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Phylum Arthropoda

Phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, comprising over 900,000 described species, including insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. Key characteristics include a segmented body with jointed appendages, an exoskeleton made of chitin, and a complex organ system. The classification of Arthropoda includes several subphyla, such as Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, and Mandibulata, each with distinct features and classes.

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29 views6 pages

Phylum Arthropoda

Phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, comprising over 900,000 described species, including insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. Key characteristics include a segmented body with jointed appendages, an exoskeleton made of chitin, and a complex organ system. The classification of Arthropoda includes several subphyla, such as Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, and Mandibulata, each with distinct features and classes.

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Pabitra Saha Pagar }2 Phylum Arthropoda INTRODUCTION: - Phylum Arthropoda (Gr. arthron, joint, + pous, podos, foot) is the most extensive phylum in the animal kingdom, composed of more than three-fourths of all known species. Approximately 900,000 species of arthropods hhave been recorded, and probably at least as many more remain to be classified! However, based on surveys of insect fauna in the canopy of rain forests, many estimates of yet undescribed species ere much higher. Arthropods include spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes, insects, and some others. (4rthropods are eucoelomate protostomes with well-developed organ systems, and they share with annelids the property of conspicuous metamerism. Arthropods have an exoskeleton containing chitin, and their primitive pattern is that of a linear series of similar somites, each with a pair of jointed appendages. There is a tendency for somites to be combined or fused into functional groups, called tagmata (sing., tagma), for specialized purposes; appendages are frequently differentiated and specialized for pronounced division of labour. SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION: - Various authors have put forward various schemes to classify Phylum Arthropoda from time to time. The classification scheme by Jan A. Pechenik in “Biology of Invertebrates” (4* edition) has been presented here. Phyium Arthropoda Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Chelicerata Mandibulata c L Trilobita Merostomata _L [> Myriapoda ‘Arachnida AP Insecta Pycnogonida = S ap Apterygota s Pterygota Crustacea | BP Malacostraca C}> Branchiopoda LP Ostracoda A}> Copepoda SP Pentastomida s'7>. Cirripedia Page jz Pabitra Saha; CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM ARTHROPODA: - ie tagmata consisting of head fateral symmetry; metamerie body divided into tagmat Mind trunk; head, thorax, and abdomen; or cephalothoraxand abdomen. La GFointed appendages; primitively, one pair to cach ‘somite, but number often reduced; appendages often modified for specialized functions. : ‘oskeleton of cuticle containing protein, lipid, chitin, and often calcium carbonate secreted by underlying epidermis and shed (molted) at intervals. \47 Complex muscular system, with exoskeleton for attachment, striated museles for rapid actions, smooth muscles for visceral organs; no cilia. duced coelom in adult; most of body cavity consisting of hemocoel (sinuses, ‘or spaces, in the tissues) filled with blood. - \& Complete digestive system; mouthparts modified from appendages and ‘adapted for different methods of feeding ‘Open circulatory system, with dorsal contractile heart, arteries, and hemocoel (blood sinuses). \@-Kespiration by body surface, gills, tracheae (air tubes), or book lungs ired excretory glands called coxal, antennal, or maxillary glands present in ‘some, homologous to metameric nephridial system of annelids; some with other excretory organs, called malpighian tubules. ? Nervous system of annelid plan, with dorsal brain connected by a ring ‘around the gullet to a double nerve chain of ventral ganglia; fusion of ganglia in some species; well developed sensory organs. \ Sexes usually separate, with paired reproductive organs and ducts; usually internal fertilization; oviparous or ovoviviparous; often with metamorphosis; parthenogenesis in some. = SUBPHYLUM TRILOBITOMORPHA: - About 4,000 described species. All the forms are extinct. Characterized by: ¢ Body divided into three tagmata: head, thorax, and abdomen; segments of head fused, as are those of abdomen; those of thorax free. * 2 Body demarcated by two longitudinal grooves into“@ median and two lateral lobes ("tri-lobite"). . : ‘This subphylum has one class, as follows - * CLass TRILOBITA: - AC Body divided by two longitudinal furrows into three lobes; distinct head, yrax, and abdomen. Presence of biramous (two branched) appendages. Head with one pair preoral antennae. 