Group 1

GROUP 4
Members

Jobilee Ranchez Odin Guzman

Cyrene Addun Reza Contis

Casey Salibad Rholand Esteban

Bejarin Banao Knaik Agnas

Sawi Nadchamag
 Data Analysis Methods
reporting the results, the researcher stays close to the statistical findings
without drawing broader implications or meaning from them. Further, this
section includes summaries of the data rather than the raw data (e.g., the
actual scores for individuals). A results section includes tables, figures, and
detailed explanations about the statistical results.

Before writing this section:

•Rewrite the Chapters 1-3 before or after data analysis and before writing
Chapter 4.
•Rewrite the chapters in past tense, wherever applicable, and make
corrections for actual data collection and data analysis procedures.

INTRODUCTION
What is Data?

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What is the first thing that comes to mind when we see data?
The first instinct is to find patterns, connections, and
relationships. We look at the data to find meaning in it.

Similarly, in research, once data is collected, the next step is to

get insights from it. For example, if a clothing brand is trying to
identify the latest trends among young women, the brand will
first reach out to young women and ask them questions relevant
to the research objective.
 ANALYZING
QUALITATIVE
DATA
 QUANTITATIVE
DATA
Qualitative data analysis works a little differently from
quantitative data, primarily because qualitative data is made
up of words, observations, images, and even symbols.
Deriving absolute meaning from such data is nearly
impossible; hence, it is mostly used for exploratory research.
While in quantitative research there is a clear distinction
between the data preparation and data analysis stage,
analysis for qualitative research often begins as soon as the
data is available.

HEADLINE HERE
 DATA
PREPARATION
AND BASIC DATA
ANALYSIS
 QUANTITATIVE DATA
PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS
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Analysis and preparation happen in parallel

and include the following steps:

1.Getting familiar with the data

2.Revisiting research objectives
3.Developing a framework
4.Identifying patterns and connections
 QUALITATIVE
DATA ANALYSIS
METHODS
Several methods are available to analyze qualitative data.
The most commonly used data analysis methods are:

• Content analysis
• Narrative analysis
• Framework analysis
• Discourse analysis
• Grounded theory

Those methods are the ones used most commonly.

However, other data analysis methods, such as
conversational analysis, are also available.
NEXT
Qualitative data analysis can also be conducted
through the following three steps:
Step 1: Developing and Applying Codes

Coding can be explained as categorization of data. A

‘code’ can be a word or a short phrase that represents a
theme or an idea. All codes need to be assigned
meaningful titles. A wide range of non-quantifiable
elements such as events, behaviors, activities, meanings
etc. can be coded.
 THREE TYPES OF
CODING
1. Open coding- The initial organization of raw data to try to
make sense of it.

2. Axial coding- Interconnecting and linking the categories of

codes.

3. Selective coding- Formulating the story through connecting

the categories.
 Step 2: Identifying themes, patterns and
relationships.
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Unlike quantitative methods, in qualitative data analysis there

are no universally applicable techniques that can be applied to
generate findings. Analytical and critical thinking skills of
researcher plays significant role in data analysis in qualitative
studies. Therefore, no qualitative study can be repeated to
generate the same results.

Nevertheless, there is a set of techniques that you can use to

identify common themes, patterns and relationships within
responses of sample group members in relation to codes that have
been specified in the previous stage.
Specifically, the most popular and effective methods of
qualitative data interpretation include the following:

•Word and phrase repetitions – scanning primary data for

words and phrases most commonly used by respondents, as
well as, words and phrases used with unusual emotions;

•Primary and secondary data comparisons – comparing the

findings of interview/focus group/observation/any other
qualitative data collection method with the findings of
literature review and discussing differences between them;
and differences.
•Search for missing information – discussions about
which aspects of the issue was not mentioned by
respondents, although you expected them to be
mentioned;

•Metaphors and analogues – comparing primary research

fifinding to phenomena from a different area and
discussing similarities and
differences.
 Step 3: Summarizing the data.

