Morwell- BolkmonnAtalia opheoble ta olassical

uchontiral disinguihat poices only. Those haxicls onn be

mahuho gases, lasicalh hige ayskams tke mobhs and. inns
balb el.

Babubitioa pumolion f Ae

Enprion go no horichs having v avalus

enexgy l s behieon
eede wlon as
>6xsmbiu
ncE dE 9ce) flede
weight C hAuw mony a n )

3ceaebodb
K Uolurns shll dlh +p
gcp dp- 4 ah-i) 47pd

ng 2mE& dbF mdE

2mE
in i we
wilget
gCE de 2 m2B ie de shura Bis
=
a csntont.
wthex delai guwen un Lec-2 Unit 5.
Nowmahsolon condilion N=ne de

malicular emergy disbilutica Bs

Founula an
nede
nE =2zN
dEr bT)2 e/TaE
(nkT)%
C

= En[EdE NRT
Avengt eneay
N
 awerago malaeulax e
emogy, =zkT
m e.
e- we plnce. C jm» de mu duwe
can abtnin exbreion har disbubulion moeeulo spads
delaihd
dtwaunu s

Nene.uonino ncodv=4rN/( m_
2TkT
-
clas

- V,avernge C8)
Vmast þxob
we plat ncw_vS Ums C)
Vsums =_3kT
Vawexgp = 8RT

mast pokab 2I m

uanlun stalibies Jlillbe _abblicabate indisinguishalke

parlicks Cusha usave
unolien auerlaps uslgnihuonitls )
mat
quantün portioles dakunad
i s dabunadd

Rat YCI,2,3,4....n) dehurus stai al &sen con can 6

detrmured
Fa sinplicili Yi,2,3,4...n) can be wiullon as

aduct individual stala Yc 2 Yo

we aue n=2 lonly, io paxlsls) hun
Y,2) =Y¥e)
 Thunavo in tam prababibk_iyci, 2=|Ca,l
Ohis an de pasble in üio ways

c1,2 Ytz,1) squaung

C1,2) zPl2) 6 o t hs i d e

YC1,2= Yt2,) Áymmluic usal unolin

YC,2)-Pt2,1) - ritisymmabris usae huneion
ampa

A
8

2ouieles me clisüngualha be use ax suxe about

stah. ke in cabote example ball AGqren calau is Rabt
in a square and. ball B Cblask) oslour is kopt in ovvel
we call this tak as PL =PaCI) YplT) Jshish elaarly,
dorent pram tha tab draun on ught side Ya=Pa r)Ys (I)
hus ar distngushast parlicls PL2 axe tie dhownt
atalt
Naw hax indidngusabe paxticles do satuolion wwill &e.

IL I

ecause o indislinguishobilt, we cannat asgn eolou a name

Js poxtckes tbonusare t is ulibucult lo s at a tume
whuih condition ox ushuch statehe systom i ?
haxohoo to delno the stab
poxticla o uch we use
Auberposulioni.e a combuation V1&Pz
ax Aummel wvekuncllons
C Paxliche ae) s-"(A?e)+0
60sON

a anlusymmoixiu wawefunchon eL/)B)-6)A)

C Caxticle e
FERMIONSs
eeaue a anmfiymmatnu

shat waitl hapfen to oboue equotians i bath poxiclhs

n sama stali Iot us sQy both A 28 un a b I

F a distinquizhabk hanlisles = YTC8)

Bababluly -
Ta BosONS s LCA) ®+ V (8)PCA)
N2

Rrnbnbuhl
-a

1 21n eq
eg
basons le in slale
Joam en&, tHo uotabilhly that both sanc.

i n e ttu 'pralabi Value fw dusunqushabk partcle

le cund ame stat.
 aung the similae analypis ha Fexmions uhuoh ro undsbrguhole
s usell a anlisymmobu got
because aantiiynnluic
YzA) C8)-V, CA) te)\

exmions, smboibl er bath poricles to Be h

same Sah. eooll Pauli's excluiisn pucible, no tiwo
ekoobions n an alom can hou ame set quonlaun nuebeas
C quanm umsew n, L, m, s duvrwoly olaths o
stol
stoa
enexalisalion a ,,
O na 3pom o asonA , the pesemo oa polich in
a n uaunliin atak inwensest krsbablt that
othw particls me tö purd in sAma sttb.
shauldGo
1shouJ
Ong thun
Came ho
Wglcomo
x wecomo0)
22 x

Mar Qrobabibl pund hartcl

un Aom2 stat CBasoN)

2. Sn syoen o. hoomionu ,ho þreence

a
acotain stala piwenlk amy cotor poxtisk
patick un
beiy in that
skatr hull A om
whuw
I am
atuody heu
no ane shauld

Somu
 n¬)=9E)HE)
Qisbubrulon unoisnsar
uanliun shlise

JBE)= fCE)
RT
ase- Einstin eum roe
Misbibulien isibuon
- Joum ezbxeses inowosed +1 iun mseguenta
kehaod omulblo acoupancy ucextainl buieiple
4r an de,T
JE E) rUeL exeends

n&A- Ehslain ax ECAnstsn

Manwell-Baltzman
06

0:2 3emi 9ixac

+9
Enexgu, Ce)

frole).elaT+1 :
Ue equak dhia do hath y)
i. JFo h-) 9tmoa
C 2

shold oL
1
i.e
tEz
- ORE,-{kT
Fexmu rogd
 called houmu encrgy CepF)
e at ushish fe(e) =
hJe dered
RT ton froe,) )
JF CE)= e-CpaT+

dnalys T=0
fe CE) Ta0 e<¬ fTE-eFT+|
f ot
z

role@T=0 e>epf Ce-erer)

T:0

as tempeatue
neriaa
T-0 CE
TT
0-5
T1

Enxgy

tTLWLgy
 Maxwell-Boltzmann Bose-Einstein Fermi-Dirac
Applies to systems of
ldentical, distinguishable Identical, indistinguish- Identical, indistinguishable
particles able particles that do not particles that obey excusion
obey exclusion principle principlc
Catcgory of particles Classical Bosons Fermions
Propertics of particles Any spin, particles far Spin 0, 1, 2,. .
.; wave
pin , wave func-
enough apart so wave functions are symmctric tions are antisymmetric to
functions do not overlap to interchange of particle interchange of particle labels
labels
Examples Moleculcs of a gas Photons in a cavity; Frec clectrons in a metal;
phonons in a solid: liquid clectrons in a star whose
helium at low tempcra- atoms have collapsed (white
tures dwarf stars)
Distribution function ume)=Aear
(number of particles in
cach
SFDE) R-1
statc of energyye
at the temperature 7)
Propertiesof No limit to number of No limit to number of Never more than I particle
distribution particles per state particles per state; more per state; fewer particles per
particles per state than state thanfm at low ener-
sMn at high energies; gies; approaches / at high
approaches f at high energies
energies