3/All other appendages postoral and more or less similar to one another, with ‘a robust locomotory telopod to which is attached at the base a long filamentous branch (thought to be a protopodal exite). A Most with a pair of compound eyes, which were composed of omatidium, Example: Trilobjte Pabitra Saha Page |3 SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA: - About 70,000: described species. Characterized by: (Absence of antennae. “ Body divisible into two distinct portions - the prosoma and the opisthosoma, with distinct head. . K First pair of appendages modified to form chelicerae, are adapted for feeding. “Presence of pair of pedipalps and four pairs of legs. This subphytum has three classes, as follows - ‘CLASS MEROSTOMATA: - \ Body divisible into cephalothorax and abdomen. —X Apandages on the opisthosoma are flattened and modified for gas exchange as book gills. ~ Presence of compound lateral eyes. é Terminal portion of body drawn out into an elongated spike, called telson. ‘Example: Limulus sp. CLass ARACHNIDA: - \ Presence of four pairs of legs. j \% Segmented or unsegmented abdomen with or without appendages and generally distinct from cephalothorax. (Respiration by gills, tracheae, or book lungs; excretion by malpighian tubules or coxal glands. Dorsal bilobed brain connected to ventral ganglionic mass with nerves. a ok! Presence of simple eyes. & No true metamorphosis. Examples: Argiope, Centruroides, Spider, Scorpion, Tick, Mite, CiassPycnoconIDa:- / Size small (3 to 4 mm), but some reach 500 mm. Body not divisible into distinct region, chiefly cephalothorax and tiny lomen. pmsl four pairs of long walking legs (some with five or six pairs). / Unique proboscis at the anterior end, with an opening at its tip. epee of four simple eyes. i ‘No respiratory or excretory system. Example: Pycnogonum sp. SUBPHYLUM MANDIBULATA: - The main characteristics are: \ 7 Appendages on the third head segment are modified as mandibles, for jewing or grinding food. © Reticula of compound eyes contain 8 cells. x This subphylum has three classes, as follows — bitra Saha pace'le y Crass MyRiapopa: |? VI. Body divided: into two segment, head and long, homonomous, many- Segmented trunk. : / \2/Presence of.4 pairs cephalic appendages (antennae, mandibles, first | maxillae, second maxillae). aS First maxillag free or coalesced and second maxillae absent or partly (or a Mell) fused, . All appendages uniramous, &: Cerebral ganglia tripartite (with deutocerebrum). Living species may all lack compound eyes (the status of some taxa is still inclear in this regard), ml tection Performed by ectodermally derived (proctodeal) Malpighian - tubules, Example: Centiped (Scutigera sp., Scolopendra sp.), Milliped. Cuass Insecta:~ “Vis The body is divided into head, thorax, and abdomen. V2. Three pairs of legs (1 pair on each thoracic segment). - One pair of multijointed antennae on the head. \4-¥2 pairs of wings in many insect species. The insects are unique flies among all invertebrates, \4 Byes: there is'a pair of compound eyes in many insects and sometimes also 1 3 simple eyes. \6-Fusion of one'pair of head appendages (the second maxillae) to form a lower lip (the labium). ~ Loss of all abdominal appendages. This class has two subclasses, as follows — Subclass Apterygota: 1 These are primitive wingless insects. embers of this group exhibit a pronounced metamorphosis during development. ; Trachea may be present or absent. 4. The ancestors of this group believed to have been wingless. Example: Silverfish, Spring tails. Subclass Pterygota: ‘JWith paired wings on the second and third thoracic segments, the ‘forewings (front wings) and hindwings, Va Wings may be secondarily lost in one or both sexes, or modified for functions other than flight. : 3. Only basal articles of antennae (scape and pedicel) with intrinsic musculature, 4. Adults without abdominal leglets except on genital segments. Female gonopores on eighth abdominal segment, male on tenth. \-6-Female often with ovipositor. par’ “ eet Pabitra Saha Page |5 7. Molting ceases at maturity, Goan Periplanata sp, Mantids, Preying mandits, termites, Cricket, oper, Aphids, Beetles, Mosquitoes, Wasps, ants, honey bee, etc. CLass Crustacza: =a ac ey: oe \Je"Body composed of a 5-segmented head, or cephalon (plus the acron), and a long post cephalic trunk; trunk divided info two more or less distinct eo (e.g., thorax and abdomen) in all but the remipedes and ostracods * Cephalon composed of (anterior to posterior): presegmental (indistinguishable) acron, antennular somite, antennal somite, mandibular somite, maxillulary somite, and maxillary somite. \$-Cephalic shield or carapace present (highly reduced in anostracans, amphipods, and isopods). \Appendages multiarticulate, uniramous or biramous. Mandibles usually multiarticulate limbs that function as biting, piercing, or chewing/ grinding jaws. : Gas exchange by’ aqueous diffusion across specialized branchial surfaces, either gill-like structures or specialized regions of the body surface. \¥ Excretion by true hephridial ‘structures (e.g., antennal glands, maxillary nds). & Both simple ocelli and compound eyes occur in most taxa, at least at some stage of the life cycle; compound eyes often elevated on’stalks. 9° Gut with digestive ceca. This class has six subclasses, as follows - Subclass: Malacostraca: ° < Usually with eight somites in thorax and six plus telson in abdomen. All body segments with appendages. \% Antennules often biramous. epi one to three thoracic appendages often maxillipeds. Carapace covering head and part or all of thorax, sometimes absent, 6 Gills usually thoracic epipods. Example: Armadillidium, Caecidotea, Ligia, Porcellio, \Orchestia, Hyalella, Gammarus, Penaeus, Cancer, Pagurus, Grapsus, Homarus, Panulirus. Subclass: Branchiopoda: ae uk Carapace present or absent. \2Absence of maxillipeds. \3- Uniramous or biramous antennae present. MC Antennules are reduced. Presence of compound eyes present. \6

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