At this last stage you need to link research findings to

hypotheses or research aim and objectives. When writing data
analysis chapter, you can use noteworthy quotations from the
transcript in order to highlight major themes within findings
and possible contradictions.

It is important to note that the process of qualitative data

analysis described above is general and different types of
qualitative studies may require slightly different methods of
data analysis.

THE SKIN
 ANALYZING
QUANTITATIVE
DATA
Data Preparation
The first stage of analyzing data is data preparation, where the aim is to
convert raw data into something meaningful and readable. It includes four
steps:

Step 1: Data Validation

The purpose of data validation is to find out, as far as possible, whether
the data collection was done as per the pre-set standards and without
any bias.

THE SKIN
 ANALYZING
QUANTITATIVE
DATA
 4-STEP PROCESS

Data validation is a four step process, which includes…

• Fraud- to infer whether each respondent was actually interviewed or not.

• Screening- to make sure that respondents were chosen as per the research
criteria.

• Procedure- to check whether the data collection procedure was duly followed.

• Completeness- to ensure that the interviewer asked the respondent all the
questions, rather than just a few required ones.
Step 2: Data Editing
Typically, large data sets include errors. For example, respondents
may fill fields incorrectly or skip them accidentally. To make sure that
there are no such errors, the researcher should conduct basic data
checks, check for outliers, and edit the raw research data to identify
and clear out any data points that may hamper the accuracy of the
results.

Step 3: Data Coding

This is one of the most important steps in data preparation. It
refers to grouping and assigning values to responses from the survey.
 QUANTITATIVE DATA
ANALYSIS METHOD
After these steps, the data is ready for analysis. The two
most commonly used quantitative data analysis methods
are descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.

Descriptive Statistics
Typically descriptive statistics (also known as
descriptive analysis) is the first level of analysis. It helps
researchers summarize the data and find patterns.
A few commonly used descriptive statistics are:

• Mean: numerical average of a set of values.

• Median: midpoint of a set of numerical values.
• Mode: most common value among a set of values.
• Percentage: used to express how a value or group of
respondents within the data relates to a larger group of
respondents.
• Frequency: the number of times a value is found.
•Range: the highest and lowest value in a set of values.
 INTELLECTUAL HONESTY IN RESEARCH
Intellectual Honesty is an applied method of problem solving,
characterized by an unbiased, honest attitude, which can be
HEADLINE HERE

demonstrated in a number of different ways including:

•Ensuring support for chosen ideologies does not interfere with

the pursuit of truth;
•Relevant facts and information are not purposefully omitted
even when such things may contradict one's hypothesis;
• Facts are presented in an unbiased manner, and not twisted
•References, or earlier work, are acknowledged where
possible, and plagiarism is avoided.
 TEN SIGNS OF INTELLECTUAL
HONESTY
1. Do not overstate the power of your argument.
2. Show willingness to publicly acknowledge that
reasonable alternative viewpoints exist.
3. Be willing to publicly acknowledge and question one’s
own assumptions and biases.
4. Be willing to publicly acknowledge where your argument is weak.
5. Be willing to publicly acknowledge when you are wrong
6. Demonstrate consistency.
7. Address the argument instead of attacking the person
making the argument.
8. When addressing an argument, do not misrepresent it.
9. Show a commitment to critical thinking.
10. Be willing to publicly acknowledge when a point or
criticism is good.
 While no one is perfect, and even those who strive for
intellectual honesty can have a bad day, simply be on
the lookout for how many and how often these criteria
apply to someone. In the arena of public discourse, it
is not intelligence or knowledge that matters most – it
is whether you can trust the intelligence or knowledge
of another.

After all, intelligence and knowledge can sometimes

ANY QUESTIONS?
ANY QUESTIONS?
 THANK
YOU FOR
LISTENING