce

Ecommerce security is a set of protocols that safely guide ecommerce transactions. Stringent security
requirements must be in place to protect companies from threats like credit card fraud, or they risk
jeopardizing revenue and customer trust, due to the inability to guarantee safe credit card processing
Threats from Internal Employees
• Employees with access to sensitive information.
• Sloppy internal security procedures.
• Able to roam throughout an organization’s system without leaving a trace.
In case of e-commerce sites, the largest disruptions to service, destruction of sites, and diversion of
customer credit data and personal information come from trusted insider employees.
Security of Clients and Service Provider
E-commerce security is the protection of e-commerce assets from unauthorized access, use,
alteration, or destruction.
1. Integrity: prevention against unauthorized data modification
2. Non repudiation: prevention against any one party from reneging on an agreement after the fact
3. Authenticity: authentication of data source.
4. Confidentiality: protection against unauthorized data disclosure.
5. Privacy: provision of data control and disclosure
6. Availability: prevention against data delays or removal
39) What are the Solutions that are used to prevent threats in E- commerce
Some of the solutions to prevent threats in e commerce are
Site Blocking
➢ Site blocking is a software based approach that prohibits access to certain websites that are deemed
inappropriate by management.
➢ It is a process by which a firewall or www proxy prevents users from accessing some network
resources.
➢ For example, sites that contain explicit objectionable material can be blocked by management to
prevent employees from accessing these sites from company’s internet servers.
Operating System Controls
➢ The computer operating systems have a built-in user-name and password requirement.
➢ This feature of operating system provides a level of authentication.
➢ If the user is listed in the accesses list for the requested access, the access is allowed, otherwise a
protection violation occurs, and the user job is denied access to the file.

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Anti-Virus Software
➢ A virus is a form of software that attaches itself to another program that can cause damage to a host
system.
➢ A worm is a kind of virus that reproduces itself on computers that it
infects.
➢ Both of these annoyances moves rapidly through the internet. Antivirus software can detect viruses
and worms and can delete them or isolate them on the host computer so they
cannot run (ex: Norton, Symantec, McAfee).
Scanners
➢ The scanners checks or scans the operating system and other application software installed on the
hard drives.
➢ While scanning, it checks the bit patterns in all software against the bit patterns contained in the virus
definition of the scanner. If they are found similar, they are labelled as virus.
Active Monitors
➢ Active monitors are used to watch what is happening on a system.
➢ This is the real time or on-access portion of your virus scanner. If you only use the on-demand
scanner you will only detect files once they have been infected.
➢ It blocks a virus to access the specific portions to which only the operating system has the authorized
access.
Behaviour Blockers
➢ A behaviour blocker is a type of program that prevents certain actions from being taken. A behavior
blocker may prevent a program from writing to the registry, the boot sector, or files.
➢ Sometimes behavior blocking technologies are built into programs that have other capabilities as
well.
➢ Blockers can potentially detect a virus at an early stage. Most hardware-based antivirus mechanisms
are based on the concept
Integrity Checkers
➢ Integrity checking products work by reading your entire disk and recording integrity data that acts as
a signature for the files and system sectors. Integrity checkers also provide the only reliable way to
discover what damage a virus has done.
➢ Integrity checking is the process of comparing the current state of stored data and/or programs to a
previously recorded state in order to detect any changes (and so it sometimes called change
detection).

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Digital Signature and Electronic Signature

An electronic and Digital Signatures authenticates the identity of the sender of a message, or the
signer of a document, Or ensures that the contents of a message are intact.
Digital Signatures features:
Are easily transportable,
Cannot be imitated by someone else,
And can be automatically time-stamped
The ability to ensure that the original signed message arrived means that :
the sender can not easily repudiate it later.
40) What are the security measures taken to protect transactions in e commerce websites
After selecting the products to buy, consumer has to choose payment options. While paying certain amount
to sites it is mandatory to provide secure gateway for the consumers. Most of e commerce websites may
follow the following measures to ensure safety transactions to the user.
Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) protocol:
Developed jointly by MasterCard and Visa with the goal of providing a secure payment environment
for the transmission of credit card data.
Features SSL SET
Encryption of data during transmission Yes Yes
Confirmation of message integrity Yes Yes
Authentication of merchant Yes Yes
Authentication of consumer No Yes
Transmission of specific data only on a "need know" basis No Yes
Inclusion of bank or trusted third party in transaction No Yes
No need for merchant to secure credit card data internally No Yes
SET payment transaction:
 A shopper makes a purchase and transmits encrypted billing information with his/her digital certificate
to the merchant.
 The merchant transfers the SET-coded transaction to a payment card-processing center.
 The processing center decrypts the transaction.
 A certification authority certifies the digital certificate as belonging to the shopper.
 The processing center routes the transaction to the shopper's bank for approval.
 The merchant receives notification from the shopper's bank that the transaction is approved.
 The shopper's payment card account is charged for the transaction amount.

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Disposable credit numbers:

one-time-use credit card numbers (private payment number) are transmitted to the merchant.
• Register with American Express or Discover.
• Download software (a Private Payment icon tray will be displayed on the screen)
• Shop online
• Click on the Private Payment icon.
• Log-in
• Select the credit card to be used
• View unique, one-time-use credit card number and expiration date.
• Enter the one-time-used credit card number and expiration date into merchant's standard form
41) What is ecommerce security
E-commerce security is the protection of e-commerce assets from unauthorized access, use, alteration, or
destruction.
1. e-commerce assets
• Intellectual property
• Client computers → push for point-and-click commerce
• Messages traveling on the communication channel → ubiquitous connectivity
• Web server & its hardware → complex systems and networks
2. The importance of securing e-commerce
• Secrecy: protection against unauthorized data disclosure and authentication of data source
• Integrity: prevention against unauthorized data modification
• Necessity: prevention against data delays or removal
• Non-repudiation: prevention against any one party from reneging on an agreement after the fact
Ecommerce Threats
1. Intellectual property threats -- use existing materials found on the Internet without the owner's
permission, e.g., music downloading, domain name (cybersquatting), software pirating
2. Client computer threats
Malicious codes
Active contents
3. Communication channel threats
▪ Sniffer program
▪ Backdoor
▪ Spoofing
▪ Denial-of-service
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4. Server threats
• Privilege setting
• Server Side Include (SSI), Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
• File transfer
• Spamming
How to identify threats?
Vulnerability assessments or penetration tests
Risk = Threat x Vulnerability x Cost

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